Note: Front Cover -- Energy Services Fundamentals and Financing -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 Energy services -- 1 Energy services: concepts, applications and historical background -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Energy and population growth -- 1.3 Energy saving in buildings -- 1.4 Energy use in agriculture -- 1.5 Renewable energy technologies -- 1.5.1 Solar energy -- 1.5.2 Efficient bioenergy use -- 1.5.2.1 Briquette processes -- 1.5.2.2 Improved cook stoves -- 1.5.2.3 Biogas technology -- 1.5.2.4 Improved forest and tree management -- 1.5.2.5 Gasification application -- 1.5.3 Combined heat and power -- 1.5.4 Hydrogen production -- 1.5.5 Hydropower generation -- 1.5.6 Wind energy -- 1.6 Energy and sustainable development -- 1.7 Global warming -- 1.8 Recommendations -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Energy financing schemas -- 2 The promotion of renewable energy communities in the European Union -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 The link between the provision of energy services and the increase of energy efficiency -- 2.3 The efficiency gains stemming from distributed generation of energy production -- 2.4 The concept of renewable energy community -- 2.5 The promotion of renewable energy communities in EU law -- 2.6 The promotion of renewable energy communities in the draft National Energy and Climate Plans -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Financial schemes for energy efficiency projects: lessons learnt from in-country demonstrations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The proposed methodology -- 3.3 Innovative financing schemes -- 3.3.1 Crowdfunding -- 3.3.2 Energy performance contracting -- 3.3.3 Green bonds -- 3.3.4 Guarantee funds -- 3.3.5 Revolving funds -- 3.3.6 Soft loans -- 3.3.7 Third-party financing -- 3.4 Case study countries -- 3.4.1 Bulgaria -- 3.4.2 Greece -- 3.4.3 Lithuania -- 3.4.4 Spain -- 3.5 Key actors identification. , 3.6 Knowledge transfer -- 3.6.1 Peer-to-Peer learning -- 3.6.2 Capacity building activities -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Energy systems in buildings -- 4 Energy in buildings and districts -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Thermal comfort -- 4.3 User behavior -- 4.4 Weather conditions under climate change and growing urbanization -- 4.5 Envelope and materials -- 4.6 From passive to nearly zero-energy building design -- 4.7 Smart buildings and home automation -- 4.8 From smart buildings to smart districts and cities -- 4.9 Concluding discussion -- References -- 5 Renewable energy integration as an alternative to the traditional ground-source heat pump system -- Nomenclature -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology -- 5.2.1 Description of the proposed solution -- 5.2.2 Test procedure -- 5.3 Technical calculation -- 5.3.1 Thermal module -- 5.3.1.1 Geothermal energy -- 5.3.1.2 Thermal solar energy -- 5.3.2 Power module -- 5.3.2.1 Photovoltaic solar energy -- 5.3.2.2 Wind energy -- 5.3.3 Contribution of the suggested installation -- 5.4 Economic and environmental analysis -- 5.4.1 Economic analysis -- 5.4.2 Environmental evaluation -- 5.5 Discussion -- 5.5.1 Sensitivity analysis -- 5.5.1.1 Electricity price -- 5.5.1.2 Electric rate -- 5.5.1.3 CO2 emission factor -- 5.