Abstract: In the past several decades, agricultural management practices consisting of intensive tillage and high rate of fertilization to improve crop yields have resulted in the degradation of soil and environmental qualities by increasing erosion and nutrient leaching in the groundwater and releasing greenhouses gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O), that cause global warming in the atmosphere by oxidation of soil organic matter. Consequently, management practices that sustain crop yields and improve soil and environmental qualities are needed. This paper reviews the findings of the effects of tillage practices, cover crops, and nitrogen (N) fertilization rates on crop yields, soil organic carbon (C) and N concentrations, and nitrate (NO 3 )-N leaching from the soil. Studies indicate that conservation tillage, such as no-till or reduced till, can increase soil organic C and N concentrations at 0- to 20-cm depth by as much as 7–17% in 8 years compared with conventional tillage without significantly altering crop yields. Similarly, cover cropping and 80–180 kg N ha –1 year –1 fertilization can increase soil organic C and N concentrations by as much as 4–12% compared with no cover cropping or N fertilization by increasing plant biomass and amount of C and N inputs to the soil. Reduced till, cover cropping, and decreased rate of N fertilization can reduce soil N leaching compared with conventional till, no cover cropping, and full rate of N fertilization. Management practices consisting of combinations of conservation tillage, mixture of legume and nonlegume cover crops, and reduced rate of N fertilization have the potentials for sustaining crop yields, increasing soil C and N storage, and reducing soil N leaching, thereby helping to improve soil and water qualities. Economical and social analyses of such practices are needed to find whether they are cost effective and acceptable to the farmers.

Abstract: The mapping of soil P concentration is necessary to assess the risk of P loss in runoff. We modeled the distribution of Mehlich‐3 extractable soil P (M3P) in an east‐central Pennsylvania 39.5‐ha watershed (FD‐36) with an average field size of 1.0 ha. Three interpolation models were used: (i) the field classification model—simple field means, (ii) the global model—ordinary kriging across the watershed, and (iii) the within‐field model—ordinary kriging within fields with a pooled within‐stratum variogram. Soils were sampled on a 30‐m grid, resulting in an average of 14 samples per field. Multiple validation runs were used to compare the models. Overall, the mean absolute errors (MAEs) of the models were 76, 71, and 66 mg kg −1 M3P for the field classification, global, and within‐field models, respectively. The field classification model performed substantially worse than did the kriging models in five fields; these fields exhibited strong spatial autocorrelation. The within‐field model performed substantially better than did the global model in three fields where autocorrelation was confined by the field boundary. However, no differences in P index classification were observed between the three prediction surfaces. The field classification model is simpler and less expensive to implement than the kriging models and should be adequate for applications that are not sensitive to small errors in soil P concentration estimates.

Abstract: Chopin, T. 1 , Yarish, C. 2 , Neefus, C. 3 , Kraemer, G. P. 4 , Belyea, E. 1 , Carmona, R. 2 , Saunders, G. W. 5 , Bates, C. 5 , Page, F. 6 & Dowd, M. 6 1 University of New Brunswick, Centre for Coastal Studies and Aquaculture and Centre for Environmental and Molecular Algal Research, P.O. Box 5050, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, Canada; 2 University of Connecticut, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 1 University Place, Stamford, Connecticut, 06901‐2315, USA; 3 University of New Hampshire, Department of Plant Biology, Office of Biometrics, G32 Spaulding Life Science Center, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, USA; 4 State University of New York, Purchase College, Division of Natural Sciences, Purchase, New York, 10577, USA; 5 University of New Brunswick, Centre for Environmental and Molecular Algal Research, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada; 6 Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Biological Station, 531 Brandy Cove Road, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, E5B 2L9, Canada On a regional scale, finfish aquaculture can be one of the significant contributors to coastal nutrification. Contrary to common belief, even in regions of exceptional tidal and apparent “flushing” regimes like the Bay of Fundy, water mixing and transport may be limited and water residency time can be locally prolonged. Hence, nutrient bio‐availability remains significant for a relatively long period of time in some areas. Understanding the assimilative capacity of coastal ecosystems under cumulative pressure, then, becomes critical. To avoid pronounced shifts in coastal processes, conversion, not dilution, is the solution by integrating fed aquaculture (finfish) with organic and inorganic extractive aquaculture (shellfish and seaweed) so that the “ wastes” of one resource user become a resource for the others. Such a bioremediative approach provides mutual benefits to co‐cultured organisms, and economic diversification and increased profitability per cultivation unit for the aquaculture industry. These concepts will be discussed and illustrated by the results of our on‐going projects and we will demonstrate that seaweeds can also be excellent bio‐indicators of nutrification/eutrophication revealing symptoms of environmental stress and measuring the zone of influence of an aquaculture site. The aquaculture industry is here to stay in our “coastal scape”: it has its place in the global seafood supply and demand, and in the economy of coastal communities. To help ensure its sustainability, it needs, however, to responsibly change its too often monotrophic practices by adopting polytrophic ones to become better integrated into a broader coastal management framework.

