Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I : Global Problems and Mountain Regions -- Chapter 1: Scientific Research Basis for Sustainable Development of the Mountain Regions: Main Concepts and Basic Theories -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Research Base for Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions -- 1.3 "Pressure, State, Response" (PSR) and DPSIR Models Require Trans-Disciplinarity -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Solar Activity, Climate Change, and Natural Disasters in Mountain Regions -- 2.1 Background -- 2.2 Heliocentric Hypothesis on Forest Fires -- 2.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Mass Movement Processes Under Changing Climatic and Socioeconomic Conditions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Matrix of Mass Movement Processes and Triggering Parameters -- 3.2.1 Basics -- 3.2.2 The Event of 2005 (Communities of Gasen and Haslau, Austria) -- 3.3 Climate Change: Facts and Assumptions -- 3.4 Socioeconomic Development and Rising Disadvantages -- 3.5 Working with Scenarios: An Approach -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part II : Nature Resources and Land Use in Mountain Regions -- Chapter 4: Mountains and Mountain Regions in Bulgaria -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Arguments -- 4.3 Criteria -- 4.4 Results -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: The Nature Potential of Mountains in Bulgaria and Its Sustainable Use -- 5.1 Former Studies on the Natural Potential of the Mountains in Bulgaria -- 5.2 Assessment of Nature Potential by Components for Various Economic Purposes -- 5.2.1 Assessment of Relief -- 5.2.2 Climate Assessment -- 5.2.3 Assessment of Water -- 5.2.4 Assessment of the Soils, Vegetation, and Animal World -- 5.2.5 Complex Assessment of Mountain Landscapes -- 5.3 Assessment of the Possibilities for Sustainable Utilization of the Natural Potential of Mountains -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 6: Morphometry and Land Use on High Mountains in the Republic of Macedonia -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodology -- 6.3 Basic Morphometric Characteristics -- 6.4 Basic Land Use Characteristics -- 6.4.1 Hypsometry and Land Use -- 6.4.2 Slopes and Land Use -- 6.4.3 Aspects and Land Use -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Usage of the Mountain Areas in the Republic of Macedonia -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology of Work and Data Sources -- 7.3 Population as a Precondition for Area Usage -- 7.4 Size of Villages According to Population Number -- 7.5 Usage of the Areas of Mountain Villages -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Physical Geographic Characteristics and Sustainable Development of the Mountain Area in Montenegro -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Borders and Division of the Mountain Terrain -- 8.3 Geologic Background -- 8.4 Climate Conditions -- 8.5 Hydrologic Characteristics -- 8.6 Geomorphological Characteristics -- 8.7 Geoheritage and Environmental Protection -- 8.8 Potentials and Limitations for the Application of the Concept of Sustainable Development -- 8.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Climate Variability, Soil, and Forest Ecosystem Diversity of the Dinaric Mountains -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Climate Characteristics and Observed Climate Change in Dinarides -- 9.3 Main Soil-Forming Factors -- 9.4 Characteristic Soil Types -- 9.5 Forest Vegetation of Dinarides -- 9.6 Climate Modeling and Future Climate Changes in Croatia -- 9.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Assessment of Greek Forests Protection and Management -- 10.1 Introduction: Forest Ecosystems in Greece -- 10.1.1 The General Context -- 10.1.2 Greek Diversity -- 10.2 Forests in Mountain Regions of Greece -- 10.2.1 Morphology and Diversity -- 10.2.2 Species and Formations of Forests in Mountainous Regions of Greece. , 10.3 Direct and Indirect Benefits of Forests -- 10.3.1 Direct Benefits -- 10.3.2 Indirect Benefits -- 10.4 Sustainable Forest Management -- 10.4.1 A Definition -- 10.4.2 The Global View -- 10.4.3 The European View -- 10.4.4 Greek Management -- 10.4.5 Regional Issues -- 10.4.6 The Future Approach -- 10.5 Threats and Risks of the Greek Forests -- 10.6 Restoration of Greek Forest Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter 11: Mapping Forest Fragmentation Based on Morphological Image Analysis of Mountain Regions in Bulgaria and Slovakia -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Areas -- 11.2.2 Data -- 11.2.3 Morphological Image Analysis -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Evaluation of the Avalanche Danger in Northwest Rila Mountain -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Avalanche and Avalanche Danger -- 12.