Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Neuroimmune Signaling in Drug Actions and Addictions -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter One: Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Alcohol and Drug Addiction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Neuroimmune Modulation of Synaptic Function -- 3. Neuroinflammation -- 4. Neuroimmune Molecules in Neurodevelopment -- 5. Neuroimmune Factors Modulate Neuroendocrine Function -- 6. Neuroimmune Mechanism and Addiction -- 7. Summary -- References -- Chapter Two: Neuroimmune Pathways in Alcohol Consumption: Evidence from Behavioral and Genetic Studies in Rodents and Humans -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Immune Regulation of Ethanol Consumption and Ethanol Regulation of Immune Signaling -- 3. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: Anti-Inflammatory Action and Role in Alcohol Consumption -- 4. Alcohol Consumption and Neuroimmune-Related Gene Expression -- 5. Alcohol Consumption and Neuroimmune-Related microRNAs -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Three: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Neuroimmune Changes -- 1. Overview of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders -- 2. Normal Brain Development -- 3. FASD Neuropathology in Humans -- 4. FASD Neuropathology in Animal Models -- 5. Behavioral Consequences in Humans with FASD -- 6. Behavioral Consequences in Rodent Models of FASD -- 7. Overview: Alcohol Effects on Immune Response in the Brain -- 8. Microglia -- 8.1. Overview -- 8.2. Role in the CNS development -- 8.3. Function in the healthy CNS -- 8.4. Immune response -- 9. Potential Long-Term Consequences of Immune Activation in the Developing CNS -- 10. Link Between Ethanol and Immune Responses -- 10.1. Human studies -- 10.2. Animal studies -- 10.3. Signaling pathways -- 11. Therapies -- 11.1. Early diagnosis of FASD -- 11.2. Development of novel anti-inflammatory therapies for FASD -- 11.2.1. Pioglitazone -- 11.2.2. Minocycline. , 11.2.3. Naltrexone -- 12. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Four: Role of Microglia in Regulation of Ethanol Neurotoxic Action -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Microglial Cell Functions in the CNS -- 2.1. Microglial response to pathogens and tissue damage -- 2.2. Microglia, inflammation, and cell death -- 2.3. Microglial modulation of neuronal activity and development -- 3. Microglial Mechanisms of the Neurotoxic Effects of Alcohol -- 3.1. Alcohol-induced microglial activation, inflammation, and neurotoxicity -- 3.2. Alcohol-induced microglial production of ROS and neurotoxicity -- 4. Protective Effects of Microglia -- 5. Alcohol-Related Disease, Neurotoxicity, and Microglia -- 5.1. Adult alcohol-use disorders -- 5.2. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders -- 5.3. Microglia priming hypothesis -- 6. Summary and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Five: Functions of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 in the Central Nervous System and Its Regulation by μ-Opioid Rece... -- 1. Chemokine System Overview -- 2. Opioid System Overview -- 3. CXCR4 and Opioids Actions in the Central Nervous System -- 3.1. Physiological and pathological roles of CXCR4 -- 3.2. Effects of opioids on neuronal and non-neuronal cells -- 4. CXCR4 Interactions with Opioids -- 4.1. Heterologous desensitization -- 4.2. Transcriptional regulation/changes in expression -- 4.3. Receptor dimerization -- 4.4. Novel regulatory mechanisms: Ferritin heavy chain -- 5. Chemokine and Opioid Interactions in HAND -- 6. Gaps and Future Challenges -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Six: Discovery of a Novel Site of Opioid Action at the Innate Immune Pattern-Recognition Receptor TLR4 and its Ro... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Innate Immunity of the Central Nervous System -- 3. Parallels Between an Immune Response to Lipopolysaccharide and Opioids. , 4. How Immune Mediators Can Alter Behavior -- 5. Stress and the Central Nervous System´s Innate Immune System -- 6. Addiction -- 6.1. Opponent theory and allostasis -- 7. Integrating Addiction Neuroscience with Immunology -- 7.1. Binge and intoxication -- 7.2. Withdrawal and negative affect -- 7.2.1. Within system adaptations-A desensitized reward pathway -- 7.2.2. Between system adaptations-Recruitment of antireward pathway -- 7.3. Preoccupation and craving -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter Seven: Neuroimmune Basis of Methamphetamine Toxicity -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Part 1 -- 2.1. Microglia and astrocytes -- 2.1.1. Microglia -- 2.1.2. Astrocytes -- 2.2. Inflammatory signaling -- 2.3. Molecular/cellular: receptors and transporters -- 2.3.1. Neurotransmitter modulation of methamphetamine´s inflammatory effects -- 3. Part 2 -- 3.1. Animal