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  • 11
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    Particulate air pollution and preeclampsia: a source-based analysis (2014)
    BMJ Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2014-07-11
    Description: Objectives To investigate the association between preeclampsia and maternal exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM 10 ) and 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) mass and sources. Methods Our analysis was based on a hospital cohort of pregnant women (N=3182) residing in Barcelona, Spain, during 2003–2005. Positive matrix factorisation source apportionment (PMF2) was used to identify sources of PM 10 and PM 2.5 samples obtained by an urban background monitor, resulting in detection of eight sources. We further combined traffic-related sources (brake dust, vehicle exhaust and secondary nitrate/organics) to generate an indicator of combined traffic sources. Logistic regression models were developed to estimate the association between preeclampsia and exposure to each PM source and mass separately during the entire pregnancy and trimester one, adjusted for relevant covariates. Results For the exposure during the entire pregnancy, we found a 44% (95% CI 7% to 94%) and a 80% (95% CI 4% to 211%) increase in the risk of preeclampsia associated with one IQR increase in exposure to PM 10 brake dust and combined traffic-related sources, respectively. These findings remained consistent after an alternative source apportionment method (Multilinear Engine (ME2)) was used. The results for PM 2.5 mass and sources and also exposure during trimester one were inconclusive. Conclusions: Risk of preeclampsia was associated with exposure to PM 10 brake dust and combined traffic-related sources.
    Keywords: Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Electronic ISSN: 1470-7926
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by BMJ Publishing Group
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  • 12
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    Longitudinal effects of air pollution on exhaled nitric oxide: the Children's Health Study (2014)
    BMJ Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-10
    Description: Objectives To assess the effects of long-term variations in ambient air pollutants on longitudinal changes in exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), a potentially useful biomarker of eosinophilic airway inflammation, based on data from the southern California Children's Health Study. Methods Based on a cohort of 1211 schoolchildren from eight Southern California communities with FeNO measurements in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008, regression models adjusted for short-term effects of air pollution were fitted to assess the association between changes in annual long-term exposures and changes in FeNO. Results Increases in annual average concentrations of 24-h average NO 2 and PM 2.5 (scaled to the IQR of 1.8 ppb and 2.4 μg/m 3 , respectively) were associated with a 2.29 ppb (CI 0.36 to 4.21; p=0.02) and a 4.94 ppb (CI 1.44 to 8.47; p=0.005) increase in FeNO, respectively, after adjustments for short-term effects of the respective pollutants. In contrast, changes in annual averages of PM 10 and O 3 were not significantly associated with changes in FeNO. These findings did not differ significantly by asthma status. Conclusions Changes in annual average exposure to current levels of ambient air pollutants are significantly associated with changes in FeNO levels in children, independent of short-term exposures and asthma status. Use of this biomarker in population-based epidemiological research has great potential for assessing the impact of changing real world mixtures of ambient air pollutants on children's respiratory health.
    Keywords: Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Electronic ISSN: 1470-7926
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by BMJ Publishing Group
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  • 13
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    Interactions between SERPINA1 PiMZ genotype, occupational exposure and lung function decline (2014)
    BMJ Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-06
    Description: Objectives We evaluated interactions between SERPINA1 PiMZ genotype, associated with intermediate α1-antitrysin deficiency, with outdoor particulate matter ≤10 µm (PM 10 ), and occupational exposure to vapours, dusts, gases and fumes (VGDF), and their effects on annual change in lung function. Methods Pre-bronchodilator spirometry was performed in 3739 adults of the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung Disease in Adults (SAPALDIA) for whom SERPINA1 genotypes were available. At baseline in 1991, participants were aged 18–62 years; follow-up measurements were conducted from 2001 to 2003. In linear mixed regression models of annual change in lung function, multiplicative interactions were evaluated between PiMZ genotype (PiMM as reference) and change in PM 10 (μg/m 3 ), and VGDF exposure (high-level, low-level or no exposure as reference) during follow-up. Results Annual declines in forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of forced vital capacity (FEF 25–75% ) (–82 mL/s, 95% CI –125 to –39) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s over forced vital capacity (FEV 1 /FVC) (–0.3%, 95% CI –0.6% to 0.0%) in association with VGDF exposure were observed only in PiMZ carriers (P interaction 〈0.0001 and P interaction =0.03, respectively). A three-way interaction between PiMZ genotype, smoking and VGDF exposure was identified such that VGDF-associated FEF 25–75% decline was observed only in ever smoking PiMZ carriers (P interaction =0.01). No interactions were identified between PiMZ genotype and outdoor PM 10 . Conclusions SERPINA1 PiMZ genotype, in combination with smoking, modified the association between occupational VGDF exposure and longitudinal change in lung function, suggesting that interactions between these factors are relevant for lung function decline. These novel findings warrant replication in larger studies.
