Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 9 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 9 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN THE MINERAL PROCESSING INDUSTRY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHEMISTRY OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE -- 2.1. Equilibrium of S(IV) Species in Aqueous Solution -- 2.2. Structure of S(IV) Species -- 2.3. Redox Properties -- 2.4. Formation of Transition Metal-S(IV) Complexes -- 2.5. Mechanism of Metal Catalysed Autoxidation -- 2.5.1. Inner Sphere Electron Transfer Mechanism -- 2.5.2. Free Radical Mechanism -- 2.5.3. Combined Radical and Non-Radical Mechanism -- 2.6. Autoxidation of SO2 -- 3. SULPHUR DIOXIDE AS A REDUCTANT -- 3.1. Reductive Roasting and Sulphation -- 3.2. Reductive Leaching -- 3.2.1. Reductive Leaching of Mn Oxide Ores -- 3.2.2. Reductive Leaching of Ocean Manganese Nodules -- 3.2.3. Reductive Leaching of Zinc Oxide Minerals -- 3.2.4. Reductive Leaching of Nickel Laterite Ores -- 3.3. Depolarisation in Electrowinning -- 4. THE FE-SO2/O2 OXIDISING SYSTEM -- 4.1. Oxidation of Fe(II) with SO2/O2 -- 4.1.1. Stoichiometry -- 4.1.2. Kinetics and Mechanisms -- 4.1.3. Effect of Copper on Iron Oxidation with SO2/O2 -- 4.2. Leaching of Uranium Ore with the Fe-SO2/O2 System -- 4.3. Leaching Metal Sulphides with the Fe-SO2/O2 System -- 4.3.1. Leaching of Zinc Sulfide with SO2/O2 -- 4.3.1.1.Proposed Mechanism in the Absence of Iron -- 4.3.1.2. Proposed Mechanism in the Presence of Iron -- 4.3.2. Leaching of Nickel Sulfides with SO2/O2 -- 4.3.3. Leaching of Copper Sulphides with SO2/O2 -- 4.4. As(III) Oxidation with SO2/O2 -- 5. THE MN-SO2/O2 SYSTEM -- 5.1. Thermodynamic Consideration and Kinetics -- 5.2. Applications of the Mn-SO2/O2 System -- 5.2.1. Treatment of Manganese Nodules -- 5.2.2. Removal of Manganese and Cobalt from Nickel Leach Solutions. , 5.2.3. Removal of Manganese from Cobalt Solutions -- 5.2.4. Removal of Manganese from Zinc Solutions -- 5.3. Removal and Recovery of Manganese from Waste Effluents -- 6. THE NI-SO2/O2 SYSTEM -- 7. THE CU-SO2/O2 SYSTEM -- 8. ISSUES AND CRITERIA IN PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS -- 9. COMMERICAL APPLICATIONS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- UTILIZATION OF GLYCEROL, A BY-PRODUCT OF THE TRANSESTRIFICATION PROCESS OF VEGETABLE OILS: A REVIEW -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GLYCEROL, A BY-PRODUCT OF THE PRODUCTION OF BIOESTERS -- 3. FEEDSTOCK RECYCLING OF GLYCEROL -- 3.1. Pyrolysis and Gasification -- 3.2. Reforming of Glycerol -- 3.3. Photocatalysis as a Method to Convert Glycerol into Hydrogen -- 3.4. Biochemical Conversion of Glycerol into Energetic Raw Materials -- 4. PRODUCT RECYCLING OF GLYCEROL -- 4.1. Selective Catalytic Oxidation -- 4.2. Chemical Conversion of Glycerol into other Chemical Products -- 5. BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF GLYCEROL INTO OTHER PRODUCTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INHIBITION OF Na+,K+-ATPase AND Mg2+-ATPase BY METAL IONS AND COMPLEXES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. ACTIVITY OF Na+,K+-ATPase AND Mg2+-ATPase -- 1.1. ATPases Catalyse ATP Hydrolysis -- 1.2 Sensitivity of Na+,K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase Towards Inhibitors -- 1.3. Determination of Na+,K+-ATPase Activity -- 1.3.1. Spectroscopic Methods -- 1.3.2. HPLC Methods -- 1.3.3 Coupled Enzymatic Methods -- 1.3.4. Fluorescence and Bioluminescence Methods -- 2. MODULATION OF Na+,K+-ATPase AND Mg2+-ATPase ACTIVITY BY METAL IONS -- 2.1. Vanadium as The Specific Na+,K+-ATPase Inhibitor -- 2.2. Inhibition by First Transition Series Elements and Heavy Metals -- 2.3. Inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase by Inorganic Complexes -- 2.3.1. Platinum-Metal Drugs -- 2.3.2. Pd(II) Complexes -- 2.3.2. Au Complexes. , 3. STABILITY AND RECOVERY OF ACTIVITY INHIBITION BY -SH CONTAINING LIGANDS -- 4. KINETIC ANALYSIS -- 4.1 Metal Ions -- 4.2. Metal Complexes -- 3. PRINCIPLE OF THE Na+,K+-ATPase BASED BIOANALYTICAL TOOL -- 3.1. Immobilization of Na+,K+-ATPase -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING A COMBINATION OF CAVITATIONAL REACTORS AND FENTON PROCESSES: CURRENT STATUS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- COMBINATION OF ACOUSTIC CAVITATION AND FENTON CHEMISTRY -- REACTORS DESIGNS FOR COMBINATION OF ACOUSTIC CAVITATION AND FENTON CHEMISTRY -- OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE AND GUIDELINES FOR OPTIMUM OPERATING PARAMETERS -- COMBINATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATION AND FENTON PROCESSES -- REACTOR DESIGNS FOR HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATION AND FENTON CHEMISTRY -- OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE ON COMBINATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC CAVITATION AND FENTON PROCESSES: -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- DIOXIN