models -- 4. Part 3 -- 4.1. Blood-brain barrier and clinical considerations -- 4.1.1. Blood-brain barrier -- 4.1.2. Methamphetamine exposure and BBB integrity -- 4.1.3. Clinical picture: immune signaling in addictive and related behaviors -- 4.1.4. Chronic infection with human immunodeficiency virus and/or hepatitis C virus -- 5. Part 4 -- 5.1. Vaccine development -- 5.2. Neuroimmune-based and other anti-inflammatory treatment strategies -- 5.3. Future directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Eight: Marijuana Use and Brain Immune Mechanisms -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Phytocannabinoids and Immune Function -- 3. Immune Modulation and Cannabinoid Receptors -- 4. Marijuana and Neuroimmunity -- 5. Effect of Phytocannabinoids on Microglia -- 6. Marijuana and Astrocytes -- 7. Marijuana and Infectious Agents That Target the CNS -- 8. Summary and Future Prospectives -- References -- Chapter Nine: Interactions of HIV and Drugs of Abuse: The Importance of Glia, Neural Progenitors, and Host Genetic Factors. , 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Opiates and HIV-Preclinical and clinical findings -- 1.2. Psychostimulants and HIV -- 1.3. The central role of glia -- 2. Microglia -- 2.1. Microglia as innate immune effectors -- 2.2. Microglia and HIV -- 2.2.1. Opioid and HIV actions in microglia -- 2.2.2. Psychostimulant and HIV actions in microglia -- 2.2.2.1. Methamphetamine and HIV -- 3. Astroglia -- 3.1. Critical functions in neuronal support and gliotransmission -- 3.2. Innate immune effectors -- 3.3. Astroglia and HIV -- 3.4. Effects of opiates and HIV in astroglia -- 3.5. Effects of psychostimulants and HIV in astroglia -- 4. Genetic Factors That Modulate HIV-1 Infectivity and Neuropathogenesis -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.1.1. Mitochondrial genetics -- 4.2. Gene variation in opiate drug abuse and HIV interactions -- 5. Neural/Glial Progenitors and HIV -- 5.1. Opiate and opiate-HIV interactions on progenitors and cell populations -- 5.2. Psychostimulant-HIV interactions on progenitors and cell populations -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Ten: Neuroimmune Basis of Alcoholic Brain Damage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Alcohol-Induced Neurodegeneration and Alcoholism -- 3. Loss of Neurogenesis Could Contribute to Alcoholic Neurodegeneration -- 4. Monocytes and Innate Immune Genes -- 5. Alcohol, Neuroimmune Signaling, and Neurodegeneration -- 6. Ethanol Induction of HMGB1-TLR Signaling in Brain -- 7. NADPH Oxidase and Neurodegeneration -- 8. Neuroimmune Signaling, Hyperexcitability, and Neuronal Death -- 9. Adolescence: A Major Period of Risk for Alcohol Dependence -- 10. Neuroimmune Gene Expression in Postmortem Human Alcoholic Brain -- 11. Summary -- References -- Chapter Eleven: Converging Actions of Alcohol on Liver and Brain Immune Signaling -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Pathology and Cellular Characteristics of Neuroinflammation After Alcohol Exposure -- 2.1. Microglia and astrocytes -- 2.2. Neurons -- 2.3. Cytokines and chemokines -- 3. Molecular Mechanisms of Alcohol-Induced Neuroinflammation -- 3.1. Pattern recognition receptors sense danger signals in the brain (TLRs and NLRs) -- 3.2. Exogenous and endogenous danger signals are induced by alcohol use -- 3.3. Micro-RNAs -- 3.4. Oxidative stress -- 4. Crosstalk Between Organs -- 4.1. Gut-liver-brain axis -- 5. Therapeutic Targets -- 5.1. General consideration -- 5.2. TNFα system -- 5.3. IL-1β system -- 5.4. miR-155 -- 5.5. HMGB1 -- 5.6. TLR4 pathway -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter Twelve: Opportunities for the Development of Neuroimmune Therapies in Addiction -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Neuroinflammation and alcohol dependence -- 1.2. Neuroinflammation and MA dependence -- 1.3. Neuroinflammation and HIV -- 2. Neuroimmune Treatments -- 2.1. Ibudilast -- 2.2. Minocycline and doxycycline -- 2.3. Topiramate -- 2.4. Indomethacin -- 2.5. Rolipram -- 2.6. Anakinra (IL-1Ra) -- 2.7. PPAR agonists -- 2.8. Naltrexone/naloxone -- 2.9. Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter Thirteen: NeuroHIV and Use of Addictive Substances -- 1. Brain-Immune Interactions: Induction of Neuroinflammation by Systemic Infections -- 2. Medical Uses and Adverse Effects of Addictive Substances -- 3. HIV-1 Infection and HIV-Associated Neuropathology -- 4. HIV-1 Infection, NeuroHIV, and the Use of Addictive Substances -- 4.1. Addiction and neuroHIV -- 4.2. Endogenous opioid system -- 4.3. HIV-1 and the dopaminergic system -- 4.4. Morphine and neuroHIV -- 4.5. Alcohol and HIV-1 -- 4.6. Nicotine and HIV-1 -- 4.7. Interactive effects of alcohol and nicotine in neuroHIV -- 4.8. Cocaine and HIV-1 -- 4.9. Methamphetamine and HIV-1 -- 4.10. Marijuana and HIV-1 -- 4.11. Summary. , 5. Conclusion.