Note: Front Cover -- Earthquake Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations in the Earth's Interior -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Introduction -- PART I: THERMODYNAMICS AND PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE EARTH'S INTERIOR -- Chapter 1. The Composition of the Earth -- 1.1 Structure of the Earth -- 1.2 Chemical Constraints -- 1.3 Early Evolution of the Earth -- References -- Chapter 2. Thermodynamics of Chaos and Fractals Applied: Evolution of the Earth and Phase Transformations -- 2.1 Evolution of the Universe -- 2.2 Evolution of the Earth -- 2.3 Evolution Equations and Nonlinear Mappings -- 2.4 Strange Attractors -- 2.5 Examples of Maps -- 2.6 Concept of Temperature in Chaos Theory -- 2.7 Static and Dynamic States -- 2.8 Measures of Entropy and Information -- 2.9 The Lyapounov Exponents -- 2.10 Entropy Production -- 2.11 Entropy Budget of the Earth -- 2.12 The Evolution Criterion -- 2.13 The Driving Force of Evolution -- 2.14 Self-Organization Processes in Galaxies -- 2.15 Fractals -- 2.16 Thermodynamics of Multifractals -- 2.17 The Fractal Properties of Elastic Waves -- 2.18 Random Walk of Dislocations -- 2.19 Chaos in Phase Transformations -- 2.20 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Nonhydrostatically Stressed Solids -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Review of Hydrostatic Thermodynamics -- 3.3 Conservation Equations -- 3.4 Constitutive Assumptions -- 3.5 Chemical Potential in Stress Fields -- 3.6 Driving Force of Diffusion and Phase Transition -- 3.7 Phase Equilibria under Stress -- 3.8 Flow Laws of Diffusional Creeps -- 3.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4. Experiments on Soret Diffusion Applied to Core Dynamics -- 4.1 Review of Experiments Simulating the Core-Mantle Interactions -- 4.2 Experiments on Soret Diffusion -- 4.3 Thermodynamic Modeling of the Core-Mantle Interactions. , 4.4 Concluding Discussion -- References -- PART II: STRESS EVOLUTION AND THEORY OF CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION OF SELF-DEFORMATION NUCLEI -- Chapter 5. Deformation Dynamics: Continuum with Self-Deformation Nuclei -- 5.1 Self-Strain Nuclei and Compatibility Conditions -- 5.2 Deformation Measures -- 5.3 Thermal Nuclei -- 5.4 Thermal Nuclei and Dislocations in 2D -- 5.5 Defect Densities and Sources of Incompatibility -- 5.6 Geometrical Objects -- 5.7 Constitutive Relations -- 5.8 Constitutive Laws for Bodies with the Electric-Stress Nuclei -- References -- Chapter 6. Evolution, Propagation, and Diffusion of Dislocation Fields -- 6.1 Dislocation Density Flow -- 6.2 Dislocation-Stress Relations -- 6.3 Propagation and Flow Equations for the Dislocation-Related Stress Field -- 6.4 Splitting the Stress Motion Equation into Seismic Wave and Fault-Related Fields -- 6.5 Evolution of Dislocation Fields: Problem of Earthquake Prediction -- References -- Chapter 7. Statistical Theory of Dislocations -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Dynamics and Statistics of Discrete Defects -- 7.3 The Field Equations -- 7.4 Field Equations of Interacting Continua -- 7.5 Approximate Solutions (Multiscale Method) in the One-Dimensional Case -- 7.6 Continuous Distributions of Vacancies -- References -- PART III: EARTHQUAKE THERMODYNAMICS AND FRACTURE PROCESSES -- Chapter 8. Thermodynamics of Point Defects -- 8.1 Formation of Vacancies -- 8.2 Formation of Other Point Defects -- 8.3 Thermodynamics of the Specific Heat -- 8.4 Self-Diffusion -- 8.5 Relation of the Defect Parameters with Bulk Properties -- References -- Chapter 9. Thermodynamics of Line Defects and Earthquake Thermodynamics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Dislocation Superlattice -- 9.3 Equilibrium Distribution of Vacant Dislocations -- 9.4 Thermodynamic Functions Related to Superlattice -- 9.5 Gibbs Free Energy -- 9.6 The CμλΛ2 Model. , 9.7 Earthquake Thermodynamics -- 9.8 Premonitory and Earthquake Fracture Theory -- 9.9 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 10. Shear Band Thermodynamic Model of Fracturing -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Jogs and Kinks -- 10.3 Shear Band Model -- 10.4 Energy Release and Stresses -- 10.5 Source Thickness and Seismic Efficiency -- 10.6 Shear and Tensile Band Model: Mining Shocks and Icequakes -- 10.7 Results for Earthquakes, Mine Shocks, and Icequakes -- 10.8 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 11. Energy Budget of Earthquakes and Seismic Efficiency -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Energy Budget of Earthquakes -- 11.3 Stress on a Fault Plane -- 11.4 Seismic Moment and Radiated Energy -- 11.5 Seismic Efficiency and Radiation Efficiency -- 11.6 Relation between Efficiency and Rupture Speed -- 11.7 Efficiency of Shallow Earthquakes -- 11.8 Deep-Focus Earthquakes -- References -- Chapter 12. Coarse-Grained Models and Simulations for Nucleation, Growth, and Arrest of Earthquakes -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Physical Picture -- 12.3 Two Models for Mainshocks -- 12.4 Consequences, Predictions, and Observational Tests -- 12.5 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 13. Thermodynamics of Fault Slip -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Fault Entropy -- 13.3 Physical Interpretation -- 13.