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  • Bioscientifica  (12)
  • 1990-1994  (12)
  • 1
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    Human chorionic gonadotrophin: a chemoattractant for human blood monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes
    Bioscientifica ; 1994
    In:  Journal of Endocrinology Vol. 142, No. 1 ( 1994-07), p. 167-170
    Details
    In: Journal of Endocrinology, Bioscientifica, Vol. 142, No. 1 ( 1994-07), p. 167-170
    Abstract: Treatment of rats with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) induced in the testes an inflammation-like reaction characterized by migration of leukocytes into the interstitial space. In order to find out whether hCG acts in a direct manner in this process, we tested peripheral human blood leukocyte attraction by hCG in vitro . Chemotaxis through cellulose nitrate to gradients of test substances was measured using a 48-well microchemotaxis chamber. Human CG was found to be a potent attractor of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes in vitro in the picomolar concentration range. Checkerboard analyses revealed that the type of migration depends on positive concentration gradients of hCG. The chemoattractant nature of hCG is consistent with its having a role to play in regulation of tissue accumulation of these cells within the reproductive tract. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 142, 167–170
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0795 , 1479-6805
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1420167
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Bioscientifica
    Publication Date: 1994
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  • 2
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    Oestradiol-17β induces the major vitelline envelope proteins in both sexes in teleosts
    Bioscientifica ; 1991
    In:  Journal of Endocrinology Vol. 131, No. 2 ( 1991-11), p. 229-236
    Details
    In: Journal of Endocrinology, Bioscientifica, Vol. 131, No. 2 ( 1991-11), p. 229-236
    Abstract: During growth of the ovarian follicle, the teleost oocyte becomes surrounded by an acellular coat, the vitelline envelope. The nature, origin and number of the vitelline envelope proteins in fish appear to vary with species. In this work, polyclonal antibodies directed against vitelline envelope proteins from rainbow trout, brown trout and turbot were used to show that oestradiol-17β induces the major vitelline envelope proteins in juveniles, both males and females, from different species. The fact that males can synthesize vitelline envelope constituents shows that the origin of these proteins is not confined to the ovary. The vitelline envelope of rainbow trout eggs consists of three major proteins, designated α (60 kDa), β (55 kDa) and γ (50 kDa). The amino acid composition of each of the three proteins indicated that the three proteins are alike and the suggestion that these proteins represent a separate class of structural proteins is sustained. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 131, 229–236
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0795 , 1479-6805
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1310229
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Bioscientifica
    Publication Date: 1991
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  • 3
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    An autoradiographical study of binding sites for vasopressin located on corticotrophs in rat and sheep pituitary glands
    Bioscientifica ; 1991
    In:  Journal of Endocrinology Vol. 129, No. 2 ( 1991-05), p. 197-NP
    Details
    In: Journal of Endocrinology, Bioscientifica, Vol. 129, No. 2 ( 1991-05), p. 197-NP
    Abstract: Arginine vasopressin (AVP) carried by hypophysial portal blood acts in the pituitary gland, in synergy with corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), to induce ACTH secretion. The relative importance of AVP and CRF in this secretory response depends upon the nature and intensity of stressful stimuli, and perhaps also on the species. The aim of the present work was to study, in isolated rat and sheep pituitary glands, the topography of binding sites for AVP and to establish whether they are indeed associated with corticotrophs. To this end, we performed contact autoradiography on tritium-sensitive film using 1·5–2·0 nmol [ 3 H]AVP/l as ligand. ACTH immunoreactivity was detected on sections immediately adjacent to those used for autoradiography. In both species, specific binding sites for AVP were only present in the anterior lobe; the intermediate lobe was not labelled and the neural lobe showed non-specific labelling. Autoradiograms from experiments using [ 3 H]AVP in competition with different synthetic structural analogues showed that, in rat and sheep anterior pituitary glands, receptors differ from the V 1 and V 2 subtypes. Specific [ 3 H]AVP-binding sites formed an irregular, patchy pattern throughout the anterior lobe. In both species, this pattern was strikingly similar to that formed by cell clusters showing ACTH immunoreactivity, indicating that the AVP-binding sites are associated with the corticotrophs. Immunoreactive cells in the intermediate lobe had no [ 3 H]AVP-binding sites. [ 3 H]AVP binding was more intense in the sheep than in the rat anterior lobe, suggesting that AVP may be particularly important for ACTH secretion in the sheep. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 129, 197–203
