Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Using Natural Archives to Track Sources and Long-Term Trends of Pollution: An Introduction -- References -- The Influence of Hydrology on Lacustrine Sediment Contaminant Records -- Introduction -- Hydrologic Processes in Lake Systems -- Differences in Sedimentation Between Natural Lakes and Reservoirs -- Land Use Change as a Surrogate for Hydrology -- Sources of Contaminants -- River Inputs and Localized Sources -- Groundwater Inputs -- Hydrologic Modifications After Deposition -- Sediment Focusing -- Hydrologic Controls on Lead-210 Dating -- Human Modifications to the Hydrology of Lakes -- Summary and Future Work -- References -- The Stability of Metal Profiles in Freshwater and Marine Sediments -- Introduction -- Patterns and Mechanisms of Diagenesis in Metal Profiles -- Physical Processes of Diagenesis -- Geochemical Processes of Diagenesis -- Environmental and Geochemical Factors Influencing Metal Profile Stability -- Reactivity of the Metal -- Environmental Factors -- pH -- Redox Condition -- Other Factors -- Tests of Metal Profile Stability -- Porewater Metal Modeling -- Concurrence with Known Inputs -- Resampling -- Correcting and Interpreting Diagenetically-Altered Metal Profiles -- Correction for Mixing -- Modeling Corrections for Geochemical Diagenetic Processes -- Practical Recommendations -- References -- Calculating Rates and Dates and Interpreting Contaminant Profiles in Biomixed Sediments -- Introduction -- The Effects of Biomixing on Contaminant Profiles -- Sediment Core Collection and Processing -- Establishing Geochronologies in Biomixed Cores -- Evaluating Plausible Contaminant Input Histories -- Caveats on the Interpretation of Biomixed Cores -- Cautionary Note About Environmental Change -- Conclusions -- References. , Contaminants in Marine Sedimentary Deposits from Coal Fly Ash During the Latest Permian Extinction -- Introduction -- The Latest Permian Extinction Event -- Siberian Trapsundefined -- Geological Evidence of the Link Between Great Extinction and Major Volcanismundefined -- Catastrophic Volcanic Mercury Emissionsundefined -- Geological Record of Mercury Contamination at the Latest Permian Extinction Event -- Background Mercury Loading Prior to the LPE: Initial Volcanic Mercury Loadings into the Ocean -- Mercury Toxicity: Collapse of Bio-productivity, Disruption of Organic Drawdown, and Catastrophic Accumulation of Dissolved Mercury in Ocean Water -- Tipping Point: Mercury Mitigation by Sulphide Drawdown, Ocean's Alternative Emergency Mechanism to Mitigate Toxic Mercury -- Post-extinction Recovery -- Re-establishing Hg OM-drawdownundefined -- Summary -- References -- Lake Sediment Records of Preindustrial Metal Pollution -- Introduction -- Early Investigations into Ancient Metal Pollution -- Preindustrial Metal Pollution in Europe -- Beyond Lead: Lake-Sediment Records of Historical Metal Pollution in the Bergslagen Mining Region of Central Sweden -- Preindustrial Metal Pollution in the South American Andes -- Early Cinnabar Mining and Mercury Amalgamation in the Andes -- Future Directions and Remaining Questions -- References -- Lacustrine Archives of Metals from Mining and Other Industrial Activities-A Geochemical Approach -- Part I. Review of Methods -- Processes -- Parent Material Heterogeneity -- Pedogenic Materials -- Element Fractionation During Transport from Parent Material to Lake Sediment -- Concentration Versus Flux -- Measurement -- Extraction Methods -- Analysing Solid Samples -- Analysis of Solutions -- Isotopic Determination (Hg and Pb) -- Quality Control -- Approaches to Calculation -- Raw Concentrations -- Ratio to Passive Tracer. , Enrichment Factors -- Fluxes and Mass Balance -- Normalisation to 210Pb -- Isotopic Signature and Mixing Models -- Part II: Applications -- Chronological Markers for Other Research -- Identifying and Quantifying Pre- and Post-mining Baseline States -- Lake Sediment Heavy Metal Records to Quantify Pollution Loading Histories, or to Identify Pollution Sources -- Identifying Pollutant Pathways or Environmental Processes Regulating Heavy Metals -- Concluding Statement -- References -- Organic Pollutants in Sediment Core Archives -- Introduction -- Chlorinated Persistent Organic Pollutants -- Brominated Flame Retardants -- Fluorinated Organic Contaminants -- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- Fecal Sterols -- Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Archives of Contaminant Particles -- Introduction -- Black Carbon -- What is Black Carbon? -- Black Carbon Effects on Climate -- Environmental Archives of Black Carbon -- Black Carbon in Ice Cores -- Black Carbon in Lake Sediments -- Spheroidal Carbonaceous Particles (SCPs) in Lake Sediments -- Other Industrial Particles: Inorganic Fly-Ash Particles -- Recent and Future Developments -- New and Emerging Particle Types -- Microplastics -- Nanoparticles -- Summary -- References -- Tracking Long-range AtmosphericTransport of Contaminants in ArcticRegions Using Lake Sediments -- Introduction -- Long-range Atmospheric Contaminant Transportand Deposition -- Impacts of Climate Change on Contaminant Transport and Deposition -- Use of Sediment Cores to Examine Contaminant Deposition -- Hg in Arctic Lake Sediment Cores -- POPs in Dated Lake Sediment Cores -- Legacy POPs -- PCBs -- HCH -- HCB -- DDT -- Toxaphene or CHB -- CHL -- Dieldrin, Aldrin and Endrin -- Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) -- New POPs -- Endosulfan -- BFRs -- PCNs -- PFCs -- Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research -- References. , Tracking Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Trace Metals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Organohalogen Compounds Using Lake Sediments of Mountain Regions -- Introduction -- Diffuse, Background Pollution -- The Contaminants -- Trace Metals -- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- Organohalogen Compounds -- Different Ways to Study the Sediment Archive -- Time Series -- Total Inventories -- Top-Bottom Approach and Enrichment Factors -- Whole-Lake Budgets -- Altitudinal and Other Geographical Variability -- Contaminant Distribution -- Trace Metals -- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- Organohalogen Compounds -- Understanding the Sediment Archive -- Atmospheric Transport to the Watershed: The Airshed -- Precipitation -- Dust -- Air Mass Trajectories and Distance to Source -- Topographical Barriers -- Grasshopper Effect -- Catchment to Lake Transport -- Snowpack -- Glaciers -- Soils -- Plants, Forest -- Confounding Processes -- Air-Water Exchange -- Water Column-Sediment Exchange -- Active and Fossil Sediments -- Modeling -- The Mountain Altitudinal Gradients and Contaminants -- Biological Impact and Ecological Risk Assessments -- Looking Forward: Research Perspectives in a Changing World -- References -- Using Peat Records as Natural Archives of Past Atmospheric Metal Deposition -- Introduction -- Linking Peat Records and Biomonitoring Data to Quantitatively Model Past Deposition -- Millennial History of Atmospheric Metal Pollution: The Foundation for Establishing the Utility of Peat as an Archive of Past Pollution -- Lead in Peat Records -- Stable Lead Isotopes (204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb & -- 208Pb) in Peat Records -- Mercury in Peat Records -- Other Pollutant Metals -- Pollution Records Beyond Europe -- Application of Peat Metal Records-Archaeology and the History of Mining and Metallurgy -- Dating Peat Records. , Confounding Factors that May Influence Metal Accumulation Records in Peat -- Future Outlooks -- References -- Historical Contaminant Records from Sclerochronological Archives -- Introduction -- Physiology and Archive Development -- Existing Archives -- Anthropogenic CO2 -- Metals as General Anthropogenic Pollution Tracers -- Oil Contamination -- Atmospheric Fallout -- Sewage and Fertilizer -- Land-Use Changes -- Mining -- Limitations -- Conclusions and Future Work -- References -- Contaminant Records in Ice Cores -- Introduction -- Lead -- Mercury -- Platinum Group Elements -- Other Trace Elements -- Organic Compounds -- Black Carbon -- Radionuclides -- Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Use of Catalogued Long-term Biological Collections and Samples for Determining Changes in Contaminant Exposure to Organisms -- Introduction -- Data Interpretation and Cautions -- Case Studies -- Isle Royale-a Comparison of Multiple Records of Mercury Pollution -- Mercury in Tuna, Revisited -- Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Gull Eggs from Scotch Bonnet Island, Lake Ontario -- Recommendations and Conclusions -- References -- Tracking Contaminant Transport From Biovectors -- Introduction -- Prerequisites for Pollutant Transport in Biological Systems -- Biovectors for Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) -- Human Consumers as Recipients of Biovector Transported Pollutants -- The Polar Bear as Indicator of Arctic Change -- Anadromous Fish Species as POP Biovectors -- Sea Birds as Pollutant Carriers -- Water Snakes as Pollutant Carriers -- Biovectors for Trace Metals and Radioactive Materials -- Terrestrial Environment Pathways -- Marine Environment Pathways and Linkage into the Fresh Water -- Biovectors as Archive for Temporal Trend Investigations -- Biovector Transport of Pollutants and Climate Change -- State of the Science and Knowledge Gaps. , Concluding Remarks.