Anmerkung: The Life Sciences -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- CONTENTS -- MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- PROLOGUE -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Population Problems -- The Environment -- Health -- Agriculture -- The Academic Endeavor in the Life Sciences -- INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT PROGRAMS -- GRADUATE EDUCATION IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- STIPENDS -- CURRICULA -- MEDICAL STUDENTS -- TECHNICAL ASSISTANTS -- POSTDOCTORAL EDUCATION -- RESEARCH SUPPORT -- FEDERAL RESEARCH-SUPPORTING AGENCIES -- SPECIALIZED FACILITIES -- INSTRUMENTS -- COMPUTERS -- LABORATORIES -- Museums -- Marine Biology Stations -- Biological Information -- CHAPTER ONE FRONTIERS OF BIOLOGY -- THE LANGUAGE OF LIFE -- The Genetic Material -- PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -- THE LIFE AND TIMES OF A CELL -- The Energy for Cell Work -- PHOTOSYNTHESIS -- Metabolism -- METABOLIC PATHWAYS -- METABOLIC CONTROLS -- ACTIVE TRANSPORT -- ENZYMES -- SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES -- Cell Division -- DEVELOPMENT OF AN ORGANISM -- Development of the Nervous System -- Plant Embryogenesis -- Animal Viruses -- FORM AND FUNCTION -- Muscular Contraction -- THE CONSTANCY OF THE Milieu Interieur -- Endocrines -- PLANT AND INSECT HORMONES -- THE NERVOUS SYSTEM -- The Neuron -- SIGNALING IN NEURONS-THE TRANSFER OF INFORMATION -- INITIATION OF IMPULSE ACTIVITY AT SENSE ORGANS -- The Central Nervous System -- SMALL BRAINS -- LARGER BRAINS -- INTERCALATED SYSTEMS: HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION -- BEHAVIOR -- Evolution, Inheritance, and the Development of Behavior -- Physiological Analysis of Behavior -- ORIENTATION AND HOMING -- Learning and Memory -- ECOLOGY -- Some Areas of Ecological Research -- ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES TO INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS -- THE ABUNDANCE OF LIVING THINGS -- SPECIES INTERACTIONS -- ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS -- STABILITY AND DIVERSITY -- THE ORIGIN OF LIFE -- HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION -- Population Genetics-An Extension of Mendelism. , Cytogenetics -- HUMAN CYTOGENETICS -- Polymorphism -- Some Recent Accomplishments -- THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE -- What Is a Species? -- Origins of Species -- Origin of Higher Groups -- Extinction -- Diversity and the Conceptual Framework of Biology -- CHAPTER TWO BIOLOGY IN THE SERVICE OF MAN -- BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND MEDICAL PRACTICE -- The National Health -- Diagnosis, Disease, and Drugs -- SULFONAMIDES AND ANTIMETABOLITES -- ANTIBIOTICS -- VIRAL DISEASES -- CANCER THERAPY -- GOUT -- GENETIC DISEASES -- THE IMMUNE SYSTEM -- TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION -- CARDIAC DISORDERS -- Population Control -- The Early and Latter Years of Life -- ON FEEDING MAN -- Crop Yields -- GENETICS AND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE -- Agricultural Practice -- Animal Science -- MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT -- Water Supplies -- Air -- Food and Drugs -- RENEWABLE RESOURCES -- Role of Science in the Management of Renewable Resources -- Principles of Management -- Environmental Management -- AGRICULTURE -- FORESTRY -- FISHERIES -- WILDLIFE -- RECREATION -- URBAN AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT -- INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY -- Pharmaceuticals -- Food -- Pesticides -- Fermentation Industry -- Instrumentation -- CHAPTER THREE THE WORLD OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH -- WHERE LIFE SCIENTISTS WORK -- MOBILITY OF LIFE SCIENTISTS -- PREVIOUS EDUCATION OF WORKING LIFE SCIENTISTS -- POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING -- EDUCATIONAL LIMITATIONS -- WITH WHAT MATERIALS DO LIFE SCIENTISTS WORK? -- WITH WHAT SPECIES DO LIFE SCIENTISTS WORK? -- WHAT FACILITIES AND TOOLS DO LIFE SCIENTISTS USE? -- Specialized Biological Research Facilities -- Major Instruments -- THE RESEARCH GROUP -- WHAT DO LIFE SCIENTISTS DO? -- FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF RESEARCH IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- Utilization of Research Grants -- Research Support as a Function of the Investigator's Age -- RESEARCH INSTITUTES -- NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUMS -- BIOLOGICAL DISCIPLINES. , CHAPTER FOUR THE ACADEMIC ENDEAVOR IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- ACADEMIC DEPARTMENTS -- The Life Sciences Faculty -- UNFILLED FACULTY POSITIONS -- Graduate Education in the Life Sciences -- CAPACITY OF THE CURRENT GRADUATE EDUCATION SYSTEM -- STUDENT STIPENDS -- Postdoctoral Fellows -- FINANCING POSTDOCTORAL EDUCATION -- FOREIGN POSTDOCTORALS -- FOREIGN INTERNS AND RESIDENTS -- Laboratory Space -- The Tools of Biological Research -- SPECIALIZED RESEARCH FACILITIES -- UTILIZATION OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS -- MEDICAL SCHOOLS AS RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL ENTERPRISES -- Medical Students in Research -- AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS AS RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL ENTERPRISES -- FINANCING ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- Faculty Salaries -- CHAPTER FIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FUTURE OF THE ACADEMIC ENDEAVOR IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- INDIVIDUAL SCIENTISTS -- Academic Scientists -- Nonacademic Scientists -- Personal Constraints on Research -- Specialized Facilities -- Instrumentation -- DEPARTMENT CHAIRMEN -- Specialized Facilities -- Instrumentation -- Improvement and Expansion of the Academic Research Endeavor -- Expansion of the Graduate Education Endeavor -- NATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS -- Museums -- In Conclusion -- CHAPTER SIX EDUCATION IN BIOLOGY -- ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION -- UNIVERSITY EDUCATION -- The Setting -- Undergraduate Curricula -- The Teaching of Biology -- TEACHING AS AN ACTIVITY -- REWARDS FOR TEACHING -- NEW METHODS OF TEACHING -- THE TRAINING AND RETRAINING OF TEACHERS -- BIOLOGY AND LIBERAL EDUCATION -- Research Training: Graduate Education in the Life Sciences -- THE INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM: FUNCTIONS AND DIVERSITY -- THE STUDENT POPULATION: SIZE, ATTRITION, LOCATION -- FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF THE GRADUATE STUDENT AND HIS EDUCATION -- THE GRADUATE PROGRAM -- THE FUTURE OF GRADUATE PROGRAMS -- CHAPTER SEVEN DIGITAL COMPUTERS IN THE LIFE SCIENCES. , GENERAL FACTS ABOUT COMPUTER USAGE -- THE STATE OF COMPUTER APPLICATION IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- Extent of Use -- Types of Use -- Computer Use in Research Areas of the Life Sciences -- The Growth of Computer Usage -- Institutional Arrangements for Computer Use -- Funding of Computer Use -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- CHAPTER EIGHT COMMUNICATION IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN HANDLING BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION -- USERS OF BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION -- INFORMAL INFORMATION TRANSFER -- Meetings -- Informal Publications and Correspondence -- PRIMARY PUBLICATION -- The Journal -- New Forms of Primary Publication -- Future Forms of Primary Publication -- The International Literature -- REVIEW ARTICLES AND DATA COMPILATION -- SECONDARY INFORMATION SERVICES -- Functions and Desirable Characteristics of a Secondary Service -- SPECIALIZED INFORMATION CENTERS -- LIBRARIES -- LOOKING FORWARD -- CHAPTER NINE BIOLOGY AND THE FUTURE OF MAN -- THE NATURE OF MAN -- THE GREAT HAZARDS -- War -- Man and His Environment -- The Size of Human Populations -- FOOD PRODUCTION: THE SHORT-TERM PROBLEM -- POPULATION CONTROL: THE LONG-TERM PROBLEM -- Guarding the Genetic Quality of Man -- THE OPPORTUNITIES -- Biology and Medicine -- MOLECULAR DISEASES -- INFECTIOUS DISEASES -- TRANSPLANTATION AND ARTIFICIAL ORGANS -- THE ETHICS OF TERMINAL MEDICAL CARE -- GENETIC DISEASES -- REGENERATION -- THE DELIVERY OF MEDICAL CARE -- Early Environmental Influences -- Controlled Sex Determination -- Differential Fertility -- Selection and the Variability of Man -- APPENDIX A METHODOLOGY: SURVEY OF INDIVIDUAL LIFE SCIENTISTS -- POPULATION SELECTION -- DATA ANALYSIS: DEFINITIONS AND TABULATION CONSTRAINTS -- Definitions -- Constraints -- SUBCATEGORY LISTINGS REQUIRED TO ANSWER QUESTIONS 18 AND 19 -- VALIDITY OF THE RESPONDENT POPULATION. , APPENDIX B METHODOLOGY: SURVEY OF ACADEMIC LIFE SCIENCE DEPARTMENTS -- SOURCE OF DEPARTMENTAL MAILING LIST -- POPULATION SELECTION -- Definition of a Department -- Exclusion Criteria -- DATA ANALYSIS -- Definitions and Coding Restrictions -- SPECIAL DEFINITIONS -- PANELS AND CONTRIBUTORS -- PANELS OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESEARCH IN THE LIFE SCIENCES -- Origins of Life -- Molecular Biology -- The Materials of Life and Their Transformations -- Cellular and Subcellular Structure and Function -- Developmental Biology -- Function of Tissues and Organs -- Anatomical Sciences -- Structure and Function of the Nervous System -- Behavioral Biology -- Ecology -- Evolutionary Mechanisms and Population Biology -- The Diversity of Life -- Biological Science and the Production of Food and Fiber -- Biological Science and the Advancement of Medicine -- Human Development and Changes With Time -- Biology and Industrial Technology -- Biology and Education -- Biology and Renewable Resources -- Biology and the Future of Man -- The Role of Computers in the Life Sciences -- Environmental Health -- Biology and National Defense -- INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS TO LIFE SCIENCES STUDY -- COUNCIL ON BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES INFORMATION.