Abstract: The foremost limitation of public policy approaches is that the context of the public policy problem is not taken into account. In the case of complex and dynamic environmental problems, such as global climate change, there is a need for a framework for approaching economic policy that takes account of the complexity and changing realities of such problems. The objective of this paper is to present a framework to approach economic policy making in a case of such complex and dynamic environmental problems. The literature on economic and public policy theories, the need for a systematic policy design process and approaches to complexity and dynamics in policy making is framework available to one where the focus is on the best learning process to facilitate economic policy making on complex and dynamic environmental problems. Based on sociological models of experiential learning, a multiple-loop learning framework (MLLF) is presented. This model illustrates the importance of orchestrated science-policy interactions through interactive learning. The opportunities and limitations of this model are discussed with reference to the debate on economic policy for global climate change.

Abstract: Herring caught in the Thames Estuary sustain a small local commercial fishery (peak catch of 606 t during the 1972–1973 fishing season). Loss of local consumers' interest in the herring product has resulted in a gradual decline in catches and fishing effort for the stock. The stock is assessed using an age-structured model that relies on the information provided by a scientific trawl survey, and management advice is provided before the fishing season starts in October. Given its current low economic value, managers have requested evaluation of options for multi-annual Total Allowable Catches (TACs) in an attempt to reduce the frequency (and costs) of assessment and associated management advice. A tentative relationship between sea surface temperature and recruitment is used to predict the impact of increasing sea temperatures on future recruitment in the context of global warming. Hypotheses of auto-correlation and of an environmental effect on recruitment, together with trends in weight-at-age and the overestimation of spawning-stock biomass, form the basis for sensitivity tests of the management options considered. Implementation of a 3-year fixed TAC with 40% constraint in TAC variability and a slight reduction in target F would seem appropriate for the stock, given that it is within safe biological limits and compares well in terms of yield and risk with the current approach of annual TAC revision.

Abstract: At the end of the 20th century when the new millennium approaches, the economic development: of the textile and clothing industry in Taiwan, the Republic of China, has encountered the strong pressure of techniques upgrade and improvement on the traditional industries. The textile and clothing companies within have struggled to survive from the tough circumstances, such as the impact from the newly economic growths of other developing countries and the trend of the inevitable free global market in the whole earth village. The survival of the industry development has then result from the high-tech, high-efficient and high-quality textile creative designs emerging from the environmental realization, the research and understanding on the cultural tradition, as well as the digital information automation. The study of the innovative textile designs includes analysis of the traditional drawing skills combined with the realization of the creative CAM-oriented graphic. The other key point is the study on the design method, that is the overall presentation of the design strategies, design motives, and design method research as well as the application of the basic design theory and management concepts to the traditional culture essence.