    Keywords: Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Electronic ISSN: 1470-7926
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by BMJ Publishing Group
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  • 14
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    Associations between arrhythmia episodes and temporally and spatially resolved black carbon and particulate matter in elderly patients (2014)
    BMJ Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-07
    Description: Objectives Ambient air pollution has been associated with sudden deaths, some of which are likely due to ventricular arrhythmias. Defibrillator discharge studies have examined the association of air pollution with arrhythmias in sensitive populations. No studies have assessed this association using residence-specific estimates of air pollution exposure. Methods In the Normative Aging Study, we investigated the association between temporally resolved and spatially resolved black carbon (BC) and PM 2.5 and arrhythmia episodes (bigeminy, trigeminy or couplets episodes) measured as ventricular ectopy (VE) by 4 min ECG monitoring in repeated measures of 701 subjects, during the years 2000–2010. We used a binomial distribution (having or not a VE episode) in a mixed effect model with a random intercept for subject, controlling for seasonality, temperature, day of the week, medication use, smoking, having diabetes, body mass index and age. We also examined whether these associations were modified by genotype or phenotype. Results We found significant increases in VE with both pollutants and lags; for the estimated concentration averaged over the 3 days prior to the health assessment, we found increases in the odds of having VE with an OR of 1.52 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.94) for an IQR (0.30 μg/m 3 ) increase in BC and an OR of 1.39 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.71) for an IQR (5.63 μg/m 3 ) increase in PM 2.5 . We also found higher effects in subjects with the glutathione S-transferase theta-1 and glutathione S-transferase mu-1 variants and in obese (p〈0.05). Conclusions Increased levels of short-term traffic-related pollutants may increase the risk of ventricular arrhythmia in elderly subjects.
    Keywords: Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Electronic ISSN: 1470-7926
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by BMJ Publishing Group
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  • 15
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    Air pollution from livestock farms, and asthma, allergic rhinitis and COPD among neighbouring residents (2014)
    BMJ Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-16
    Description: Objectives There is an ongoing debate regarding environmental health risks of exposures to dust and microbial agents from livestock farming in the Netherlands. The aims of the study were (1) to investigate associations between indicators of air pollution from livestock farms and asthma, allergic rhinitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among neighbouring residents; and (2) to assess associations between farm exposures and endotoxin levels in participants’ homes. Methods Electronic medical records of all 92 548 patients of 27 general practices in a rural area with a high density of animal farms were analysed, followed up by a case-control component using a subsample of the full population. Distance between livestock farms and home address, presence of livestock within 500 m, and particulate matter (PM)10 emissions from farms within 500 m were computed as proxies for farm exposure. Potential confounding was investigated through a case-control questionnaire study in 269 adult patients with asthma and 546 controls. Endotoxin levels were assessed in 493 homes. Results Modelled PM10 emission was inversely associated with asthma, allergic rhinitis and COPD (p〈0.05). A smaller distance to the nearest farm, and the presence of swine, goat and sheep farms were also inversely related to respiratory morbidity, whereas mink farms showed positive associations with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Adjustment for confounding in the case-control study did not change results. Farm exposures were not associated with endotoxin levels in neighbouring residents’ homes. Conclusions In conclusion, indicators of air pollution from livestock farms were inversely associated with respiratory morbidity among neighbouring residents.