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Management of Snow Avalanche Risk in the Ski Areas of the Southern Carpathians-Romanian Carpathians -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 General Facts of the Studied Area -- 13.3 Terrain Factors and Climatic Variables Analysis as Favorable for Ski Activities -- 13.3.1 Terrain Factors -- 13.3.2 Climatic Variables -- 13.4 Management of Snow Avalanche Risk -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: Landscape Structure and Ecosystem Services of Etropole Municipality -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Materials and Methods -- 14.4 Results -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part III : Social, Economic and Regional Problems of Mountain Regions -- Chapter 15: Demographic Potential and Problems of the Settlements Network in the Mountains of Bulgaria -- References -- Chapter 16: Demographic Limits to Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions in Serbia -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 The Analysis -- 16.3 The Future -- References. , Chapter 17: Changes in the Ethnic and Demographic Profile of the Population in Eastern Stara Planina Region -- 17.1 General Notes -- 17.2 The Turkish Ethnic Group -- 17.3 The Bulgarian and the Roma Ethnic Groups -- 17.4 Classification and Grouping -- References -- Chapter 18: Small Urban Centers in the Alps and Their Development Issues -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Basic Features of Small Urban Centers in the Alps -- 18.2.1 Population Growth -- 18.2.2 Aging of the Population -- 18.2.3 Working Population -- 18.2.4 Jobs -- 18.2.5 Tourism -- 18.2.6 Transport Accessibility and Mobility -- 18.3 Survey on Contemporary Development Issues -- 18.4 Discussion -- 18.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19: Impact of Macroeconomic Changes and Property Rights on Forest Degradation, Land Use, and Environmental Situation in Albania -- 19.1 Historical Land Tenure in Albania -- 19.1.1 Privatization of Agricultural Land -- 19.2 Main Land Tenure Issues -- 19.2.1 Land Fragmentation -- 19.3 Effects of Land Reforms on Land Use in Albania After 1991 -- 19.3.1 Land Cover -- 19.3.2 Forest Degradation -- 19.3.3 Pasture Degradation -- 19.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 20: Sustainable Development in the Eastern Black Sea Mountains: Present State and Perspectives -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 The Eastern Black Sea Region -- 20.2.1 Settlement System -- 20.2.2 The Economy -- 20.3 The Eastern Black Sea Regional Development Plan (DOKAP) and Sustainable Mountain Development -- 20.3.1 Legislative Basis -- 20.3.2 Design -- 20.3.3 Objectives, Rationale, and General Description -- 20.3.4 Financing -- 20.3.5 Administration of the Plan -- 20.4 The Project Achievements -- 20.4.1 Accessibility and Mountain Development -- 20.4.2 Tourism and Mountain Development -- 20.4.3 The Kaçkar Mountains National Park: A Model for Sustainable Mountain Development -- 20.5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 21: Regional Differences and Regional Planning of Economic Activities in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Methodology of Research -- 21.3 Socioeconomic Transformation and Regional Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina Since the Mid-­Twentieth Century -- 21.4 Modern Regional Development of Bosnia and Herzgovina -- 21.5 Conclusion -- References -- Journal Article -- Book -- Part IV : Nature Protection, Conservation and Monitoring -- Chapter 22: Applying Integrated Nature Conservation Management: Using Visitor Management and Monitoring to Handle Conflicts Between Winter Recreation and Grouse Species in Berchtesgaden National Park -- 22.1 Introduction and Background -- 22.2 Study Area and Study Objects -- 22.2.1 Berchtesgaden National Park -- 22.2.2 Winter Recreation: Ski-Touring and Snowshoeing -- 22.2.3 Wildlife: Grouse Species -- 22.3 Temporal and Spatial Use Characteristics of Ski-­Touring and Snowshoeing -- 22.3.1 Visitor Numbers and Temporal Use Characteristics -- 22.3.2 Spatial Use -- 22.4 Conflicts and Integrated Management Measures -- 22.4.1 Winter Season -- 22.4.2 Spring Season -- 22.5 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 23: Environmental Changes in the Maramureş Mountains Natural Park -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Environmental Changes in  Maramureş Mountains Natural Park -- Settlement Expansion -- Overgrazing -- Deforestation -- Mining Activities -- Touristic Activities -- 23.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 24: BEO Moussala: Complex for Environmental Studies -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.1.1 Climate Notes -- 24.1.2 The Station Chronology -- 24.2 Environmental Measurements at BEO Moussala -- 24.2.1 Vaisala Automatic Weather Station (AWS) -- 24.2.2 POPs Passive Air Sampling -- 24.2.3 Atmospheric Gas Analysis System -- 24.2.4 BEO Moussala Aerosol Measurement and Devices -- 24.2.4.1 Scanning Mobility Particles Sizer. , 24.2.4.2 Nephelometer TSI 3563.