Abstract: In preparing the Third Assessment Report (due in 2001), the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was also assigned the task of assessing "methodological aspects of cross-cutting issues such as equity, discount rates, and decision making frameworks". The article analyses the task; points out the gaps in IPCC's past approaches to policy and decision making methodologies; and outlines elements of a paradigm that effectively bridges science and decision making, especially in the area of applying IPCC's global policies on the national and local levels, within the ultimate goal of sustainable development.

Abstract: Contents Green Chemistry in the International Context The Concept of green Chemistry Definition of green chemistry | Green chemistry: Why now? | The historical context of green chemistry | The emergence of green chemistry The Content of Green Chemistry Areas of green chemistry | Preliminary remarks | Alternative feedstocks | Benign reagents/synthetic pathways | Synthetic transformations | Solvents/reaction conditions Green Chemistry in the International Context It has come to be recognized in recent years, that the science of chemistry is central to addressing the problems facing the environment. Through the utilization of the various subdisciplines of chemistry and the molecular sciences, there is an increasing appreciation that the emerging area of green chemistry 1 is needed in the design and attainment of sustainable development. A central driving force in this increasing awareness is that green chemistry accomplishes both economic and environmental goals simultaneously through the use of sound, fundamental scientific principles. Recently, a basic strategy has been proposed for implementing the relationships between industry and academia, and hence, funding of the research that constitutes the engine of economic advancement; it is what many schools of economics call the "triple bottom line" philosophy, meaning that an enterprise will be economically sustainable if the objectives of environmental protection, societal benefit, and market advantage are all satisfied 2 . Triple bottom line is a strong idea for evaluating the success of environmental technologies. It is clear that the best environmentally friendly technology or discovery will not impact on the market if it is not economically advantageous; in the same way, the market that ignores environmental needs and human involvement will not prosper. This is the challenge for the future of the chemical industry, its development being strongly linked to the extent to which environmental and human needs can be reconciled with new ideas in fundamental research. On the other hand, it should be easy to foresee that the success of environmentally friendly reactions, products, and processes will improve competitiveness within the chemical industry. If companies are able to meet the needs of society, people will influence their own governments to foster those industries attempting such environmental initiatives. Of course, fundamental research will play a central role in achieving these worthy objectives. What we call green chemistry may in fact embody some of the most advanced perspectives and opportunities in chemical sciences. It is for these reasons that the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has a central role to play in advancing and promoting the continuing emergence and impact of green chemistry. When we think about how IUPAC furthers chemistry throughout the world, it is useful to refer to IUPAC's Strategic Plan. This plan demonstrates the direct relevance of the mission of IUPAC to green chemistry, and explains why there is growing enthusiasm for the pursuit of this new area as an appropriate activity of a scientific Union. The IUPAC Strategic Plan outlines among other goals: IUPAC will serve as a scientific, international, nongovernmental body in objectively addressing global issues involving the chemical sciences. Where appropriate, IUPAC will represent the interests of chemistry in governmental and nongovernmental forums. IUPAC will provide tools (e.g., standardized nomenclature and methods) and forums to help advance international research in the chemical sciences. IUPAC will assist chemistry-related industry in its contributions to sustainable development, wealth creation, and improvement in the quality of life. IUPAC will facilitate the development of effective channels of communication in the international chemistry community. IUPAC will promote the service of chemistry to society in both developed and developing countries. IUPAC will utilize its global perspective to contribute toward the enhancement of education in chemistry and to advance the public understanding of chemistry and the scientific method. IUPAC will make special efforts to encourage the career development of young chemists. IUPAC will broaden the geographical base of the Union and ensure that its human capital is drawn from all segments of the world chemistry community. IUPAC will encourage worldwide dissemination of information about the activities of the Union. IUPAC will assure sound management of its resources to provide maximum value for the funds invested in the Union. Through the vehicle of green chemistry, IUPAC can engage and is engaging the international community in issues of global importance to the environment and to industry, through education of young and established scientists, the provision of technical tools, governmental engagement, communication to the public and scientific communities, and the pursuit of sustainable development. By virtue