    Keywords: Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Electronic ISSN: 1470-7926
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 16
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    Air pollution and childhood leukaemia: a nationwide case-control study in Italy (2013)
    BMJ Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-09
    Description: Objectives Leukaemia is the most common cancer in children, but its aetiology is still poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that traffic-related air pollution is associated with paediatric leukaemia because of chronic exposure to several potential carcinogens. Methods The Italian SETIL study (Study on the aetiology of lymphohematopoietic malignancies in children) was conducted in 14 Italian regions. All incident cases of leukaemia in children aged ≤10 years from these regions (period 1998–2001) were eligible for enrolment. Two controls per case, matched on birth date, gender and region of residence were randomly selected from the local population registries. Exposure assessment at birth residence included traffic indicators (distance to main roads and length of main roads within 100 m) and estimates of pollutants concentrations (particulate matter -PM 2.5 and PM 10 - and gases -NO 2 and O 3 -) from national dispersion model and land use regression models. The association between the exposure variables and leukaemia was assessed by logistic regression analyses. Results Participation rates were 91.4% among cases and 69.2% in controls; 620 cases (544 acute lymphocytic and 76 acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia) and 957 controls were included. Overall, when considering the residence at birth, 35.6% of cases and 42.4% of controls lived along busy roads, and the mean annual PM 10 levels were 33.3 (SD=6.3) and 33.4 µg/m 3 (SD=6.5), respectively. No association was found, and all ORs, independent of the method of assessment and the exposure windows, were close to the null value. Conclusions Using various exposure assessment strategies, air pollution appears not to affect the incidence of childhood leukaemia.
    Keywords: Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Electronic ISSN: 1470-7926
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by BMJ Publishing Group
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  • 17
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    Endotoxin in concentrated coarse and fine ambient particles induces acute systemic inflammation in controlled human exposures (2013)
    BMJ Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-19
    Description: Background Knowledge of the inhalable particulate matter components responsible for health effects is important for developing targeted regulation. Objectives In a double-blind randomised cross-over trial of controlled human exposures to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) and their endotoxin and (1-〉3)-β-D-glucan components, we evaluated acute inflammatory responses. Methods 35 healthy adults were exposed to five 130-min exposures at rest: (1) fine CAPs (~250 µg/m 3 ); (2) coarse CAPs (~200 µg/m 3 ); (3) second coarse CAPs (~200 µg/m 3 ); (4) filtered air; and (5) medical air. Induced sputum cell counts were measured at screening and 24 h postexposure. Venous blood total leucocytes, neutrophils, interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C reactive protein (CRP) were measured pre-exposure, 3 and 24 h postexposure. Results Relative to filtered air, an increase in blood leucocytes 24 h (but not 3 h) postexposure was significantly associated with coarse (estimate=0.44 x 10 9  cells/L (95% CI 0.01 to 0.88); n=132) and fine CAPs (0.68 x 10 9  cells /L (95% CI 0.19 to 1.17); n=132), but not medical air. Similar associations were found with neutrophil responses. An interquartile increase in endotoxin (5.4 ng/m 3 ) was significantly associated with increased blood leucocytes 3 h postexposure (0.27 x 10 9  cells/L (95% CI 0.03 to 0.51); n=98) and 24 h postexposure (0.37 x 10 9  cells/L (95% CI 0.12 to 0.63); n=98). This endotoxin effect did not differ by particle size. There were no associations with glucan concentrations or interleukin-6, CRP or sputum responses. Conclusions In healthy adults, controlled coarse and fine ambient particle exposures independently induced acute systemic inflammatory responses. Endotoxin contributes to the inflammatory role of particle air pollution.