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Series Editors' Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: The Quest for Transdisciplinarity in Small-Scale Fisheries Governance -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 About this Book -- References -- Chapter 2: Too Big To Ignore - A Transdisciplinary Journey -- 2.1 A Global Look at Small-Scale Fisheries -- 2.2 The Need for a Large-Scale Research Network -- 2.3 Identification of the Big Questions -- 2.4 The Focus on Knowledge Sharing and Integration -- 2.5 The Role of Transdisciplinary Capacity Building -- 2.6 Looking Forward -- Appendix 2.1 -- List of TBTI Book Volumes, E-book Publications and Journal Special Issues -- References -- Part II: Broadening the Scope -- Chapter 3: The Value of Values for Understanding Transdisciplinary Approaches to Small-Scale Fisheries -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Transdisciplinary Approaches to Values in Small-Scale Fisheries -- 3.2.1 Economic Valuation -- 3.2.2 Ecosystem Services -- 3.2.3 Political Economy -- 3.2.4 Social Wellbeing -- 3.2.5 Interactive Governance -- 3.2.6 Post-normal Science -- 3.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Fish and Food Security in Small-Scale Fisheries -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fisheries and Food Security -- 4.3 Linking Fish Nutrition to Food Security -- 4.4 Fish, Food, and Culture -- 4.5 Fish as a Linkage Between Ecosystem Health and Human Well-Being -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Broadening the Knowledge Base of Small-Scale Fisheries through a Food Systems Framework: A Case Study of the Lake Superior Region -- 5.1 The Lake Superior Fisheries Governance System -- 5.2 A Food Systems Framework -- 5.3 Three Illustrative Case Studies -- 5.3.1 Batchewana First Nation Fisheries -- 5.3.2 Eat the Fish -- 5.3.3 Bodin's Fisheries -- 5.4 Discussion -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Strengthening the Base. , Chapter 6: Economic Viability of Small-Scale Fisheries: A Transdisciplinary Evaluation Approach -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 A Transdisciplinary Approach to Economic Viability -- 6.3 Methodology -- 6.3.1 Attribute-Based Approach -- 6.3.2 Assessment of Economic Viability -- 6.4 Relating Attributes to Economic Viability -- 6.5 Case Study: Mexico -- 6.5.1 Case Study Context -- 6.6 Defining Mexican Small- and Large-Scale Fisheries -- 6.6.1 Basic Economic Viability -- 6.6.1.1 Data Sources of Basic Economic Viability -- 6.6.1.2 Results of Basic Economic Viability -- 6.6.2 Extended Economic Viability -- 6.6.2.1 Data Sources for Extended Economic Viability -- 6.6.2.2 Results of Extended Economic Viability Assessment -- 6.6.3 Policy Recommendations and Conclusions Based on the Economic Viability Assessment of Mexican Fisheries -- 6.7 Discussion and Conclusion -- Appendices -- Appendix 6.1: Glossary -- Appendix 6.2: Equations -- Appendix 6.3: Tables Showing Data Sources for Each Attribute -- References -- Chapter 7: Gender Perspective in Fisheries: Examples from the South and the North -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Searching for Women's Visibility in Fisheries: Feminist Research and International Legal Framework -- 7.2.1 International Legal and Institutional Frames Securing Women and Gender Equality -- 7.3 Conceptualizing and Constructing Gender in Contexts and Empowerment -- 7.3.1 Gender Empowerment: What to Measure -- 7.4 Women in Fisheries - A Few Examples -- 7.4.1 Pre-harvesting and Household Work -- 7.4.2 Harvesting Activities, Property Rights, and Management of Territories and Resources -- 7.4.3 Women in Harvesting -- 7.4.4 Post-harvesting Activities -- 7.4.4.1 Selling and Artisanal Processing of Fish -- 7.4.4.2 Women in Industrial Processing -- 7.5 Women Organizations and Participation in Decision Making -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 8: Markets, Distribution and Value Chains in Small-Scale Fisheries: A Special Focus on Europe -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Main Initiatives and Strategies to Promote Small-Scale Fisheries Products and Improve Market Opportunities Around the World -- 8.2.1 Direct Marketing Arrangements -- 8.2.2 Certification and Labels -- 8.3 Challenges in the Trade of Small-Scale Fisheries Products in the European Union -- 8.3.1 Sector Organization -- 8.3.2 Marketing Standards -- 8.3.3 Consumer Information -- 8.3.4 Competition Rules and Market Intelligence -- 8.4 Transdisciplinarity in Action: An Example of Small-Scale Fishery Marketing in the Canary Islands -- 8.4.1 Research Methods in Small-Scale Fisheries Markets in Tenerife -- 8.4.2 Some Results from Market Research in Tenerife -- 8.4.3 Some Proposals and Actions -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Governing for Viability: The Case