Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Sources Contributing to Radionuclides in the Environment: With Focus on Radioactive Particles -- 1 Release of Radioactivity in the Environment -- 2 Particle Characterisation Techniques -- 2.1 Identification and Isolation of Radioactive Particles -- 2.2 Nano- and Microfocusing Analytical Techniques -- 2.3 Identification of Isotope Ratios for Source Identification of Single Particles Using MS Techniques -- 3 Linking Sources and Particle Characteristics -- 3.1 Particles Originating from Testing of Nuclear Weapons -- 3.2 Particles Released During Nuclear Accidents -- 3.3 Particles Originating from Nuclear Reprocessing Activities -- 3.3.1 Particles Released from North American Sites -- 3.3.2 Particles Released from Russian Sites -- 3.3.3 Particles Released from European Reprocessing Plants -- 3.4 Particles Associated with Dumping of Waste -- 3.5 Nuclear Accidents Involving Satellites -- 3.6 Conventional Detonation of Nuclear Weapons -- 3.7 Depleted Uranium Ammunitions -- 3.8 Radioactive Particles of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material Origin -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Mobility and Bioavailability of Radionuclides in Soils -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Objective and Overview -- 1.2 Vertical Movement of Radionuclides in Undisturbed Soils -- 1.3 The Solid-Liquid Distribution Coefficient, Kd -- 1.4 Radionuclide Bioavailability in Soils -- 2 Factors Controlling the Behaviour of Radionuclides in Soil -- 2.1 Soil Organic Matter -- 2.2 Mineral Soil Components -- 2.3 Redox Potential (Eh) and the pH -- 2.4 Rainfall -- 2.5 Soil Structure and Texture -- 2.6 Climate Change and Soil Management -- 3 Behaviour of Key Specific Artificial Radionuclides in Soil -- 3.1 Caesium -- 3.2 Plutonium and Americium -- 3.3 Strontium -- 4 Natural Radionuclides -- 4.1 Uranium -- 4.2 Thorium -- 4.3 Radium -- 5 Conclusions -- References. , The Influence of Edaphic Factors on Spatial and Vertical Distribution of Radionuclides in Soil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sources of Radionuclides in Soil -- 3 Environmental Geochemistry of Selected Radionuclides -- 4 Edaphic Factors Influencing Radionuclide Distribution in Soil -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Modelling Speciation and Distribution of Radionuclides in Agricultural Soils -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Important Soil Parameters and Processes -- 2.1 Chemical Parameters and Processes -- 2.2 Physical Parameters and Processes -- 2.3 Influence of Agricultural Use -- 3 Sorption Modelling Concepts -- 3.1 Empirical Models -- 3.2 Ion Exchange -- 3.3 Mineral Surface Complexation Models -- 3.4 Ion Binding of Organic Matter -- 3.5 Model Parametrisation -- 3.6 Assemblage Models -- 4 Constructing a CA Soil Model -- 4.1 Speciation Code and Representative Soil Components -- 4.2 Thermodynamical Data -- 4.3 Model Parameters -- 4.4 Calculating the Distribution Coefficient -- 5 Verifying and Validating the Model -- 5.1 Comparison of Simulations with Averages of Experimental Kd Values for Two Soil Types -- 5.2 Simulating Experimental Uranium Distributions in Batch Experiments with Several Specified Soils -- 5.3 Sources of Uncertainties -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Radiotracers as a Tool to Elucidate Trace Element Behaviour in the Water-Sediment Interface -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental Studies on Sediment-Water Exchanges of Radiotracers -- 3 Biological Effects -- 4 Water and Sediment Effects -- 5 Transfer Kinetics from Overlying Water to Sediments -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Uptake and Retention of Simulated Fallout of Radiocaesium and Radiostrontium by Different Agriculture Crops -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Interception of Radionuclides by Agricultural Crops -- 3 Activity Concentration of Radionuclides in Crops. , 3.1 Distribution of Radionuclides Between Plant Parts -- 4 Foliar Uptake of Radionuclides -- 4.1 Radiocaesium Transfer, from Potato Tops to Tubers -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Root Uptake/Foliar Uptake in a Natural Ecosystem -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Sample Collection and Processing -- 2.3 Activity Determination -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Activity Concentration Radionuclides as a Function of Soil Depth -- 3.2 