Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- A Closer Look at Ethylene Glycol: Past, Present and Future -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ethylene Glycol: Tracing Its Origin -- 3. A Closer Look at Ethylene Glycol: Today -- 3.1. Physical Properties [12-15] -- 3.2. Commercial Preparation of EG from Ethylene Oxide (EO) -- 3.3. Chemistry of Hydrolysis -- 3.3.1. Kinetics of the Hydrolysis [21] -- 3.3.2. Insights towards the Mechanism [21] -- 3.4. Shell OMEGA Process [22-23] -- 3.5. Other Methods of EG Production -- 3.5.1. From Syngas [24-28] -- 3.5.2. From Methanol [29-30] -- 3.6. Chemical Properties [5, 12, 15] -- 3.6.1. Reactions with organic acids and derivatives -- 3.6.3. Reaction with Polybasic Acids (Condensation Polymerization) -- 3.6.4. Dehydration of Ethylene Glycol -- 3.6.5. Oxidation Reactions -- 3.7. Storage and Handling of EG [12, 15] -- 3.8. Toxicity of EG [31-33] -- 3.9. Spectral Characterization of EG -- 3.9.1. IR Spectra [35-36] -- 3.9.2. Raman Spectra [36-37] -- 3.9.3. H1 - NMR [38] -- 3.9.4. C-13 NMR -- 3.10. Applications of EG [14, 39-43] -- 4. Sustainable EG Production and Future Market Trends -- 4.1. Market Trends [44-46] -- 4.2. EG Production from the Biomass -- 4.2.1. Lignocellulose Feedstock [47-70] -- 4.2.2. Glucose Feedstock [71-77] -- 4.2.3. Sorbitol/Xylitol Feedstock [78-89] -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 2 -- Flavones: Sources, Properties and Health Benefits -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biosynthesis of Flavones in Plants -- 3. Sources of Flavones -- 4. Role of Flavones in Nutrition and Health -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 3 -- The Concentration and Purification of Xylan-Based Hemicelluloses -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Bioproducts from Hemicelluloses -- 3. Concentration and Purification Methods Used in Biorefineries. , 4. Purification and Concentration of Hemicelluloses -- 4.1. Antisolvent Precipitation -- 4.2. Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- 4.2.1. Ion Exchange and Adsorption Resins -- 4.2.1.1. MF, UF, and NF Membranes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Selective Polyoxometalate (POM)-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Biomass Xylan in Dilute Aqueous Solutions of Mixed-Addenda α-Keggin Type (Mo-V-P)-Heteropolyacids -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Polyoxometalates as Effective Bi-Functional Catalysts -- 3. (Mo-V-P)-HPA-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Xylan -- 4. Modeling and Optimization of (Mo-V-P)-HPA-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Xylan -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Can Thermogenic Compounds Improve Physical Performance in Cold Exposed Rats? A Study -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and Methods -- 2.1. Preparation of Extracts -- 2.2. Experimental Design -- 2.3. Measurement of Core Body Temperature -- 2.4. Treadmill Test -- 2.5. Estimation of Glycogen -- 2.6. Estimation of Lactic Acid -- 2.7. Estimation of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity -- 2.8. Estimation of Creatine Kinase (CK) Activity -- 2.9. Estimation of Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity -- 2.10. Estimation of Glutathione Content -- 2.11. Estimation of MDA Content -- 2.12. Estimation of Norepinephrine Levels in Plasma -- 2.13. Estimation of Free Fatty Acid Levels in Serum -- 2.14. Western Blot Analysis -- 2.15. Statistical Analysis -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Effect of Cold Exposure on Core Body Temperature Before and After Spice Treatment Following TMT -- 3.2. Effect of Cold Exposure and Spice Treatment on Physical Performance -- 3.3. Effect of Cold Exposure and Spice Treatment on Glycogen and Lactic Acid Content in Muscle and Liver -- 3.3.1. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on Glycogen Content in Muscle. , 3.3.2. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on Glycogen Content in Liver -- 3.3.3. Effect of Cold Exposure and Spice Treatment on Lactic Acid Content in Muscle -- 3.3.4. Effect of Cold Exposure and Spice Treatment on Lactic Acid Content in Liver -- 3.4. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity -- 3.5. Effect of Cold Exposure and Spice Treatment on Creatine Kinase (CK) Activity -- 3.6. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity -- 3.7. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on Reduced Glutathione Content -- 3.8. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on MDA Content -- 3.9. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on Norepinephrine (NOR) Levels -- 3.10. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on Free Fatty Acid (FFA) Levels -- 3.11. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on the Expression of UCP1 Levels in Brown Adipose Tissue -- 4. Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflicts of Interest -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 6 -- Chrysin: A Versatile Bioactive Dihydroxy Flavone -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Flavonoids -- 1.2. Flavone -- 1.3. Chrysin -- 2. Anti-Cancer Activity of Chrysin-Based Compounds -- 2.1. Pyrazole Substituted Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.2. Amino-Acid Containing Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.3. Benzimidazole Containing Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.4. Benzothiazole Containing Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.5. Hydrazide Containing Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.6. Piperazine Containing Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.7. Chromene Containing Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.8. Chrysin Salicylate Derivatives -- 2.9. Amide Substituting Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.10. Nitrogen Containing Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.11. Hydrazone-Chrysin Derivatives. , 2.12. 7-O Substituted Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.13. Nitro-Substituted Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.14. Aliphatic and Aromatic Substituent Containing Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.15. Bis-Arylselanyl Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.16. Porphyrin Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.17. Amino Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.18. Gallium-Chrysin Complex -- 3. Antioxidant Activity of Chrysin-Based Compounds -- 3.1. Benzothiazole Substituted Chrysin Derivatives -- 3.2. Piperazine Substituted Chrysin Derivatives -- 3.3. Selenium Substituted Chrysin Derivatives -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Distinctive Characteristics of Ethylene Glycol in Protein Folding: A Moderate Denaturant -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemical Nature and Uses -- 2.1. Chemical Nature -- 3. Synthesis -- 4. Uses -- 4.1. A Moderate Denaturant -- 5. Significance of EG in the Medical and Research Fields -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflicts of Interest -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Theophylline and Its Xanthine Analogs: Derivatization, Uses, Interactions, and Side Effects -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure and Chemistry of Theophylline and Xanthine Derivatives -- 2.1. Methylxanthine Salts -- 2.2. Solubility of Theophylline -- 3. Pharmacokinetics of Methylxanthines -- 4. Pharmacology of Methylxanthines -- 5. Theophylline Compounds and Their Applications -- 5.1. Theophylline as an Antiviral Agent -- 5.2. Theophylline as an Antibacterial Agent -- 5.3. Theophylline as a Diuretic -- 5.4. Theophylline for Respiratory Disorders -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 -- The Synthesis of Oxadiazole Derivatives as Potential Glucosidase Inhibitors -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis and Anti-Diabetic Activity of Oxadiazole Derivatives -- 2.1. Result and Discussion -- 2.1.1. Chemistry -- 2.2. Biology -- 2.2.1. α- Amylase Inhibition Assay -- 2.2.2. Α-Glucosidase Inhibition Assay. , 2.2.3. In Vitro Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Activity -- 2.2.4. In Vitro Alpha-Glucosidasee Inhibitory Activity -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflicts of Interest -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.