Note: Intro -- Basic Biostatistics for Geneticists and Epidemiologists -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- 1 INTRODUCTION: THE ROLE AND RELEVANCE OF STATISTICS, GENETICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY IN MEDICINE -- Why Biostatistics? -- What Exactly Is (Are) Statistics? -- Reasons for Understanding Statistics -- What Exactly is Genetics? -- What Exactly is Epidemiology? -- How Can a Statistician Help Geneticists and Epidemiologists? -- Disease Prevention versus Disease Therapy -- A Few Examples: Genetics, Epidemiology and Statistical Inference -- Summary -- References -- 2 POPULATIONS, SAMPLES, AND STUDY DESIGN -- The Study of Cause and Effect -- Populations, Target Populations and Study Units -- Probability Samples and Randomization -- Observational Studies -- Family Studies -- Experimental Studies -- Quasi-Experimental Studies -- Summary -- Further Reading -- Problems -- 3 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS -- Why Do We Need Descriptive Statistics? -- Scales of Measurement -- Tables -- Graphs -- Proportions and Rates -- Relative Measures of Disease Frequency -- Sensitivity, Specificity and Predictive Values -- Measures of Central Tendency -- Measures of Spread or Variability -- Measures of Shape -- Summary -- Further Reading -- Problems -- 4 THE LAWS OF PROBABILITY -- Definition of Probability -- The Probability of Either of Two Events: A or B -- The Joint Probability of Two Events: A and B -- Examples of Independence, Nonindependence and Genetic Counseling -- Bayes' Theorem -- Likelihood Ratio -- Summary -- Further Reading -- Problems -- 5 RANDOM VARIABLES AND DISTRIBUTIONS -- Variability and Random Variables -- Binomial Distribution -- A Note about Symbols -- Poisson Distribution -- Uniform Distribution -- Normal Distribution -- Cumulative Distribution Functions -- The Standard Normal (Gaussian) Distribution -- Summary -- Further Reading -- Problems. , 6 ESTIMATES AND CONFIDENCE LIMITS -- Estimates and Estimators -- Notation for Population Parameters, Sample Estimates, and Sample Estimators -- Properties of Estimators -- Maximum Likelihood -- Estimating Intervals -- Distribution of the Sample Mean -- Confidence Limits -- Summary -- Problems -- 7 SIGNIFICANCE TESTS AND TESTS OF HYPOTHESES -- Principle of Significance Testing -- Principle of Hypothesis Testing -- Testing a Population Mean -- One-Sided versus Two-Sided Tests -- Testing a Proportion -- Testing the Equality of Two Variances -- Testing the Equality of Two Means -- Testing the Equality of Two Medians -- Validity and Power -- Summary -- Further Reading -- Problems -- 8 LIKELIHOOD RATIOS, BAYESIAN METHODS AND MULTIPLE HYPOTHESES -- Likelihood Ratios -- Bayesian Methods -- Bayes' Factors -- Bayesian Estimates and Credible Intervals -- The Multiple Testing Problem -- Summary -- Problems -- 9 THE MANY USES OF CHI-SQUARE -- The Chi-Square Distribution -- Goodness-of-Fit Tests -- Contingency Tables -- Inference About the Variance -- Combining p-Values -- Likelihood Ratio Tests -- Summary -- Further Reading -- Problems -- 10 CORRELATION AND REGRESSION -- Simple Linear Regression -- The Straight-Line Relationship When There is Inherent Variability -- Correlation -- Spearman's Rank Correlation -- Multiple Regression -- Multiple Correlation and Partial Correlation -- Regression toward the Mean -- Summary -- Further Reading -- Problems -- 11 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND LINEAR MODELS -- Multiple Treatment Groups -- Completely Randomized Design with a Single Classification of Treatment Groups -- Data with Multiple Classifications -- Analysis of Covariance -- Assumptions Associated with the Analysis of Variance -- Summary -- Further Reading -- Problems -- 12 SOME SPECIALIZED TECHNIQUES -- Multivariate Analysis -- Discriminant Analysis. , Logistic Regression -- Analysis of Survival Times -- Estimating Survival Curves -- Permutation Tests -- Resampling Methods -- Summary -- Further Reading -- Problems -- 13 GUIDES TO A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF PUBLISHED REPORTS -- The Research Hypothesis -- Variables Studied -- The Study Design -- Sample Size -- Completeness of the Data -- Appropriate Descriptive Statistics -- Appropriate Statistical Methods for Inferences -- Logic of the Conclusions -- Meta-analysis -- Summary -- Further Reading -- Problems -- EPILOGUE -- REVIEW PROBLEMS -- ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS -- APPENDIX -- INDEX.