Activity Concentration in Sylva Plant Species -- 3.3 Activity Concentration of Radionuclides in Physiologically Different Plants -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Assessment of Radioactivity in Forest and Grassland Ecosystems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Sample Collection and Processing -- 2.3 Activity Determination -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Dose Calculations -- 3.1.1 Absorbed and Observed Dose Rates -- 3.1.2 Annual Effective Dose Equivalents -- 3.2 Radiation Hazard Indices -- 3.3 Comparison of the Activity Concentrations with Those Found in Similar Studies -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Terrestrial Environmental Dynamics of Radioactive Nuclides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Deposition of Radioactive Nuclides in the Terrestrial Environment -- 3 Radioactive Nuclide Behavior Within Soil -- 4 Radioactive Nuclide Dynamics Within Forest Ecosystem -- 5 Rediffusion of Radioactive Nuclides -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Biotransformation of Radionuclides: Trends and Challenges -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Uranium -- 1.2 Technetium -- 1.3 Plutonium -- 1.4 Neptunium -- 1.5 Strontium and Cesium -- 1.6 Iodine -- 2 Mechanisms of Bioimmobilization of Radionuclides -- 2.1 Biosorption -- 2.2 Bioaccumulation -- 2.3 Biomineralization/Bioprecipitation -- 2.4 Bioreduction -- 3 Prospects and Challenges -- References. , Methods for Decrease of Radionuclides Transfer from Soil to Agricultural Vegetation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Characteristics of Radioactive Contamination of Soils -- 2.1 The Accident at Mayak PA, 1957 -- 2.2 Chernobyl Disaster, 1986 -- 2.3 Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, 2011 -- 3 Methods for Decrease of Cesium and Strontium Radionuclides from Radioactively Contaminated Soil to Agricultural Vegetation -- 3.1 Removal or Plowing of Contaminated Soil Layer -- 3.2 Use of Mineral Fertilizers -- 3.3 Use of Organic Fertilizers -- 3.4 Liming -- 3.5 Phytoremediation -- 3.6 Addition of Sorbents -- 3.6.1 Materials and Methods -- 3.6.2 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Bacterial Diversity in Clay and Actinide Interactions with Bacterial Isolates in Relation to Nuclear Waste Disposal -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bacterial Diversity in Clay -- 3 Determination of Actinide Interactions with Mont Terri Opalinus Clay Isolates -- 3.1 U(VI) Interaction Studies with Paenibacillus sp. and Sporomusa sp. Cells -- 3.1.1 U(VI) Binding by Paenibacillus sp. and Sporomusa sp. cells as a Function of [U(VI)] and pH Including the Bacteria-Mediat... -- 3.1.2 U(VI) Speciation Explored by Potentiometric Titration (Lütke et al. 2013 -- Moll et al. 2013a) -- 3.1.3 U(VI) Speciation Explored by Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLFS) in the Paenibacillus sp. Syst... -- 3.2 Cm(III) Interaction Studies with Paenibacillus sp. and Sporomusa sp. Cells (Lütke 2013 -- Moll et al. 2013a, 2014) -- 4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Analysis of Radionuclides in Environmental Samples -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principles of Sampling and Sample Pretreatment -- 3 Carriers and Tracers in Radiochemical Analysis -- 4 Methods of Nonselective Preconcentration of Radionuclides. , 5 Methods of Selective Preconcentration and Separation of Radionuclides in Radiochemical Analysis -- 5.1 Use of Selective Sorbents -- 5.1.1 Thin-Layer Inorganic Sorbents -- 5.1.2 Surface-Modified Sorbents -- 5.2 Use of Extraction Chromatographic Resins -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Uncertainty Analysis and Risk Assessment -- 1 Risk Analysis -- 1.1 Definition of Risk -- 1.2 Relationships Between Risk and Uncertainty -- 1.3 Relationship Between Risk and Hazard -- 1.4 Risk Quantification and Presentation -- 1.4.1 Identification of Scenarios -- 1.4.2 Consequence Analysis -- 1.4.3 Assignment of Probabilities to the Scenarios -- 1.4.4 Risk Curves and Risk Matrices -- 1.4.5 Risk Quotients -- 2 Probability -- 3 Uncertainty Analysis -- 3.1 Sources of Uncertainty -- 3.2 Assigning Probability Distributions to Model Parameters -- 3.2.1 Distribution Fitting -- 3.2.2 Maximum Entropy -- 3.2.3 Bayesian Inference -- 3.2.4 Expert Elicitation -- 3.3 Propagation of Uncertainties -- 3.3.1 Monte Carlo Analysis -- 4 Sensitivity Analysis -- 5 Conclusions -- References.