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0795 , 1479-6805
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1290197
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Bioscientifica
    Publication Date: 1991
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  • 4
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    Effects of close-arterial (external pudic) infusion of insulin-like growth factor-II on milk yield and mammary blood flow in lactating goats
    Bioscientifica ; 1994
    In:  Journal of Endocrinology Vol. 142, No. 1 ( 1994-07), p. 93-99
    Details
    In: Journal of Endocrinology, Bioscientifica, Vol. 142, No. 1 ( 1994-07), p. 93-99
    Abstract: Five lactating goats were infused, via an external pudic arterial catheter, directly into the mammary gland with 0·9% (w/v) NaCl (20 ml/h), recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I; 80 nmol/h), recombinant human IGF-II (133 nmol/h) or IGF-I and IGF-II combined. The infusion was for 6 h and milk yield was determined every 2 h. The ratio of milk yield in the infused relative to the non-infused gland was changed only slightly by saline (2%), but increased to 9% ( P 〈 0·05) in response to IGF-I and 8% ( P 〈 0·05) in response to IGF-II. When combined, both peptides increased this ratio by 6%. These effects were elicited within 2–4 h of the beginning of infusion. Mammary blood flow increased 50–80% ( P 〈 0·05) during all IGF infusions, but only 28% during saline treatment. Plasma insulin decreased 50% ( P 〈 0·01) during the infusion of IGF-I alone or in combination with IGF-II and 25% in response to IGF-II alone. Whereas plasma glucose increased by approximately 10% during infusion of IGF-I alone or with IGF-II, it was not altered by infusion of IGF-II only. The rapidity and unilateral nature of the milk-yield response to IGF-I and IGF-II is consistent with their acting directly on mammary tissue itself. Thus, the present results demonstrate similar local and systemic actions induced by intramammary infusion of IGF-II and IGF-I, although the magnitude of the response to IGF-II tends to be less than that to IGF-I. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 142, 93–99
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0795 , 1479-6805
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1420093
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Bioscientifica
    Publication Date: 1994
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  • 5
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    Early glucocorticoid feedback in anterior pituitary corticotrophs: differential inhibition of hormone release induced by vasopressin and corticotrophin-releasing factor in vitro
    Bioscientifica ; 1991
    In:  Journal of Endocrinology Vol. 129, No. 2 ( 1991-05), p. 261-268
    Details
    In: Journal of Endocrinology, Bioscientifica, Vol. 129, No. 2 ( 1991-05), p. 261-268
    Abstract: Vasopressin and 41-residue corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF-41) are physiological mediators of the hypothalamic control of pituitary ACTH secretion, whilst adrenocortical glucocorticoids are the major inhibitory factors regulating ACTH output. In the present study it was investigated in vitro whether the characteristics of early glucocorticoid inhibition of stimulated ACTH secretion would differ depending on the nature of the stimulus and the temporal relationship between secretagogue and steroid. The experiments were carried out using perifused segments of rat adenohypophysis obtained from randomly cycling female rats. Repeated pulses (5 min) of CRF-41 or vasopressin were given at 1-h intervals for up to 7 h. The net release of ACTH became stable after the second secretagogue pulse. Administration of 0·1 μmol corticosterone/l 30 min before and during a 5-min pulse of 10 nmol CRF-41/l inhibited CRF-41-stimulated ACTH release to 60% of control. Stimulated hormone release remained suppressed at 90 min after the start of the corticosterone infusion and returned to control levels by 150 min. If corticosterone treatment (35 min total exposure) was started simultaneously with the CRF-41 pulse, no inhibitory effect of the steroid was observed at any subsequent time-point examined (60,90,120 and 150 min). In contrast, vasopressin-stimulated ACTH release was inhibited by approximately 50% when corticosterone was applied before, or simultaneously with, a 5-min pulse of 10 nmol vasopressin/l. The synthetic glucocorticoid type II receptor agonist RU28362, administered 30 min before and during a 5-min pulse of 10 nmol CRF-41/l, reduced CRF-41-stimulated ACTH release to 50% of control up to 2·5 h after the start of RU28362 application (although inhibition after 35 min exposure was not statistically significant). Inhibition of ACTH release stimulated by 10 nmol vasopressin/l was observed within 35 min of steroid application and was maintained up to 2·5 h after the initial application of RU28362. The action of RU28362 on CRF-41-stimulated ACTH release was blocked by inhibitors of transcription (actinomycin D) and translation (puromycin); notably these drugs did not modify the ACTH response to CRF-41. In contrast, actinomycin D as well as puromycin reduced vasopressin-stimulated ACTH release. The data suggest that: (1) the timing of steroid application is important in determining the early glucocorticoid inhibition of CRF-41- but not vasopressin-stimulated ACTH secretion; (2) CRF-41 and vasopressin mobilize different pools of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland; (3) type II glucocorticoid receptors and synthesis of new protein(s) are involved in the early inhibitory action of glucocorticoids; (4) depending on the timing and nature of the incident secretagogue, differential negative feedback inhibition of ACTH secretion may occur at the pituitary level in vivo . Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 129, 261–268
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0795 , 1479-6805
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1290261
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Bioscientifica
    Publication Date: 1991
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  • 6
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    Evidence for steroid control of a putative angiogenic factor in the porcine uterus
    Bioscientifica ; 1990
    In:  Journal of Endocrinology Vol. 125, No. 1 ( 1990-04), p. 15-19
    Details
    In: Journal of Endocrinology, Bioscientifica, Vol. 125, No. 1 ( 1990-04), p. 15-19
    Abstract: The formation of new capillaries, both in extraembryonic membranes and in the maternal endometrium, is an essential prerequisite for appropriate feto-maternal relationships throughout pregnancy. At present there is no indication of the nature of the uterine angiogenic stimulus. In-vitro, degradation products of hyaluronic acid, following its catalysis by hyaluronidase, have been shown to have angiogenic properties. In the current study, levels of hyaluronic acid in endometrial tissues and of hyaluronidase and hyaluronic acid in uterine flushings were measured during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. The concentration of both hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase in uterine flushings followed the growth and regression of the corpus luteum, in that basal levels detected on days 0 and 6 increased to peak concentrations on days 12 and 15. By day 18, levels of both hyaluronidase and hyaluronic acid had decreased in cyclic gilts, but remained increased in pregnant pigs. Tissue concentrations of hyaluronic acid were not affected by pregnancy or by the day of the oestrous cycle. In a subsequent experiment, four groups of gilts were ovariectomized on day 4 and thereafter received daily injections of corn oil, progesterone, oestrogen or a combination of oestrogen and progesterone. Hyaluronidase was undetectable in uterine flushings collected on day 15 from corn oil-and oestrogen-treated gilts, but present in similar amounts in uterine flushings from gilts treated with progesterone and progesterone plus oestrogen. Similarly, uterine fluid concentrations of hyaluronic acid were increased in progesterone- and progesterone plus oestrogen-treated gilts, but not in corn oil-or oestrogen-treated pigs. Tissue concentrations of hyaluronic acid were unaffected by steroid treatment. These results indicate that progesterone stimulates secretion of hyaluronidase and hyaluronic acid; both substances believed to be associated with the presence of an angiogenic factor in the pig uterus, but there was no evidence of a synergistic interaction between progesterone and oestrogen. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 125, 15–19
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0795 , 1479-6805
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1250015
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Bioscientifica
    Publication Date: 1990
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  • 7
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    The development of melatonin-binding sites in the ovine fetus
    Bioscientifica ; 1994
    In:  Journal of Endocrinology Vol. 142, No. 3 ( 1994-09), p. 475-484
    Details
    In: Journal of Endocrinology, Bioscientifica, Vol. 142, No. 3 ( 1994-09), p. 475-484
    Abstract: The pineal hormone, melatonin, is important in the timing of seasonal reproduction in the sheep. Melatonin of maternal origin readily crosses the placenta; its function in the fetal sheep is, however, unclear. To gain an insight into the role of melatonin in ovine development we have identified specific melatonin receptors throughout gestation using 2-[ 125 I]iodomelatonin and quantitative in vitro autoradiography. Specific binding was found at the earliest time studied at 30 days of gestation, over the developing thyroid (term=145 days). At 31 days of gestation specific labelling was found over the thyroid and pituitary glands, the spinal nerves, nasal cavity and developing bronchi. This binding was diminished by over 50% in the presence of 10 −4 m GTPγS (an analogue of guanosine triphosphate) indicating that the 2-[ 125 I]iodomelatonin binding at this early stage of gestation represents a receptor coupled to a regulatory G-protein. By 40 days of gestation specific binding was found over the nasal epithelium, cochlear epithelium, regions of the brain, especially