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Energy-saving strategies on university campus buildings: Covenant University as case study -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Energy modeling software for buildings -- 6.1.2 Energy conservation measures in buildings -- 6.2 Materials and methods -- 6.2.1 Study location -- 6.2.2 Procedure for data collection -- 6.2.3 Instrumentation and procedure for data analysis -- 6.2.4 Economic analysis -- 6.2.5 Assessment of environmental impacts -- 6.3 Results and discussions -- 6.3.1 Result of energy audit in cafeterias1 and 2. , 6.3.2 Result of energy audit in Mechanical Engineering building -- 6.3.3 Result of energy audit in university library -- 6.3.4 Result of energy audit in health center -- 6.3.5 Result of energy audit in the students' halls of residence -- 6.3.6 Qualitative recommendation analysis -- 6.3.6.1 Replacement of lighting fixtures with light-emitting diode bulbs -- 6.3.6.2 Installation of solar panels on the roofs of selected buildings -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Energy conversion systems and Energy storage systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Energy systems in buildings -- 7.2.1 Energy generation systems -- 7.2.1.1 Combined heat and power system -- 7.2.1.2 Solar photovoltaic system -- 7.2.1.3 Solar thermal system -- 7.2.1.4 Organic Rankine cycle system -- 7.2.1.5 Geothermal system -- 7.2.1.6 Wind turbine system -- 7.2.2 Energy conversion systems -- 7.2.2.1 Heating systems -- 7.2.2.2 Cooling systems -- 7.2.2.3 Ventilation systems -- 7.2.3 Energy storage systems -- 7.2.3.1 Battery energy storage system -- 7.2.3.2 Thermal energy storage system -- 7.3 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Energy systems in buildings -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Energy-efficient building envelopes -- 8.2.1 Increasing thermal resistance of the building envelope -- 8.2.2 Climate-specific design of energy-efficient envelopes -- 8.3 Renewable energy sources for building energy application -- 8.3.1 Analyzing electrical/thermal loads of a building -- 8.3.2 Consideration of local codes and requirements for renewable energy systems -- 8.3.3 Solar energy systems -- 8.3.3.1 Solar water heating -- 8.3.3.1.1 Flat-plate collectors -- 8.3.3.1.2 Evacuated tube solar thermal collectors -- 8.3.3.1.3 Choice of solar thermal collectors -- 8.3.3.1.3.1 Cost -- 8.3.3.1.3.2 Performance -- 8.3.3.1.3.3 Installation -- 8.3.4 Building-integrated photovoltaic systems -- 8.4 Solar thermal energy storage. , 8.4.1 Types of thermal energy storage technologies -- 8.4.1.1 Sensible heat storage system -- 8.4.1.1.1 Sensible solid heat storage system -- 8.4.1.1.2 Sensible liquid heat storage system -- 8.4.1.2 Sensible cold storage system -- 8.4.1.3 Latent heat storage system -- 8.4.1.4 Thermochemical storage -- 8.5 Wind energy -- 8.5.1 Brief introduction -- 8.5.2 Wind resource assessment -- 8.5.3 Building-integrated/mounted wind turbine -- 8.5.3.1 Building-integrated wind turbines -- 8.5.3.2 Building-mounted wind turbines -- 8.5.3.3 Building-augmented wind turbines -- 8.5.4 Optimizing building-integrated/mounted wind turbine devices -- 8.5.5 Small/micro wind turbines for building application -- 8.6 Heat pumps -- 8.6.1 Air-source heat pumps -- 8.6.2 Ground-source heat pumps -- 8.6.3 Working principles of heat pumps -- 8.6.3.1 The heating cycle -- 8.6.3.2 The cooling cycle -- 8.6.3.3 The defrost cycle -- 8.6.4 Performance measures -- 8.7 Biomass -- 8.8 Summary -- References -- 4 Energy efficiency in industrial sector -- 9 Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources for industrial sector -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Global energy trends -- 9.3 Energy consumption and emissions in industry -- 9.3.1 General trends -- 9.3.2 Energy and carbon-intensive industrial sectors -- 9.4 Energy efficiency in industry for climate change mitigation -- 9.4.1 The need for innovation -- 9.5 Energy efficiency and renewable sources in industry -- 9.5.1 Bioenergy -- 9.5.2 Solar heat -- 9.6 Case study in Turkey -- 9.6.1 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan -- 9.6.2 General overview -- 9.6.3 Industry and technology -- 9.6.4 Aim of the development plans -- 9.7 Policy options -- 9.7.1 Lessons learned -- 9.7.2 International agreements -- 9.7.3 Procurement -- 9.