    Keywords: Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures
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    Topics: Medicine
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  • 18
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    Ischaemic heart disease mortality and years of work in trucking industry workers (2013)
    BMJ Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2013-07-11
    Description: Objectives Evidence from general population-based studies and occupational cohorts has identified air pollution from mobile sources as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In a cohort of US trucking industry workers, with regular exposure to vehicle exhaust, the authors previously observed elevated standardised mortality ratios for ischaemic heart disease (IHD) compared with members of the general US population. Therefore, the authors examined the association of increasing years of work in jobs with vehicle exhaust exposure and IHD mortality within the cohort. Methods The authors calculated years of work in eight job groups for 30 758 workers using work records from four nationwide companies. Proportional hazard regression was used to examine relationships between IHD mortality, 1985–2000, and employment duration in each job group. Results HRs for at least 1 year of work in each job were elevated for dockworkers, long haul drivers, pick-up and delivery drivers, combination workers, hostlers, and shop workers. There was a suggestion of an increased risk of IHD mortality with increasing years of work as a long haul driver, pick-up and delivery driver, combination worker, and dockworker. Conclusion These results suggest an elevated risk of IHD mortality in workers with a previous history of regular exposure to vehicle exhaust.
    Keywords: Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures
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    Topics: Medicine
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  • 19
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    Traffic-related air pollution and prostate cancer risk: a case-control study in Montreal, Canada (2013)
    BMJ Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-11
    Description: Objectives There is a paucity of information on environmental risk factors for prostate cancer. We conducted a case–control study in Montreal to estimate associations with exposure to ground-level nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), a marker for traffic-related air pollution. Methods Cases were 803 men with incident prostate cancer, ≤75 years of age, and diagnosed across all French hospitals in Montreal. Concurrently, 969 controls were drawn from electoral lists of French-speaking individuals residing in the same electoral districts as the cases and frequency-matched by age. Concentrations of NO 2 were measured across Montreal in 2005–2006. We developed a land use regression model to predict concentrations of NO 2 across Montreal for 2006. These estimates were back-extrapolated to 1996. Estimates were linked to residential addresses at the time of diagnosis or interview. Unconditional logistic regression was used, adjusting for potential confounding variables. Results For each increase of 5 parts per billion of NO 2 , as estimated from the original land use regression model in 2006, the OR 5ppb adjusted for personal factors was 1.44 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.73). Adding in contextual factors attenuated the OR 5ppb to 1.27 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.58). One method for back-extrapolating concentrations of NO 2 to 1996 (about 10 years before the index date) gave the following OR 5ppb : 1.41 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.62) when personal factors were included, and 1.30 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.52) when contextual factors were added. Conclusions Exposure to ambient concentrations of NO 2 at the current address was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. This novel finding requires replication.
    Keywords: Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
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    Topics: Medicine
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  • 20
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    Acute nasal pro-inflammatory response to air pollution depends on characteristics other than particle mass concentration or oxidative potential: the RAPTES project (2013)
    BMJ Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: Objectives To investigate which air pollution characteristics are associated with biomarkers for acute nasal airway inflammation in healthy subjects. We hypothesised that associations would be strongest for oxidative potential (OP) of particles. Methods 31 volunteers were exposed to ambient air pollution at five sites in The Netherlands: two traffic sites, an underground train station, a farm and an urban background site. Each subject visited at least three sites between March and October 2009 and was exposed for 5 h per visit including exercise for 20 min every hour (h). Air pollution measurements during this 5-h-period included particulate matter (PM) mass concentration, elemental composition, elemental and organic carbon (OC), particle number concentration, OP, endotoxins, O 3 and NO 2 . Pro-inflammatory biomarkers were measured before, 2 and 18 h postexposure, including cytokine IL-6 and IL-8, protein and lactoferrin in nasal lavage (NAL) as well as IL-6 in blood. One- and two-pollutant mixed models were used to analyse associations between exposure and changes in biomarkers. Results In two-pollutant models, cytokines in NAL were positively associated with OC, endotoxin and NO 2 ; protein was associated with NO 2 ; and lactoferrin was associated with all PM characteristics that were high at the underground site. In blood, associations with OC and endotoxin were negative. Conclusions We observed no consistent effects in two-pollutant models for PM mass concentration and OP. Instead, we found consistent associations with nasal inflammatory markers for other PM characteristics, specifically OC, endotoxin and NO 2 .
    Keywords: Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
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    Topics: Medicine
    Published by BMJ Publishing Group
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