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  • Political Science  (9)
  • Law  (9)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Militarization of Nature: Conflict and Control over Strategic Resources and Some Implications for Peace Policies
    SAGE Publications ; 1979
    In:  Journal of Peace Research Vol. 16, No. 1 ( 1979-03), p. 1-26
    Details
    In: Journal of Peace Research, SAGE Publications, Vol. 16, No. 1 ( 1979-03), p. 1-26
    Abstract: Military consumption of natural resources is one of the problems which figure prominently in the United Nations' action programme on disarmament and development. Reporting on a study that was initiated in 1975 and which has met with considerable problems in getting access to information, the author presents original data on military-related consumption of energy and minerals in the United States and elsewhere. After the so-called 'oil crisis', decision-makers and strategists have shown increased concern over external supply of strategic resources and have come up with proposals on how to deal with vulnerable supply lines. These and other options are surveyed. It is concluded that the major powers, which are also the principal arms producers and exporters, still may secure supplies by measures, including imperialist practices, at the international level. At the same time, dependence on strategic resources domestically not available may be reduced by measures internal to the importing country. Technological innovations have reduced the relative demand for many minerals and are increasingly making composite materials available for military purposes. Still, the arms race continues to absorb great quantities of a number of non-renewable materials. Due to the close integration of state interests with those of private capital, co-ordination between them is the rule rather than the exception. Purely military-strategic interests may sometimes not coincide completely with those of state or private capital, but usually the latter is 'collecting' the necessary foreign resources for the former through the process of internationalization. These facts make control of supply, for the purpose of restricting or diverting military consumption, difficult — both at the national and the international level. Some such measures of control are presented and discussed, ranging from imposing taxes through regulating trade to supervising armaments industries in the arms-producing countries.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3433 , 1460-3578
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/002234337901600101
    RVK:
    PR 1000
    RVK:
    MA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1979
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1490712-4
    SSG: 3,6
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Rhetorical Strategies and the Misleading Nature of Attacks on `Postmodernism': A Reply to Østerud
    SAGE Publications ; 1997
    In:  Journal of Peace Research Vol. 34, No. 3 ( 1997-08), p. 325-329
    Details
    In: Journal of Peace Research, SAGE Publications, Vol. 34, No. 3 ( 1997-08), p. 325-329
    Abstract: As a reaction to Østerud's attack on `postmodernism', it is argued that post-structuralism, Critical Theory and critical realism should be seen as important responses to the crisis of positivism and modernity. Even the few `postmodernists' who would be willing to defend the idea that it is only thought and discourses that matter or that `anything goes' or that we should stop talking about truths have been able to contribute to transformations of understandings in a constructive way. Even though some of the actual critical-reflective analyses have been rather conventional, there is much room for producing even better critical-reflectivist studies in the future. However, Østerud's loaded terms have effects of power: there is an unjustified tendency to silence the emerging latemodern interpretative and explanatory possibilities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3433 , 1460-3578
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0022343397034003008
    RVK:
    PR 1000
    RVK:
    MA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1490712-4
    SSG: 3,6
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The spoils of nature: Armed civil conflict and rebel access to natural resources
    SAGE Publications ; 2010
    In:  Journal of Peace Research Vol. 47, No. 1 ( 2010-01), p. 15-28
    Details
    In: Journal of Peace Research, SAGE Publications, Vol. 47, No. 1 ( 2010-01), p. 15-28
    Abstract: Why is armed civil conflict more common in resource-dependent countries than in others? Several studies have attempted to unravel mechanisms on why natural resources are linked to armed conflict, but no coherent picture has yet emerged. This article seeks to address this puzzle by concentrating on the issue of how rebel access to natural resources affects conflict. It uses data on gemstone and hydrocarbon localities throughout the world and controls for the spatial and temporal overlap of resources and conflict. The results show that the location of resources is crucial to their impact on conflict duration. If resources are located inside the actual conflict zone, the duration of conflict is doubled. Interestingly, oil and gas reserves have this effect on duration regardless of whether there has been production or not. In addition, a country-level analysis suggests that oil production increases the risk of conflict onset when located onshore; offshore production has no effect on onset. These results support the assertion that natural resources play a central role in armed civil conflicts because of the incentives and opportunities they present for rebel groups.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3433 , 1460-3578
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0022343309350015
    RVK:
    PR 1000
    RVK:
    MA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1490712-4
    SSG: 3,6
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Book Note: The Nature of War in the Information Age: Clausewitzian Future
    SAGE Publications ; 2006
    In:  Journal of Peace Research Vol. 43, No. 4 ( 2006-07), p. 497-497
    Details
    In: Journal of Peace Research, SAGE Publications, Vol. 43, No. 4 ( 2006-07), p. 497-497
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3433 , 1460-3578
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/002234330604300419
    RVK:
    PR 1000
    RVK:
    MA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1490712-4
    SSG: 3,6
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Nature and Meanings of Nonviolent Direct Action: An Exploratory Study
    SAGE Publications ; 1988
    In:  Journal of Peace Research Vol. 25, No. 1 ( 1988-03), p. 81-89
    Details
    In: Journal of Peace Research, SAGE Publications, Vol. 25, No. 1 ( 1988-03), p. 81-89