the hind brain and the vestibulocochlear and glossopharyngeal nerves, and both the pars distalis and pars tuberalis of the pituitary. As gestation proceeded, labelling over the pars distalis appeared to become more scattered in nature while that on the pars tuberalis remained consistent. Saturation studies of both the neuronal and pituitary binding sites at 121 days of gestation and in the newborn lamb revealed a single class of high-affinity binding sites with K d values in the picomolar range. Also at 121 days of gestation, binding over the fetal pars tuberalis was diminished in a dose-dependent manner by GTPγS, again confirming that specific binding is indicative of a receptor coupled to a regulatory G-protein. These data demonstrate a potential for sensitivity to melatonin from early in gestation, as well as the developmentally specific expression of the melatonin receptor in certain tissues, and suggest a wider role for melatonin in ovine fetal development than previously considered. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 142, 475–484
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0795 , 1479-6805
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1420475
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Bioscientifica
    Publication Date: 1994
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  • 8
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    Intrathyroidal cytokine gene expression profiles in autoimmune thyroiditis
    Bioscientifica ; 1994
    In:  Journal of Endocrinology Vol. 141, No. 2 ( 1994-05), p. 309-315
    Details
    In: Journal of Endocrinology, Bioscientifica, Vol. 141, No. 2 ( 1994-05), p. 309-315
    Abstract: Cytokines are thought to mediate the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmune thyroiditis. However, this concept is mainly based on in vitro findings and to date only interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) have been detected in Graves' disease in vivo . The cytokine pattern produced by T-helper (Th) cells has important regulatory effects on the nature of the immune response. We therefore determined these cytokine mRNAs in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. RNA was extracted by cesium chloride gradient centrifugation from the thyroid tissue of 12 patients undergoing thyroid resection for Graves' disease and from two patients being treated for Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Two patients with parathyroid adenomas and one patient with a goiter were used as controls. RNA was also extracted from normal human thyroid epithelial cells in primary culture. The cDNAs were prepared by reverse transcription and amplified for IL-2, -4, -5, -6 and -10 and IFN-γ by polymerase chain reaction. All the cytokine mRNAs were detected in the Hashimoto's thyroid glands in large quantities. Six of the 12 Graves' disease thyroid glands showed, when compared with controls, an increased accumulation of transcripts for: IFN-γ, IL-2, -4 and -10 or IL-2, -4 and IFN-γ or IL-2 and IFN-γ or IFN-γ alone, each in one case or IL-2 alone in two cases. These cytokine profiles were not representative of a Th1 or Th2 phenotype. Increased amounts of cytokine mRNA in thyroid glands from Graves' disease patients were mostly associated with high microsomal antibody titres and/or prominent intrathyroidal lymphocytic infiltration. IL-6 and/or IL-10 mRNAs were detectable in all Graves' disease thyroid glands and in control thyroid tissue. IL-10 mRNA was not detectable in normal human thyroid epithelial cells in primary culture. Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis clearly differ with respect to the number of positive intrathyroidal cytokine mRNAs and their levels. The different cytokine patterns in Graves' disease and in Hashimoto's thyroiditis could reflect the clinical spectrum of autoimmune thyroiditis which is characterized by thyroid tissue destruction and/or thyroid autoantibody production. These data suggest that the course of autoimmune thyroiditis is regulated by the interplay of several cytokines. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 141, 309–315
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0795 , 1479-6805
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1410309
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Bioscientifica
    Publication Date: 1994
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  • 9
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    Origin of aldosterone in trypsin-stimulated rat adrenal zona glomerulosa incubations
    Bioscientifica ; 1992
    In:  Journal of Endocrinology Vol. 135, No. 1 ( 1992-10), p. 125-133
    Details
    In: Journal of Endocrinology, Bioscientifica, Vol. 135, No. 1 ( 1992-10), p. 125-133