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14. Mechanochemistry: A Hypothesis for Shallow Earthquakes -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Strain, Stress, and Heat Flow Paradoxes -- 14.3 Chemistry: Mineral Alteration and Chemical Transformation -- 14.4 Dynamics: Explosive Release of Chemical Energy -- 14.5 Dynamics: The Genuine Rupture -- 14.6 Consequences and Predictions -- Appendix 1: Explosive Shock Neglecting Electric Effects -- Appendix 2: Elastic-Electric Coupled Wave -- Appendix 3: Structural Shock Including Electric Effects -- References. , Chapter 15. The Anticrack Mechanism of High-Pressure Faulting: Summary of Experimental Observations and Geophysical Implications -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 New Results -- 15.3 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 16. Anticrack-Associated Faulting and Superplastic Flow in Deep Subduction Zones -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Antidislocations -- 16.3 Anticrack Formation -- 16.4 Anticrack Development and Faulting -- 16.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17. Chaos and Stability in the Earthquake Source -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Types of Lattice Defects in the Earthquake Source -- 17.3 Chaos in the Earthquake Source: Observational Evidence -- 17.4 Modeling the Defect Interactions -- 17.5 Stability -- 17.6 Statistical Approach -- 17.7 Concluding Discussion -- References -- Chapter 18. Micromorphic Continuum and Fractal Properties of Faults and Earthquakes -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Micromorphic Continuum -- 18.3 Rotational Effects at the Epicenter Zones -- 18.4 Equation of Equilibrium in Terms of Displacements: Navier Equation and Laplace Equations -- 18.5 Propagation of Deformation along Elastic Plate Boundaries Overlying a Viscoelastic Foundation: Macroscale Governing Equation -- 18.6 Navier Equation, Laplace Field, and Fractal Pattern Formation of Fracturing -- 18.7 Size Distributions of Fractures in the Lithosphere -- 18.8 Relationship between Two Fractal Dimensions -- 18.9 Application of Scaling Laws to Crustal Deformations -- 18.10 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 19. Physical and Chemical Properties Related to Defect Structure of Oxides and Silicates Doped with Water and Carbon Dioxide -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 General Properties of Magnesium and Other Metal Oxides -- 19.3 Symbols and Classification of Defects in Magnesium Oxide -- 19.4 Hydrogen and Peroxy Group Formation -- 19.5 Atomic Carbon in MgO Crystals. , 19.6 Dissolution of CO2 in MgO -- 19.7 Dissolution of O2 in MgO -- 19.8 Mechanism of Water Dissolution in Minerals -- 19.9 Formation of Peroxy Ions and Positive Holes in Silicates -- References -- PART IV: ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS RELATED TO DEFECT DYNAMICS -- Chapter 20. Electric Polarization Related to Defects and Transmission of the Related Signals -- 20.1 Generation of Electric Signals in Ionic Crystals -- 20.2 Analytical Calculations for the Transmission of Electric Signals -- 20.3 Numerical Calculations -- 20.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 21. Laboratory Investigation of the Electric Signals Preceding the Fracture of Crystalline Insulators -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Experimental Setup -- 21.3 Results -- 21.4 Interpretation -- 21.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 22. Diffusion and Desorption of O- Radicals: Anomalies of Electric Field, Electric Conductivity, and Magnetic Susceptibility as Related to Earthquake Processes -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Water Dissolved in the Earth's Mantle -- 22.3 Emission of O- Radicals -- 22.4 Hole Electric Current and Conductivity Anomalies -- 22.5 Earthquake-Related Effects -- 22.6 Paramagnetic Anomaly -- 22.7 Diffusion of O° and Other Charge Carriers -- References -- Chapter 23. Electric and Electromagnetic Fields Related to Earthquake Formation -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Charged Dislocations and Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Charges -- 23.3 Electric Field Caused by Polarization and Motion of Charge Carriers -- 23.4 Dipole Moments and Electromagnetic Field Radiation -- 23.5 Simulations of Electric Current Generation and of Electromagnetic Fields -- 23.6 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 24. Tectono- and Chemicomagnetic Effects in Tectonically Active Regions -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Finslerian Continuum Mechanics for Magnetic Material Bodies. , 24.3 Reversible Modeling for Piezomagnetization.