of Velondriake Locally Managed Marine Area in Madagascar -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Village and the Fisheries -- 9.3 The Governability of Velondriake LMMA -- 9.3.1 The Diverse, Complex and Dynamic Fisheries Systems -- 9.3.2 The LMMA as a Governing Institution -- 9.4 Lessons from the Velondriake LMMA -- 9.5 Strengthening the Base with Transdisciplinary Perspective -- References -- Part IV: Enhancing the Stewardship -- Chapter 10: Stewardship and Sustainable Practices in Small-Scale Fisheries -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Key Concepts -- 10.2.1 Stewardship -- 10.2.2 Sustainable Practices -- 10.3 Stewardship and Sustainability -- 10.4 Supporting Services, Pre-harvest, and Harvest -- 10.5 Postharvest, Distribution, and Consumption -- 10.6 Inter-sectoral Coordination Mechanisms Support Stewardship -- 10.6.1 Integrated Coastal Area Management and Marine Spatial Planning -- 10.6.2 Marine Protected Areas and Their Networks -- 10.7 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 11: Interplay Between Local and Global: Change Processes and Small-Scale Fisheries -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Vulnerabilities of Small-Scale Fisheries -- 11.3 Building on Strengths to Increase Viability -- 11.4 Global Change Responses -- 11.5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Enhancing the Stewardship in Trat Bay, Eastern Thailand: A Transdisciplinary Exercise -- 12.1 Stewardship and Small-Scale Fisheries -- 12.2 Trat Bay Situation Overview and the Transdisciplinary Workshop -- 12.3 Governability Analysis of Trat Bay -- 12.3.1 A Rich and Productive Ecosystem Supporting Diverse Fisheries -- 12.3.2 Dynamic Social Systems Affecting Sustainability -- 12.3.3 Complex Governing System Lowering Governability -- 12.3.4 Wicked Problems in Trat Bay Within and Beyond Fisheries -- 12.4 Ways Forward to Enhancing Stewardship -- 12.4.1 Innovative Policies Aligning with the Local Context -- 12.4.2 Strengthening Local Organizations -- 12.4.3 Building Alliance with Other Sectors -- References -- Part V: Defending the Beach -- Chapter 13: Strategies and Policies Supporting Small-Scale Fishers' Access and  Conservation Rights in a Neoliberal World -- 13.1 Introduction: Why Small-Scale Fishers Tend to Lose Access to Fish and Fishing Benefits -- 13.2 Strategy 1. Local or National Institutions Hold and Lease Out Access Privileges According to Place-Based and Sustainability Criteria -- 13.2.1 The Cape Cod Fisheries Trust in Massachusetts, USA -- 13.2.2 The Thorupstrand Coastal Fishermen's Guild in Denmark -- 13.2.3 The Namibian Government Holds and Leases Out IQs on a Temporary Basis -- 13.2.4 The Western Alaska Community Development Quota (CDQ) Program, USA -- 13.3 Strategy 2. State Uses Non-market Mechanisms to Limit and Transfer Permits -- 13.4 Strategy 3. Local Bodies Limit Sale or Allocation of Access Privileges to Local Fishers. , 13.5 Strategy 4. State Prohibits Access Privileges Going to Non-fishers -- 13.6 Strategy 5. Successful Resistance by Artisanal Fisheries to Overfishing by Larger Gear and Habitat Destruction by Development Projects -- 13.6.1 Dominican Republic Community Protects Local Waters from Outsiders' Destructive Gear -- 13.6.2 Malawi Fishers' Committees Protect Local Waters from Outsiders' Destructive Gear -- 13.6.3 Lummi Tribe and Coalition in Washington State, USA, Defeats Attempt to Build Habitat-Destroying Coal Port Terminal -- 13.7 Strategy 6. Local Governing Body Exercises Conservation Rights in British Columbia, Canada -- 13.8 Strategy 7. Alternative Marketing Strategies by Small-Scale Fishers Bypass Corporate Fish Processors and Gain Market Power -- 13.8.1 Direct Marketing of Higher Quality Fish for a Better Price, Alaska and Washington State, USA -- 13.8.2 Community Supported Fisheries (CSFs): Social Enterprises That Use Market Power to Support a Broader Range of Benefits -- 13.9 Strategy 8. State Regulation or Re-regulation Dampens Neoliberal Control Mechanisms -- 13.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: The Small-Scale Fisheries of Indigenous Peoples: A Struggle for Secure Tenure Rights -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The Legal Status of Indigenous Fishing Peoples -- 14.3 Indigenous Peoples - Recognition of Fishing Tenure -- 14.3.1 Norway -- 14.3.2 Australia -- 14.3.3 Nicaragua -- 14.3.4 South Africa -- 14.4 Discussion -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Defending the Beach: Transdisciplinary Approaches in Small-Scale Fisheries in Pernambuco, Brazil -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Untangling the Wicked Problems of Small-Scale Fisheries -- 15.2.1 The Legal Framework of the Small-Scale Fisheries System to Be Governed: Territoriality, Tradition, and Sustainable Use -- 15.3 Interactions and Governing System(s) Quality. , 15.3.1 The Northern Coast Fishing Territory Policy and Multi-Stakeholder Council.