    Abstract: The time-course for the in-vitro secretion of aldosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18-OH-B) by rat adrenal whole capsular tissue (largely zona glomerulosa) was studied under control and stimulated conditions. The stimulatory effect of trypsin was relatively delayed, and the steroids were significantly enhanced only after 1 h, in contrast to the actions of ACTH, which produced effects after 15 or 30 min. Tissue-sequestered 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone (t-18-OH-DOC), which is not affected by ACTH, was significantly depleted by trypsin, but secreted 18-OH-DOC was not consistently affected by either stimulant. In contrast to the apparent mobilization of t-18-OH-DOC, the conversion of exogenously added [ 3 H]18-OH-DOC to [ 3 H]18-OH-B was inhibited by trypsin, and aldosterone was unaffected. When trilostane was added to inhibit de-novo steroidogenesis, under conditions in which the steroid secretory response to ACTH is completely inhibited, aldosterone and 18-OH-B secretion was still stimulated by trypsin although yields were lower. Compared with controls, trilostane reduced t-18-OH-DOC concentrations, and trypsin caused a further depletion. In other studies, glomerulosa plasma membrane enriched preparations were homogenized and centrifuged, and the supernatants were dialysed and added to incubations of dispersed zona glomerulosa cells in the presence or absence of stimulators of aldosterone secretion. The addition of the supernatants, which contained high concentrations of sequestered t-18-OH-DOC, stimulated aldosterone and 18-OH-B production by collagenase-dispersed zona glomerulosa cells to a greater extent than the addition of an equivalent amount of free 18-OH-DOC or corticosterone. When trypsin, ACTH, the phorbol ester phorbol myristate acetate or increased potassium were also added, there was a further increase in 18-OH-B production, and final recoveries of 18-OH-DOC were correspondingly decreased. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that, because of the nature of its disposition in the glomerulosa cell, t-18-OH-DOC may be utilized as a substrate for aldosterone and 18-OH-B production. The plasma membrane location of this stored steroid pool, and the known actions of phorbol ester or trypsin stimulation, suggest that it may be mobilized by protein kinase C activation. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 135, 125–133
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0795 , 1479-6805
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1350125
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Bioscientifica
    Publication Date: 1992
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  • 10
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    Effects of modifying gonadotrophin-releasing hormone input before and after the oestrogen-induced LH surge in ovariectomized ewes with hypothalamo-pituitary disconnection
    Bioscientifica ; 1990
    In:  Journal of Endocrinology Vol. 127, No. 2 ( 1990-11), p. 223-233
    Details
    In: Journal of Endocrinology, Bioscientifica, Vol. 127, No. 2 ( 1990-11), p. 223-233
    Abstract: The patterns of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) input to the pituitary gland that affect the expression of a positive-feedback event by oestrogen on LH secretion were investigated in ovariectomized ewes with hypothalamo-pituitary disconnection (HPD). In experiment 1, ovariectomized HPD ewes were given hourly i.v. pulses of 250 ng GnRH and an i.m. injection of 50 μg oestradiol benzoate (OB). The ewes were given a bolus pulse of 2·25 μg GnRH 16 h after injection of OB, followed by half-hourly pulses of 250 ng GnRH for 14 h (treatment A). The LH surge response was significantly ( P 〈 0·05) greater in these ewes compared with that in ewes given a continuous infusion of GnRH (250 ng/h) after the OB injection, followed by a continuous infusion of 500 ng GnRH/h after the bolus pulse of GnRH (treatment B). When no GnRH was administered after the OB injection, except for the bolus pulse of GnRH (treatment C), the surge response was significantly ( P 〈 0·05) reduced compared with that in treatment A, and was reduced compared with treatment B. These data suggest that GnRH pulses are important in the generation of the OB-induced LH surge, but that a baseline secretory component can prime the pituitary to some extent. experiment 2, a doubling of the continuous infusion dose of GnRH used in treatment B to 500 ng/h before the bolus pulse of GnRH and to 1 μg/h afterwards (treatment D) gave a similar response compared with treatment A, suggesting that if the baseline input of GnRH is of sufficient magnitude, it can overcome the lack of pulsatile input. In experiment 3, halving the GnRH pulse amplitude used in treatment A from 250 to 125 ng (treatment E) did not reduce the LH surge response, implying that when the GnRH input is in a pulsatile mode, the amplitude of GnRH pulses is less important than the pulsatile nature per se . In experiment 4, removal of GnRH input after the bolus pulse of GnRH (treatment F) significantly ( P 〈 0·05) reduced the surge response compared with when pulses were maintained (treatment A), indicating that GnRH input is still required once the LH surge has been initiated. Collectively, these experiments show that several forms of GnRH delivery, both pulsatile and baseline, can result in the full expression of a positive-feedback response in ovariectomized ewes treated with oestrogen. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 127, 223–233
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0795 , 1479-6805
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1270223
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Bioscientifica
    Publication Date: 1990
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