of its status as a leading and internationally representative scientific body, IUPAC is able to collaborate closely in furthering individual national efforts as well as those of multinational entities. An important example of such collaboration in the area of green chemistry is that of IUPAC with the Organization for the Economical Cooperation and Development (OECD) in the project on "Sustainable Chemistry", aimed at promoting increased awareness of the subject in the member countries. During a meeting of the Environment Directorate (Paris, 6 June 1999), it was proposed that United States and Italy co-lead the activity, and that implementation of five recommendations to the member countries be accorded the highest priority, namely: research and development awards and recognition for work on sustainable chemistry exchange of technical information related to sustainable chemistry guidance on activities and tools to support sustainable chemistry programs sustainable chemistry education These recommendations were perceived to have socio-economic implications for worldwide implementation of sustainable chemistry. How IUPAC and, in particular, its Divisions can contribute to this effort is under discussion. IUPAC is recognized for its ability to act as the scientific counterpart to OECD for all recommendations and activities. Although the initiatives being developed by the OECD are aimed primarily at determining the role that national institutions can play in facilitating the implementation and impact of green chemistry, it is recognized that each of these initiatives also has an important scientific component. Whether it is developing criteria or providing technical assessment for awards and recognition, identifying appropriate scientific areas for educational incorporation, or providing scientific insight into the areas of need for fundamental research and development, IUPAC can play and is beginning to play an important role as an international scientific authority on green chemistry. Other multinational organizations including, among others, the United Nations, the European Union, and the Asian Pacific Economic Community, are now beginning to assess the role that they can play in promoting the implementation of green chemistry to meet environmental and economic goals simultaneously. As an alternative to the traditional regulatory framework often implemented as a unilateral strategy, multinational governmental organizations are discovering that green chemistry as a nonregulatory, science-based approach, provides opportunities for innovation and economic development that are compatible with sustainable development. In addition, individual nations have been extremely active in green chemistry and provide plentiful examples of the successful utilization of green chemistry technologies. There are rapidly growing activities in government, industry, and academia in the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Spain, Germany, Japan, China, and many other countries in Europe and Asia, that testify to the importance of green chemistry to the future of the central science of chemistry around the world. Organizations and Commissions currently involved in programs in green chemistry at the national or international level include, for example: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), with the "Green Chemistry Program" which involves, among others, the National Science Foundation, the American Chemical Society, and the Green Chemistry Institute; European Directorate for R & D (DG Research), which included the goals of sustainable chemistry in the actions and research of the European Fifth Framework Programme; Interuniversity Consortium "Chemistry for the Environment", which groups about 30 Italian universities interested in environmentally benign chemistry and funds their research groups; UK Royal Society of Chemistry, which promotes the concept of green chemistry through a "UK Green Chemistry Network" and the scientific journal Green Chemistry; UNIDO-ICS (International Centre for Science and High Technology of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization) which is developing a global program on sustainable chemistry focusing on catalysis and cleaner technologies with particular attention to developing and emerging countries (the program is also connected with UNIDO network of centers for cleaner production); and Monash University, which is the first organization in Australia to undertake a green chemistry program. Footnotes: 1. The terminology "green chemistry" or "sustainable chemistry" is the subject of debate. The expressions are intended to convey the same or very similar meanings, but each has its supporters and detractors, since "green" is vividly evocative but may assume an unintended political connotation, whereas "sustainable" can be paraphrased as "chemistry for a sustainable environment", and may be perceived as a less focused and less incisive description of the discipline. Other terms have been proposed, such as "chemistry for the environment" but this juxtaposition of keywords already embraces many diversified fields involving the environment, and does not capture the economic and social implications of sustainability. The Working Party decided to adopt the term green chemistry for the purpose of this overview. This decision does not imply official IUPAC endorsement for the choice. In fact, the IUPAC Committee on Chemistry and Industry (COCI) favors, and will continue to use sustainable chemistry to describe the discipline. 2. J. Elkington, & lt; http://www.sustainability.co.uk/sustainability.htm