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 10 Energy efficiency in tourism sector: eco-innovation measures and energy. , 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 State of the arts -- 10.3 Methods and data -- 10.4 Results and discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Energy services markets: development and status quo -- 11 Energy service markets: status quo and development -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The European framework for energy services -- 11.2.1 Legal framework -- 11.2.2 The European Union energy service markets: market volume, offers, and barriers -- 11.3 The German energy service market -- 11.3.1 Legal framework and information sources -- 11.3.2 Market overview -- 11.4 Developments of segments of the service market -- 11.4.1 Advice services -- 11.4.2 Energy management -- 11.4.3 Contracting -- 11.5 Market development -- 11.6 Conclusions: lessons learned from the German case -- References -- 12 Worldwide trends in energy market research -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Data -- 12.3 Results -- 12.3.1 Subjects from worldwide publications -- 12.3.2 Journals metric analysis -- 12.3.3 Countries, affiliations, and their main topics -- 12.3.4 Keywords from worldwide publications -- 12.3.5 Cluster analysis based on keywords -- References -- 13 Which aspects may prevent the development of energy service companies? The impact of barriers and country-specific condi... -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Which are the problems confronted by energy efficiency actions and policy instruments? -- 13.3 Which are the most relevant barriers confronted by energy service companies in different regions? -- 13.4 Removing barriers and promoting energy service companies -- 13.4.1 Actions to remove economic and market barriers -- 13.4.2 Actions to remove funding barriers -- 13.4.3 Enabling frameworks for energy service companies and other energy efficiency actions -- 13.5 Lessons learned and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Intro -- International Encyclopedia of Human Geography -- Table of Contents -- Senior Editors -- Section Editors -- Foreword by Mary Robinson -- Foreword by Rob Kitchin and Nigel Thrift -- Permission Acknowledgments -- A -- Activism -- Activist Geographies -- Actor-Network Theory/Network Geographies -- Affect -- Africa -- Ageing and Health -- Ageing and Mobility -- Ageism and Age -- Agglomeration -- Agoraphobia -- Agrarian Transformations -- Agri-Environmentalism and Rural Change -- Agricultural Land Preservation -- Agriculture, Sustainable -- Aid -- von Humboldt, A. -- Aménagement du Territoire: Territorial Development -- Americas -- Anarchism/Anarchist Geography -- Anglo-American/Anglophone Hegemony -- Animal Geographies -- Animal Welfare, Agricultural -- Antarctica -- Anthropogeography (After Ratzel) -- Anthropology and Human Geography -- Anti-Geopolitics -- Anti-Urbanism -- Apartheid/Post-Apartheid -- Applied Geography -- Archives -- Arctic -- Art and Cartography -- Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems -- Asia -- Atlases -- Australasia -- Auto-Photography -- Autobiography -- Autoethnography -- Avant-Garde/Avant-Garde Geographies -- Aviation -- B -- Balkans -- Barnes, T. -- Beaujeu-Garnier, J. -- Becoming -- Behavioral Geography -- Belonging -- Berkeley School -- Berry, B. -- Biodiversity -- Biodiversity Mapping -- Biopolitics -- Bobek, H. -- Body, The -- Borderlands -- Bowman, I. -- Brain Drain -- Brandt Commission -- Brown Agenda -- Buffer Zone -- Business Services -- C -- Capital and Space -- Capitalism -- Capitalism and Division of Labor -- Care/Caregiving -- Cartographic Animation -- Cartography in Islamic Societies -- Cartography, History of -- Case Study Approach -- Cassa per il Mezzogiorno -- Categorical Data