AND DIABETES -- REFERENCES -- YTTERBIUM NANOPARTICLES: PROPERTIES, RECENT SYNTHESIS DEVELOPMENTS AND PERSPECTIVES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION: NANOSTRUCTURES AS BUILDING BLOCKS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY -- 1.1. Properties of Nanoparticles: Quantum Size Effects -- 1.2. Properties of Nanoparticles: Surface Effects -- 1.3. Top-down Approaches for Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 1.4. Bottom-up Approaches for Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 2. YTTERBIUM NANOPARTICLES -- 2.1. Properties of Ytterbium Nanoparticles -- 2.2. Attempts at Synthesizing Ytterbium Nanoparticles -- 2.3. The Winning Exploitation of Hybrid Top-down/Bottom-up Strategy to Synthesize Yb Nanoparticles -- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- CHEMOINFORMATICS: A MODERN TOOL FOR APPLIED CHEMISTRY -- INTRODUCTION -- WHY MUST WE USE INFORMATICS METHODS IN CHEMISTRY? -- IS IT CHEMINFORMATICS OR CHEMOINFORMATICS? -- THE HISTORY OF CHEMOINFORMATICS -- 1. Chemical Structure Representation. , 2. Structure Searching -- Substructure Searching -- Similarity Searching -- Fingerprint Representations -- 3. Quantitative Structure Activity/Property Relationship (QSAR/QSPR) -- 4. Chemometrics -- 5. Molecular Modeling -- 6. Computer-Assisted Structure Elucidation (CASE) -- 7. Computer-Assisted Synthesis Design (CASD) -- BASICS OF CHEMOINFORMATICS -- 1. Representation of Chemical Compounds -- Linear Notations -- Smiles (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification) -- Canonicalization -- Sources of 3D informations and the representation of molecules in 3D form -- 2. Representation of Chemical Reactions -- 3. Data in Chemistry -- 4. Datasources and Databases -- 5. Structure Search Methods -- 6. Methods for Calculating Physical and Chemical Data -- 7. Calculation of Structure Descriptors -- 8. Data Analysis Methods -- CHEMISTRY-BASED DATA MINING AND EXPLORATION -- APPLICATIONS OF CHEMOINFORMATICS -- 1. Fields of Chemistry -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Metabolism -- Excretion/Eliminatiom -- Toxicity -- 2. Teaching Chemoinformatics -- MODEL TO PREDICT TOXICITY -- Chemoinformatics in the Textile Industry -- Combinatorial Organic Synthesis (COS) -- High-Throughput Screening (HTS) -- Chemoinformatics (CI) -- CHEMOBIOINFORMATICS -- KEY CHALLENGES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- DIOXIN RESPONSIVE ELEMENTS IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF THE GENES ENCODING MACROPHAGEAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND CYTOKINES: PREDICTION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE HISTORY OF DIOXIN STUDIES -- THE MECHANISM OF DIOXIN ACTION -- THE SEARCH FOR DRES USING THE SITECON METHOD FOR RECOGNITION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDING SITES -- DETECTION OF NEW DRES IN THE REGULATORY REGION OF THE HUMAN GENES ENCODING CYTOSOLIC CORE COMPLEX COMPONENTS -- CROSSTALK OF AHR- AND NF-ΚB-MEDIATED SIGNALING CASCADES. , SEARCH FOR DRES IN THE REGULATORY REGIONS OF SEVERAL CYTOKINE AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GENES EXPRESSED IN MACROPHAGES -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- DIVIDING WALL DISTILLATION TRAINS FOR THE SEPARATION OF PETROCHEMICAL MIXTURES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PROBLEM STATEMENT -- OPTIMIZATION STRATEGY -- ANALYSIS OF RESULTS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- A NONLINEAR DYNAMICS-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SURFACE INTERFACE AND THE ATMOSPHERE AS A SOURCE OF UNCERTAINTY IN CHEMICAL TRANSPORT MODELS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INTERFACES -- 2.1. Energy Exchange Across Environmental Interfaces -- 2.2. Entropy as a Measure of the Complexity of Energy Exchange Across Environmental Interfaces -- 2.3. Consideration of The Difference Equation Representing Energy Exchange Across an Environmental Interface -- 2.4. Analysis of the Entropies of the Difference Equation Representing Energy Exchange across an Environmental Interface -- 3. ENERGY EXCHANGE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL INTERFACES -- 3.1. Coupled Maps Representing Energy Exchange between Biophysical Environmental Interfaces -- 3.2. Lyapunov Exponent and Cross Sample Entropy of Coupled Maps Representing Energy Exchange between Biophysical Environmental Interfaces -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- THE TOPOLOGY MORPHOLOGY COMPARISON OF NANO-STRUCTURAL UNITS BETWEEN HEATING AND HIGH-PRESSURE GELATINIZATION OF STARCH GRANULES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 2.1. Test Materials and Equipments -- 2.1.1 Test Materials -- 2.1.2 The Main Instrument Test -- 2.2 Test Method -- 2.2.1 Methods of Starch Heating Gelatinization -- 2.2.2 Methods of Starch High-Pressure Gelatinization. , 2.2.3. Atomic Force Microscope Scan Starch Samples Nano-Structural Unit.