Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Dedication -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Applications and uses of diatoms: prologue -- References -- Part II Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in flowing waters and lakes -- 2 Assessing environmental conditions in rivers and streams with diatoms -- Introduction -- Rationale for using diatoms -- Methods -- RESEARCH DESIGN -- SAMPLING PLANKTON AND PERIPHYTON -- Assemblage characteristics used in assessment -- BIOMASS ASSAY -- DIVERSITY -- SPECIES COMPOSITION -- AUTECOLOGICAL INDICES -- MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS -- CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS -- FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS -- Assessment of biotic integrity and diagnosis of environmental stressors -- Concluding remarks -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Diatoms as indicators of hydrologic and climatic change in saline lakes -- Introduction -- LAKE HYDROLOGY AND HYDROCHEMISTRY -- LAKE SALINITY AND BRINE COMPOSITION -- DIATOMS AND LAKEWATER CHEMISTRY -- Tools for environmental reconstruction -- Environmental reconstructions -- AFRICAN AND ASIAN RECORDS OF QUATERNARY CLIMATE AND HYDROLOGY -- NORTH AMERICAN RECORDS OF QUATERNARY CLIMATE AND HYDROLOGY -- HIGH-RESOLUTION STUDIES OF SHORT-TERM CLIMATIC VARIABILITY -- Problems in interpretation of climate and hydrology from fossil diatom records -- TAPHONOMY -- DISSOLUTION -- SALINITY RECONSTRUCTION -- CLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTION -- Summary -- References -- 4 Diatoms as mediators of biogeochemical silica depletion in the Laurentian Great Lakes -- Introduction -- Mass balance considerations -- Role of nutrient enrichment -- Development and degree of silica limitation -- EPILIMNETIC SILICA DEPLETION -- RAPID EPILIMNETIC SILICA DEPLETION -- WATER COLUMN SILICA DEPLETION -- LAKE ERIE: A NATURAL CHEMOSTAT -- Paleolimnological evidence: comparison among lakes. , LAKE SUPERIOR AND LAKE HURON - NO SILICA DEPLETION OR SEASONAL SILICA LIMITATION (FIG. 4.1) -- LAKE MICHIGAN - RECENT SEASONAL (EPILIMNETIC) SILICA LIMITATION -- LAKE ONTARIO - SEASONAL (EPILIMNETIC) SILICA LIMITATION -- LAKE ONTARIO AND LAKE ERIE - WATER COLUMN SILICA LIMITATION -- Future Research -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Diatoms as indicators of surface water acidity -- Introduction -- Diatoms and pH in acid waters -- PH CLASSIFICATION: THE HUSTEDT SYSTEM -- PH RECONSTRUCTION USING THE HUSTEDT PH CLASSIFICATION -- PH RECONSTRUCTION USING NON-LINEAR MODELS AND A SPECIES-BASED APPROACH -- Diatoms, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and aluminium in acid waters -- Application of diatom analysis to questions of changing surface water acidity -- NATURAL ACIDIFICATION PROCESSES -- HUMAN MODIFICATION OF CATCHMENT SOILS AND VEGETATION -- THE INFLUENCE OF STRONG ACIDS -- Diatoms and the management of acidified waters -- AMELIORATION STRATEGIES -- RECOVERY AND REVERSIBILITY -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Diatoms as indicators of lake eutrophication -- Introduction -- Why diatoms are useful indicators of lake eutrophication -- Approaches -- EXPERIMENTS -- FIELD OBSERVATION -- Responses of periphytic diatoms to eutrophication -- Using diatoms to investigate past eutrophication -- MODERN QUANTITATIVE METHODS -- ASSESSMENT OF DIATOM-TP MODEL PERFORMANCE, ERRORS AND EVALUATION -- Case Studies -- INDIVIDUAL LAKE STUDIES -- REGIONAL ASSESSMENTS USING DIATOMS -- EUTROPHICATION MANAGEMENT USING DIATOMS IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER APPROACHES -- USING DIATOMS TO EVALUATE EMPIRICAL EUTROPHICATION MODELS -- USING DIATOMS TO QUANTIFY FACTORS REGULATING LAKE EUTROPHICATION -- Future directions -- MULTIPLE INDICATOR STUDIES -- USING DIATOM-TP INFERENCE MODELS TO ESTIMATE PAST CHANGES IN P LOADING AND P SEDIMENTATION COEFFICIENTS. , Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Continental diatoms as indicators of long-term environmental change -- Introduction -- Definitions and concepts -- What sites are available for long-term studies? -- How are diatoms interpreted in long records? -- Research directions -- GEOLOGY AND TECTONISM -- BIOGEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY, AND EVOLUTION -- PALEOENVIRONMENTS AND PALEOCLIMATES -- Problems with long diatom records -- Summary -- References -- 8 Diatoms as indicators of water level change in freshwater lakes -- Introduction -- Types of diatom indicators -- LIFE FORM -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT -- TURBULENCE -- NUTRIENT ENVIRONMENT -- pH -- Quantitative reconstructions -- REGRESSION -- ORDINATION -- WEIGHTED AVERAGE ANALYSIS -- Applications of diatom-inferred depth changes in lakes -- ISOSTATIC REBOUND -- DIATOM EVIDENCE FOR WATER LEVEL CHANGES IN GREAT LAKES WETLANDS -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III Diatoms as indicators in extreme environments -- 9 Diatoms as indicators of environmental change near arctic and alpine treeline -- Introduction -- Diatoms as paleoenvironmental indicators at treeline -- The Arctic -- NORTH AMERICA -- SCANDINAVIA -- SIBERIA -- The Alps -- A STEEP ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT -- A CASE STUDY OF CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS: THE LATE-GLACIAL -- INDIRECT EFFECTS: A TEMPERATURE-PH RELATIONSHIP IN ALPINE LAKES -- Common features to arctic and alpine diatom assemblages -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Freshwater diatoms as indicators of environmental change in the High Arctic -- Introduction -- Limnological setting -- Historical review -- Applications and case studies -- ICE COVER AND RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES -- RIVER INFLOWS -- HIGH RESOLUTION STUDIES -- PEAT DEPOSITS -- SNOW, ICE, FROST, AND ICE CORES -- MARINE/LACUSTRINE TRANSITIONS. , MONITORING AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS AND LOCAL DISTURBANCES -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in antarctic freshwaters -- Introduction -- Antarctic diatoms -- Diatoms as indicators of climate -- Changes in lake salinity -- Lacustrine environmental change -- Use of diatoms in determining historical lake ice cover -- Environmental change in surrounding watersheds -- Presence of freshwater taxa in marine environments -- Presence of marine taxa in freshwater environments -- Diatoms in ice cores -- Summary -- References -- 12 Diatoms of aerial habitats -- Introduction -- Systematics -- Ecology -- FACTORS INFLUENCING DISTRIBUTION -- BIOGEOGRAPHY -- Applications -- AERIAL DIATOMS AS INDICATORS -- AERIAL HABITATS AS STUDY SYSTEMS -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IV Diatoms as indicators in marine and estuarine environments -- 13 Diatoms as indicators of coastal paleoenvironments and relative sea-level change -- Introduction -- Identification and reconstruction of the paleoenvironment -- USING CONTEMPORARY ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION -- EVIDENCE FROM THE STRATIGRAPHIC RECORD: FOSSIL DIATOM BIOFACIES -- Inferring relative sea-level changes and coastal processes using diatoms -- TRANSGRESSIONS, REGRESSIONS, SEA-LEVEL TENDENCIES AND SEA-LEVEL CURVES -- DIATOM CONTRIBUTIONS TO SEA-LEVEL TENDENCY ASSESSMENT -- SEA-LEVEL RECONSTRUCTION -- DIATOM STRATIGRAPHIES WITH ENVIRONMENTAL DISCORDANCIES -- Future developments -- Summary -- References -- 14 Diatoms and environmental change in brackish waters -- Introduction -- Diatoms as biological indicators in brackish water -- Brackish-water diatoms and salinity -- HABITATS -- SPECIES AND POPULATIONS -- COMMUNITIES -- DIVERSITY -- PALEOECOLOGY -- Brackish water diatoms and nutrients -- Brackish water diatoms and temperature. , Brackish water diatoms and light -- Brackish water diatoms and contaminants -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 Applied diatom studies in estuaries and shallow coastal environments -- Introduction -- Eutrophication -- DISTRIBUTIONAL STUDIES -- STUDIES UTILIZING DIVERSITY STATISTICS -- WATER QUALITY INDICES -- FUNCTIONAL STUDIES -- STUDIES OF SEAGRASS EPIPHYTES -- THERMAL POLLUTION -- Sediment stability -- Resuspension -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 Estuarine paleoenvironmental reconstructions using diatoms -- Introduction -- Estuaries -- DESCRIPTION -- EUTROPHICATION -- HABITATS AND ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY -- Using diatoms in estuarine paleoecology studies -- DIATOMS IN ESTUARIES -- SILICA CYCLING IN ESTUARIES -- VALVE PRESERVATION -- Methods -- ESTUARINE SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS AND CHOOSING CORING SITES -- SEDIMENT DATING, SEDIMENTATION RATES, AND CORE CHRONOLOGIES -- EXTRACTION METHODS -- SPECIES IDENTIFICATIONS AND REFERENCES -- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA -- Studies -- CALIBRATION SETS -- HUMAN IMPACTS: EUTROPHICATION, LAND CLEARANCE, AND OTHER POLLUTION SOURCES -- CASE STUDIES FROM MID-ATLANTIC USA -- SEA LEVEL CHANGES/SALINITY RECONSTRUCTIONS -- Summary -- References -- 17 Diatoms and marine paleoceanography -- Introduction -- Temperature -- Sea-ice and the marginal ice zone -- Conditions and rates of primary production -- CHAETOCEROS SPORES AND BLOOMS -- MONOSPECIFIC MATS AND STRATIFIED WATERS -- Varved Sediments and Seasonal Variability -- Lateral Transport -- Marine records before the Pleistocene -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part V Other applications -- 18 Diatoms and archeology -- Introduction -- Analysis of archeological artefacts -- Analysis of archeological sediments -- Site-based paleoenvironmental reconstructions -- Regional paleoenvironmental reconstructions -- Conclusions -- Summary. , Acknowledgments.