Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- Prologue -- Part I. Herders and Reindeer: The Cultural and Socio-economic Dynamics of Human-Animal Relations -- Preface -- The Reindeer: A Brief Natural History -- References -- 1 The Challenges of Modernity for Reindeer Management in Northernmost Europe -- 1.1 Introduction: The Research Setting -- 1.2 Semantics and Book Structure -- 1.3 Research Problems, Questions, Regions and Sites -- 1.4 Issues and Concerns -- 1.5 Challenges in Modern Reindeer Management -- 1.6 Conclusions: Outlook to Resolutions to Conflicts in Reindeer Management -- References -- 2 Dynamics in Human-Reindeer Relations: Reflections on Prehistoric, Historic and Contemporary Practices in Northernmost Europe -- 2.1 Introduction: People and Reindeer in Northern Environments -- 2.2 Remarks on Prehistoric and Early Historic Dimensions of Human-Reindeer Relations -- 2.3 The Emergence of Sámi Practices in Reindeer Nomadism and Large-Scale Herding -- 2.4 Sámi Reindeer Herding in Crisis: Reflections on Practices in Sápmi, Finland -- 2.5 Human-Reindeer Relationships in the Post-Soviet Context: Kola Peninsula (Northwest Russia) -- 2.6 Conclusion: The Future of Human-Reindeer Relations and its Practices -- References -- 3 Development of Participatory Institutions for Reindeer Management in Finland: A Diagnosis of Deliberation, Knowledge Integration and Sustainability -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Knowledge Integration: The Path from an Idea to a Policy Recommendation -- 3.2.1 Modes of Networking -- 3.2.2 Pioneer Networking -- 3.2.3 Translational Networking -- 3.2.4 Modular Networking -- 3.2.5 The Challenges of Knowledge Networking -- 3.3 Building on Cognitive Potential: Knowledge Networking as an Emergent Institution for Sustainability -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Comparison of Indigennus and Scientific Perceptions of Reindeer Management. , 4.1 Introduction: Research Questions, Approach, and Material -- 4.2 Theoretical Background -- 4.3 The Environmental Management System and its Recognition of Tasks -- 4.4 Major Challenges in Management -- 4.5 Monitoring vs. Observing for Practical Purposes: Contrasting Discourses -- 4.6 The Integrative Challenges of Indigenous and Scientific Conceptions -- 4.7 Conclusions: Needed Dialogue Between Indigenous and Scientific Perceptions -- References -- 5 The Challenges and Dilemmas of Concession Reindeer Management in Sweden -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Unexpected Field -- 5.3 The Reindeer System in Sweden -- 5.4 Early Legislation and Regulation -- 5.5 Current Legislation and Regulation -- 5.5.1 The Unique Tornedalen Case -- 5.5.2 Concession Reindeer Herding in Tornedalen Today -- 5.5.3 Distribution of Power -- 5.5.4 Concession for What? -- 5.6 A Small Scale System of Coexistence? -- 5.6.1 Winter Pasture Activities -- 5.6.2 Spring Migration -- 5.6.3 Summer Pasture and Calf Marking -- 5.7 Old System, New Challenges: The Future of the Concession System -- 5.8 Conclusions: … but Some Conflicts Exist … -- References -- 6 Changes in Property Regimes and Reindeer Herding Management in Post-Soviet Herding Collectives: The Case of the Municipality of Lovozero (Murmansk Region, Northwest Russia) -- 6.1 Introduction: The Setting -- 6.2 Brief Historical Survey of Land Reforms -- 6.2.1 "State Peasants" -- 6.2.2 Kolkhoz and Sovkhoz Building -- 6.2.3 Agrarian Reforms: Work History vs. Restitution -- 6.2.4 Herding Specifics -- 6.3 Coping Strategies -- 6.3.1 Agrarian Reforms as Power Tools -- 6.3.2 The "Tundra" Collective of Lovozero -- 6.3.3 Land Issues -- 6.3.4 SKhPK Structure -- 6.3.5 Administrative Management -- 6.3.6 Private Reindeer (lichnye olen'i) -- 6.4 Conclusions: An Apocalyptic Future for Reindeer Management? -- References. , Part II. Reindeer Herding - Effects on Soils, Soil Biota and Vegetation -- Preface -- References -- 7 Defining the Quality of Reindeer Pastures: The Perspectives of Sámi Reindeer Herders -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Reindeer Herding -- 7.3 Theoretical background -- 7.4 Study Sites -- 7.4.1 Näkkälä Reindeer Herding District -- 7.4.2 Sirkas Sámi Village -- 7.5 Methods -- 7.6 Results -- 7.6.1 Factors Affecting the Quality of the Pastures -- 7.6.1.1 Biological -- 7.6.1.2 Geographical Factors -- 7.6.1.3 Climatic Factors -- 7.6.1.4 Socioeconomic Factors -- 7.6.2 Management and Economic Questions -- 7.6.3 Interactions Among the Different Factors -- 7.7 Scientific Knowledge and Practitioners' Knowledge -- 7.8 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 8 Very High Resolution Remote Sensing Data in Reindeer Pasture Inventory in Northern Fennoscandia -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Aims of the Research -- 8.2 Research Area -- 8.3 Material -- 8.3.1 Field Data -- 8.3.2 Remote Sensing and GIS Data -- 8.4 