Analysis -- Cellular Automata -- Census Geography -- Census Mapping -- Central Business District -- Central Place Theory. , Chaos and Complexity -- Chicago School -- Child Labor -- Children and Mapping -- Children/Childhood -- Chinese Urbanism -- Chinese-Language Geography -- Choice Modeling -- Christaller, W. -- Christian Geography -- Chronic Disease -- Citation Geography -- Citizenship -- Citizenship and Governmentality, Rural -- City Marketing -- City-Region -- Civil Society -- Claval, P. -- Climate Change -- Cloke, P. -- Cognitive Geography -- Cohen, S. -- Cold War -- Colonialism I -- Colonialism II -- Colonialism, Internal -- Color, Mapping -- Commodity Chains -- Communicable Diseases, Globalization of -- Communist and Post-Communist Geographies -- Community -- Competitiveness -- Complementary and Alternative Medicine -- Complexity Theory, Nonlinear Dynamic Spatial Systems -- Computational Human Geography -- Concentrated Deconcentration -- Conservation and Ecology -- Consumption -- Content Analysis -- Corbridge, S. -- Core-Periphery Models -- Corporate Responsibilities -- Corridor and Axis Development -- Cosgrove, D. -- Cosmopolitanism -- Counter-Mapping -- Counterurbanization -- Cox, K. -- Creativity -- Crime/Fear of Crime -- Critical Cartography -- Critical Geography -- Critical Geopolitics -- Critical GIS -- Critical Rationalism (After Popper) -- Critical Realism/Critical Realist Geographies -- Critical Theory (After Habermas) -- Cross-Cultural Research -- Cultural Capital -- Cultural Economy -- Cultural Geography -- Cultural Materialism -- Cultural Politics -- Cultural Studies and Human Geography -- Cultural Turn -- Culture -- Culture/Natures -- Cumulative Causation -- Cyberspace/Cyberculture -- D -- Darby, H. C. -- Darwinism (and Social Darwinism) -- De-Industrialization -- De-Localization -- Dear, M. J. -- Debt -- Deconstruction -- Defensible Space -- Deforestation -- Democracy -- Demography -- Dependency -- Statistics, Descriptive -- Desertification. , Determinism/Environmental Determinism -- Development I -- Development II -- Developmentalism -- Devolution -- Dialectical Reasoning and Dialectical Materialism -- Dialogism (After Bakhtin) -- Diaries (Video, Audio or Written) -- Diaspora -- Dicken, P. -- Difference/Politics of Difference -- Diffusion -- Digital Data, Historical Geography and -- Digital Divide -- Digital Earth -- Disability and Chronic Illness -- Discourse -- Discourse Analysis -- Disease Diffusion -- Disease Mapping -- Distance -- Dudley Stamp, L. -- Dutch Human Geography -- Dwelling -- E -- e-Business and e-Commerce -- East Asian Miracle -- East/West -- Ecological Fallacy -- Ecology -- Economic Crises -- Economic Development, Rural -- Economic Geography -- Economic Geography, Quantitative -- Economics and Human Geography -- Economies, Alternative -- Economies, Borderland -- Economies, Branch Plant -- Economies, Imagined -- Economy, Informal -- Ecotourism -- Edge Cities -- Edge Effects -- Education -- Electoral Cartography -- Electoral Districts -- Electoral Geography -- Embeddedness -- Embodied Knowing -- Emigration -- Emotional Geographies -- Emotional Knowing -- Empire -- Empowerment -- Enlightenment Geography -- Enterprise Discourse -- Entrepreneurship -- Entropy-Maximising Models -- Environment -- Environment, Historical Geography of -- Environmental Hazards -- Environmental Health -- Environmental Justice -- Environmental Policy -- Environmental Regulation -- Environmental Security -- Environmental Studies and Human Geography -- Environmentalism -- Epidemiological Transition -- Equity -- Error (Propagation and Modeling) -- Ethical Issues in Research -- Ethnic Conflict -- Ethnic Economies -- Ethnicity -- Ethnicity and Resistance, Historical Geographies of -- Ethnography -- Ethnomethodology/Ethnomethodological Geography -- Eurocentrism -- Europe -- Europe of Regions. , Evans, E. E. -- Evolutionary Algorithms -- Transnational Elites -- Existentialism/Existential Geography -- Experimental Design -- Exploration -- Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis -- Export Processing Zones -- Extended Metropolitan Region -- F -- Factor Analysis and Principal-Components Analysis -- Fair Trade -- Famine -- Fatherland/Homeland -- Feminism and Work -- Feminism, Maps and GIS -- Feminism/Feminist Geography -- Feminist Geography, Prehistory of -- Feminist Groups within Geography -- Feminist Methodologies -- Feminist Political Economy -- Fertility -- Festival and Spectacle -- Feudalism and Feudal Society -- Field Geographies -- Field Systems and Enclosure -- Fieldwork -- Film -- Finance, Historical Geographies of -- Finance, Offshore -- Financial Centers, International -- Financial Exclusion -- Financial Knowledge -- Financial Risks and Management -- Firms -- First Law of Geography -- First World -- Flâneur, The -- Fluidity-Fixity -- Focus Groups -- Food Networks -- Food Networks, Alternative -- Food Regimes -- Fordism -- Fordism, Post-Fordism and Flexible Specialization -- Foreign Direct Investment -- Foucauldianism -- Fractal Analysis -- Francophone Geography -- Functionalism (Including Structural Functionalism) -- Fuzzy Set and Fuzzy Logic -- G -- Gardens and Gardening -- Garrison, W. -- Gated Communities/Privatopias -- Gay Geographies -- Gender and Health -- Gender and Rurality -- Gender in the City -- Gender, Historical Geographies of -- Genealogy and Family History -- Genealogy Method -- Generalization -- Genetics -- Gentrification -- Gentrification, Rural -- Geocomputation -- Geodemographics -- Geodesy -- Geographical Journals -- Geographical Masking -- Geographically Weighted Regression -- Geography, History of -- Geohistory -- Geomatics -- Geopolitics -- Geopolitics and Religion -- Georeferencing, Geocoding. , Geospatial Intelligence -- Geovisualization -- German-Language Geography -- Gerrymandering -- Ghettos -- GIS and Cartography -- GIS and Society -- GIS, Mobile and Locational Based Services -- GIS, Public Participation -- GIScience and Systems -- Global Commodity Chains -- Global Positioning/GPS -- Global Production Networks -- Globalization and Transnational Corporations -- Transport and Globalization -- Globalization, Cultural -- Globalization, Economic -- Golledge, R. -- Gottmann, J. -- Governance -- Governance, Corporate -- Governance, Good -- Governance, Transport -- Governance, Urban -- Governmentality -- Green Revolution -- Greenfield Development -- Gregory, D. -- Grounded Theory -- Growth Poles, Growth Centers -- H -- Habitus -- Hagerstrand, T. -- Haggett, P. -- Haptic or Touch-Based Knowledge -- Harley, J. B. -- Hartshorne, R. -- Harvey, D. -- Health and Development -- Health Geography -- Health Inequalities -- Health Services Restructuring -- Health Systems and Health Services -- Healthcare Accessibility -- Hegemony -- Heritage -- Heritage and Culture -- Heritage and Economy -- Heritage and Identity -- Heteronormativity -- Hettner, A. -- High-Tech Industry -- Hinterland Development -- Trade, Transport and Communications, Historical Geographies of -- Historical Geographies, Rural -- Historical Geographies, Urban -- Historical Geography -- War, Historical Geography and -- Historical Geography, Evolution of -- Urban Morphologies, Historical -- Historical-Geographical Materialism -- HIV/AIDS in Developed Countries -- HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries -- Home -- Homelessness -- Homelessness, Rural -- Housing -- Housing, Neighbourhoods and Health -- Housing, Rural -- Hub Network Location -- Human Geography -- Urban Planning and Human Geography -- Human Rights -- Human-Nonhuman -- Humanism/Humanistic Geography -- Hybridity -- Hypothesis Testing -- I. , Idealism/Idealist Human Geography.