    Abstract: Using a minimal, consensual definition of nonviolence, and drawing from the case listing by Sharp (1973), this study factor analyses 72 actual cases of nonviolent direct action. Fifty-nine variables are employed that measure characteristics of the actors and objects (e.g. their number, organization, leadership, etc.), the situation (e.g. the political system, population, wealth, etc. of the country in which the case took place), the action (e.g. any training, the techniques used by both actor and object, etc.) and the outcomes, in terms of associated violence and success in realization of objectives. Twelve nearly orthogonal first-order dimensions were interpreted, while six second-order factors were also examined in both the R and Q matrices. Nondemocratic conditions emerged as the single largest contribution to the patterns. Based on the delineation of characteristic (R) and case (Q) groupings, typologies of nonviolence and nonviolent direct action advocates were offered. In addition, three hypothetical perspectives on nonviolence were noted as the discussion shifted from a focus on (nonviolent) methods to (democratic) processes of conflict resolution.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3433 , 1460-3578
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/002234338802500108
    RVK:
    PR 1000
    RVK:
    MA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1988
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1490712-4
    SSG: 3,6
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Right or Robust? The Sensitive Nature of Repression to Globalization
    SAGE Publications ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Peace Research Vol. 42, No. 6 ( 2005-11), p. 679-698
    Details
    In: Journal of Peace Research, SAGE Publications, Vol. 42, No. 6 ( 2005-11), p. 679-698
    Abstract: A growing number of studies provide quantitative evidence that economic globalization encourages government protection of human rights: trade and investment advance civil and political rights and encourage governments to refrain from violations of the right to life, liberty, and the security of the person. Other studies provide evidence that globalization promotes government repression of human rights: the arbitrary arrest, torture, forced disappearance, or extra-judicial killing of citizens, activists, or dissidents by state security forces under the control of ruling state elites. This article employs a variant of Extreme Bounds Analysis in order to analyze the robustness of this growing body of important but contradictory inferences. It argues that (1) we can make robust empirical claims about the relationship between certain trade and investment indicators and government repression, but shows that (2) cumulative knowledge across studies nevertheless remains limited by the sensitivity of many indicators to conditioning sets of information. This problem stems from vaguely specified theoretical mechanisms linking economic processes to government repression and is of potentially great consequence for scholarship seeking to explain the causes of human rights violations, in particular, and the effects of economic globalization, in general.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3433 , 1460-3578
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0022343305057887
    RVK:
    PR 1000
    RVK:
    MA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1490712-4
    SSG: 3,6
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Inter Arma Caritas: Evolution and Nature of International Humanitarian Law
    SAGE Publications ; 1987
    In:  Journal of Peace Research Vol. 24, No. 3 ( 1987-09), p. 237-249
    Details
    In: Journal of Peace Research, SAGE Publications, Vol. 24, No. 3 ( 1987-09), p. 237-249
    Abstract: International humanitarian law can be defined as the principles and rules which regulate hostilities in order to attenuate their hardships: they aim at safeguarding military personnel placed 'hors de combat' and persons not taking part in hostilities; they also determine the rights and duties of belligerents in the conduct of operations and limit the choice of means of doing harm. This law combines two ideas of a different nature, one legal and the other moral, which may explain the apparent paradoxes it raises (Part 1). The evolution of humanitarian thought through the ages (Part 2) — as well as the attitude of States, the weight of history and politics — have determined the uneasy but progressive codification of humanitarian norms (Part 3). To understand the very nature of humanitarian law, we have to take into account the so-called 'military necessity' which may be at the origin of limitations, if not gaps, in the development and the implementation of humanitarian law. However, because it is also indebted to superior principles derived from established custom, principles of humanity and the dictates of public conscience, humanitarian law has acquired specificities which make it universal and obligatory. If humanitarian law is a law concluded by States, its real aim is the protection of the human person (Part 4).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3433 , 1460-3578
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/002234338702400304
    RVK:
    PR 1000
    RVK:
    MA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1987
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1490712-4
    SSG: 3,6
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kant's Concepts of 'Human Nature' and 'Rationality': Two Arch Determinants of an Envisioned 'Eternal Peace'
    SAGE Publications ; 1968
    In:  Journal of Peace Research Vol. 5, No. 4 ( 1968-12), p. 396-401
    Details
    In: Journal of Peace Research, SAGE Publications, Vol. 5, No. 4 ( 1968-12), p. 396-401
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3433 , 1460-3578
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/002234336800500405
    RVK:
    PR 1000
    RVK:
    MA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1968
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1490712-4
    SSG: 3,6
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Maritime security: the uncharted politics of the global sea
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2019
    In:  International Affairs Vol. 95, No. 5 ( 2019-09-01), p. 971-978
    Details
    In: International Affairs, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 95, No. 5 ( 2019-09-01), p. 971-978
    Abstract: In this introduction to a special section of the September 2019 issue of International Affairs, we revisit the main themes and arguments of our article ‘Beyond seablindness: a new agenda for maritime security studies’, published in this journal in November 2017. We reiterate our call for more scholarly attention to be paid to the maritime environment in international relations and security studies. We argue that the contemporary maritime security agenda should be understood as an interlinked set of challenges of growing global, regional and national significance, and comprising issues of national, environmental, economic and human security. We suggest that maritime security is characterized by four main characteristics, including its interconnected nature, its transnationality, its liminality—in the sense of implicating both land and sea—and its national and institutional cross-jurisdictionality. Each of the five articles in the special section explores aspects of the contemporary maritime security agenda, including themes of geopolitics, international law, interconnectivity, maritime security governance and the changing spatial order at sea.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0020-5850 , 1468-2346
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/ia/iiz145
    RVK:
    PR 1000
    RVK:
    MA 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1475513-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 215-X
    SSG: 0
    SSG: 3,6
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