Methods -- 8.4.1 Lichens as Indicators of Grazing and Trampling Intensities -- 8.4.2 Digital Image Processing and Accuracy Assessment -- 8.5 Results -- 8.5.1 Classification of Reindeer Pasture Types -- 8.5.1.1 Winter Pastures -- 8.5.1.2 Summer Pastures -- 8.5.1.3 Other Classes -- 8.5.2 Accuracy Assessment -- 8.5.3 Reindeer Lichen Biomass on Winter Pasture Types -- 8.6 Discussion -- 8.6.1 IKONOS-2 Image Classification and Accuracy -- 8.6.2 Grazing and Trampling Intensities in the Jauristunturit -- 8.6.3 Very High Resolution Remote Sensing Data in Reindeer Pasture Inventory -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Vegetation: Structure, Cover and Biomass of Subarctic Tundra Wetlands Used as Summer Pastures -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Site and Methods -- 9.2.1 Plant composition -- 9.2.2 Biomass -- 9.2.3 Data analysis -- 9.3 Results -- 9.4 Discussion -- References. , 10 The Chemical Response of Reindeer Summer Pasture Plants in a Subarctic Peatland to Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Study Site -- 10.2.2 UV Filtration Experiment -- 10.2.3 Sampling and Analyses -- 10.3 Results -- 10.3.1 Weather and Irradiance Conditions -- 10.3.2 Content of Soluble Phenolics in Different Plant Species -- 10.3.3 Content of Nitrogen and Fibers in Different Plant Species -- 10.3.4 Digestibility of Different Plant Species -- 10.4 Discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Consequences of Grazing on Soil Physical and Mechanical Properties in Forest and Tundra Environments -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Areas and Sampling Sites -- 11.3 Materials and Methods -- 11.3.1 Assessment of Soil Structure and Pore Functioning -- 11.3.2 Assessment of Soil Stability -- 11.3.3 Assessment of Heat and Water Flow -- 11.4 Results -- 11.4.1 Changes in Soil Structure and Conductivity Functions -- 11.4.2 Stress-Strain Relationships of the Investigated Soils -- 11.4.2.1 Stability of Soil Structure -- 11.4.2.2 Soil Deformation Under Cyclic Loading -- 11.4.3 Changes in Macroclimate and Moisture Regime -- 11.4.3.1 Exchange of Heat Between Atmosphere and Pedosphere -- 11.4.3.2 Exchange of Water between Atmosphere and Pedosphere -- 11.5 Discussion -- 11.5.1 Changes in Soil Structure and Functioning as a Result of Mechanical Loading -- 11.5.2 Changes in Soil Thermal Regime as a Result of Changing Lichen Cover -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Changes in Organic Horizon Soil Properties Due to Reindeer Herding and Changing Management -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Materials and Methods -- 12.2.1 Selection of Study Area -- 12.2.2 The concept of Degradation/Succession Stages -- 12.2.3 Soil Description, Sampling, and Analysis -- 12.2.4 Statistical Analysis -- 12.3 Results -- 12.4 Discussion. , 12.4.1 Quantitative Changes -- 12.4.2 Erosion -- 12.4.3 Microbial Activity -- 12.4.4 Qualitative Changes -- 12.4.5 Pathways of Nutrient Loss -- 12.4.6 Soil Fertility and Pasture Productivity -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Changing Microbial Ecology with Changes in Grazing and its Management -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Effects of Changes in Land Use -- 13.1.2 Soil Habitats in Northern Fennoscandia -- 13.2 Locations, Sampling, and Analytical Methods -- 13.2.1 Areas of Investigation -- 13.2.2 Sampling -- 13.2.3 Analyses -- 13.3 Results -- 13.3.1 Forest Environments (Vuotso Area) -- 13.3.2 Dry Tundra (Jauristunturit Area) -- 13.3.3 Microbial Communities -- 13.4 Discussion -- 13.4.1 Effects of Climate and Soil Conditions on Soil Biota -- 13.4.2 Effects of Grazing on Soil Biota -- 13.4.3 Effects on Microbial Communities -- 13.4.4 Effects on Soil Respiration -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Hygienic Status of Soils and Surface Waters in Reindeer Herding Areas in Northernmost Europe -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Reindeer as an Animal Reservoir for Pathogens with Zoonotic Potential -- 14.3 Pathogens in Soils -- 14.4 Pathogens in Surface Waters -- 14.5 Materials and Methods -- 14.5.1 Fecal Samples -- 14.5.2 Soil Samples -- 14.5.3 Surface Water Samples -- 14.6 Results -- 14.7 Discussion -- References -- Part III. Integrative Models for Reindeer Management: The Interface Between Social and Natural Sciences -- Preface -- 15 Population Trends of Semi-Domesticated Reindeer in Fennoscandia - Evaluation of Explanations -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Material and Methods -- 15.3 Synchrony in Population Trends -- 15.4 Explanations of Population Trends -- 15.5 Evaluation of Explanations -- 15.6 Discussion -- References -- 16 Systems Analysis of Finnish Reindeer Management -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Methods and Data Basis -- 16.3 The Investigation Sites. , 16.4 Modeling and Indicator Derivation.