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  • Engineering  (4)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The effect of a low ambient temperature on the cold-start emissions and fuel consumption of passenger cars
    SAGE Publications ; 2011
    In:  Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering Vol. 225, No. 9 ( 2011-09), p. 1253-1264
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, SAGE Publications, Vol. 225, No. 9 ( 2011-09), p. 1253-1264
    Abstract: This paper examines the cold-start-up events of spark and compression ignition engines in the context of transient operation and emissions control. When the temperatures of the oil, coolant and engine block are equal or close to the ambient temperature, start-up can be difficult to achieve without significant excess levels of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. In general, the lower the ambient temperature, the more significant these problems are. The physical processes responsible for this phenomenon are briefly discussed. Excess emission factors from a pool of Euro 4 and Euro 5 petrol vehicles and three Euro 5 diesel vehicles are presented, as tested over the Urban Drive Cycle at 24 °C and at −7 °C. A full modal emissions analysis was also conducted at 24 °C and at −7 °C on one petrol vehicle and one diesel vehicle over the New European Drive Cycle. The most problematic emissions are identified for both engine types, and recommendations are made to legislators regarding cold-start emissions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0954-4070 , 2041-2991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0954407011406613
    RVK:
    ZO 4200
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2032754-7
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The effect of diesel engine operating conditions on exhaust particle size distributions
    SAGE Publications ; 2008
    In:  Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering Vol. 222, No. 8 ( 2008-08-01), p. 1513-1525
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, SAGE Publications, Vol. 222, No. 8 ( 2008-08-01), p. 1513-1525
    Abstract: Owing to the negative effects that aerosols have on human health, the interest in knowing the size and the amount of particulate matter emitted by diesel engines is increasing. The measurement of this kind of aerosol is mainly influenced by three parameters: the ambient conditions, the sampling method used to characterize the emissions together with the system used to determine the particle size distributions, and, finally, the physical and chemical characteristics of the aerosol, which are a direct consequence of those processes occurring in the engine (composition, size, and concentration of particles in the aerosol, amount of volatile organic compounds, sulphur compounds, and different residues coming from the additives used in fuels and lubricants, etc.). An experimental study has been developed which combines the use of a partial dilution minitunnel and a scanning mobility particle sizer. The aim is to study the influence that the engine operating conditions which the driver can control by using the throttle while driving a vehicle, i.e. the torque and engine speed, have on the particle size distribution and its statistical parameters, namely the mean diameter and total concentration. This study was carried out on a light-duty direct-injection diesel engine which is used currently on European roads. Four steady operation modes were tested, from the most emissions-significant zones of the engine map. Likewise, a complementary study has been developed for a better understanding of the combined effect of both fuel-to-air and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratios. In this latter study the EGR was completely eliminated from the engine modes previously studied.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0954-4070 , 2041-2991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1243/09544070JAUTO747
    RVK:
    ZO 4200
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2032754-7
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Lateral dynamics simulations of a three-wheeled tilting vehicle
    SAGE Publications ; 2015
    In:  Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering Vol. 229, No. 3 ( 2015-02), p. 342-356
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, SAGE Publications, Vol. 229, No. 3 ( 2015-02), p. 342-356
    Abstract: A novel tilting three-wheeled vehicle was developed at the University of Bath as part of a project funded by the European Union. The space and weight savings provided by this type of vehicle could be a solution to the pollution and congestion problems seen in urban environments. The direct tilt control method originally implemented on the prototype was shown to perform well in the steady state, but rapid transients were shown to lead potentially to rollover instability. To investigate this phenomenon and to design an improved controller, a multi-body model was combined with a lateral dynamics single-track model to predict both the steady-state behaviour and the transient behaviour. With this model, it was possible to obtain an accurate representation of the kinematic and dynamic roll motions of the vehicle and the resultant weight transfer across the rear axle, together with the lateral dynamics of the vehicle. The simple lateral dynamics model provided an easily understood physical representation of the system which can often be hidden in a complex multi-body model. This paper presents the development of the model and its validation against data from static and dynamic tests.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0954-4070 , 2041-2991
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0954407014542625
    RVK:
    ZO 4200
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2032754-7
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Analysis of body proportions of Croatian basketball players and the untrained population and their influence on garment fit
    SAGE Publications ; 2019
    In:  Textile Research Journal Vol. 89, No. 23-24 ( 2019-12), p. 5238-5251
    Details
    In: Textile Research Journal, SAGE Publications, Vol. 89, No. 23-24 ( 2019-12), p. 5238-5251
    Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine differences in body proportions and measurements of basketball players and an untrained group of the general population, as well as the impact of physical differences on garment fit through the Croatian sizing system for labeling men's clothing based on the European standard EN 13402. It was hypothesized that clothes made according to the system for labeling men's clothing are not appropriate for the population of basketball players. Differences in morphological properties of the basketball players, as a result of many years of active sport playing, were found both by conventional anthropometric measurement method and three-dimensional (3D) body scanning. Anthropometric measurements were taken for the needs of the clothing industry according to ISO 3635, ISO 8559 and ISO 20685. The study was conducted on a sample of 189 male test subjects, aged between 15 and 25 years, who are professional basketball players and sample of a 189 test subjects for the untrained group of the general population of the same age. Statistical data results included factor and discriminate analysis. Differences in the body measurements of basketball players and the untrained group of the general population were analyzed through an independent samples t-test. Considering that differences in the upper body part have a large impact on garment fit, compared to the average body measurements, that is, the existing clothing sizing system, a proposal for the amendment of the sizing system for basketball players, with average body measurements by size, was made. In addition, for the purposes of the study, 20 anthropometric variables related to the upper body part and required for the clothing construction were analyzed. In order to test the garment fit, two men's shirt prototypes of the same garment size, one based on the existing sizing systems and one based on the proposed amendment for basketball players, were developed using a two-dimensional/3D computer-aided design system. Computer simulations performed on the average basketball player body model showed the unsuitable fit of a men's shirt constructed according to the existing sizing system and the satisfying fit of a men's shirt constructed according to measurements of the proposed amendment for basketball players, confirming the possible application of the conducted research results and the proposed sizing amendment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0040-5175 , 1746-7748
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0040517519849469
    RVK:
    ZS 0001
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2209596-2
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