Abstract: Wiley has updated its publishing ethics guidelines, first published in 2006. The new guidelines provide guidance, resources, and practical advice on ethical concerns that arise in academic publishing for editors, authors, and researchers, among other audiences. New guidance is also included on whistle blowers, animal research, clinical research, and clinical trial registration, addressing cultural differences, human rights, and confidentiality. The guidelines are uniquely interdisciplinary, and were reviewed by 24 editors and experts chosen from the wide range of communities that Wiley serves. They are also published in Advanced Materials, Headache, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, International Journal of Clinical Practice , and on the website http://exchanges.wiley.com/ethicsguidelines .

Abstract: Who Are Carers? A carer is any individual who provides unpaid care and support to a family member or friend who has a disability, mental illness, drug and/or alcohol dependency, chronic condition, terminal illness or who is frail. Carers come from all walks of life, cultural backgrounds and age groups. For many, caring is a 24 hour-a-day job with emotional, physical and financial impacts, with implications for their participation in employment, education and community activities. Carers exist in all communities, including amongst Aboriginal communities, those of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, amongst Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex communities, and throughout metropolitan, regional and rural areas (Carers NSW). These broad characteristics mean that caring occurs across a wide variety of situations and care responsibilities can impact an even wider group of people. The ubiquitous nature of informal care warrants its consideration as a major social issue, as well as the potential impacts that these roles can have on carers in both short and long term contexts. Caring for a loved one is often an unseen component of people’s domestic lives. As will be outlined below, the potentially burdensome nature of care can have negative influences on carers’ wellbeing. As such, factors that can enhance the resilience of carers in the face of such adversity have been widely investigated. This being said, individual differences exist in carers’ responses to their caring responsibilities. The caring experience can therefore be argued to exist on a continuum, from the adversity in relation to stressful challenges through to prosperity in light of their caring responsibilities. By considering the experience of care as existing along this continuum, the place of resilience within people’s domestic spaces can be viewed as a mechanism towards identifying and developing supportive practices. Negative Impacts of Care A significant body of research has identified potential negative impacts of caring. Many of the most commonly cited outcomes relate to negative effects on mental health and/or psychological functioning, including stress, anxiety and depression (e.g. Baker et al.; Barlow, Cullen-Powell and Cheshire; Cheshire, Barlow and Powell; Dunn et al.; Gallagher et al.; Hastings et al.; Lach et al.; Singer; Sörensen et al.; Vitaliano, Zhang and Scanlan; Whittingham et al.; Yamada et al.). These feelings can be exacerbated when caring responsibilities become relentlessly time consuming, as demonstrated by this comment from a carer of a person with dementia: “I can’t get away from it” (O'Dwyer, Moyle and van Wyk 758). Similarly, emotional responses such as sorrow, grief, anger, frustration, and guilt can result from caring for a loved one (Heiman; Whittingham et al.). Negative emotional responses are not necessarily a direct result of caring responsibilities as such, but an understanding of the challenges faced by the person requiring their care. The following quote from the carer of a child with autism exemplifies the experience of sorrow: “It was actually the worst day of our lives, that was the day we came to terms with the fact that we had this problem” (Midence and O’Neill 280). Alongside these psychological and emotional outcomes, physical health may also be negatively impacted due to certain demands of the caring role (Lach et al.; Sörensen et al.; Vitaliano, Zhang and Scanlan). Outcomes such as these are likely to vary across individual caring circumstances, dictated by variables such as the specific tasks required of the carer, and individual personality characteristics of both the carer and the person for whom they care. Nevertheless, an awareness of these potential outcomes is particularly important when considering the place of resilience in the domestic space of individuals caring for a loved one. This conceptualisation of caring as being a burdensome task reflects many publicly held perceptions. If caring is widely viewed as compromising carers’ wellbeing, then there is likely to be an increased likelihood of carers viewing themselves as victims. This is particularly true amongst children and adolescents with caring responsibilities, since young people are most susceptible to having their personal identities shaped by others’ perceptions (Andreouli, Skovdal and Campbell). Resilience in Caring Adversity Despite the widely acknowledged potential for caring to have negative consequences for carers, it must be noted that the occurrence of these outcomes are not inevitable. In fact, much of the research that has identified increased stress amongst carers also finds that the majority cope well with the demands of their role (Barnett et al.). These carers have been considered by many researchers to demonstrate resilience (e.g. Barnett et al.; O'Dwyer, Moyle and van Wyk). The ability to respond positively despite exposure to risk or adversity is a key feature of most definitions of resilience (Luthar, Cicchetti and Becker; Masten and Obradović; Zauszniewski, Bekhet and Suresky). Resilience in this context can thus be defined as a psychological process that facilitates healthy functioning in response to intense life stressors (Johnson et al.). Since caring experiences are likely to continue for an extended period of time, resilience is likely to be necessary on an ongoing basis, rather than in response to a single traumatic event. A resilient carer is therefore one who is able to effectively and adaptively cope with extenuating pressures of caring for a loved one. This involves the presence of personal, social, familial, or institutional protective factors that enable carers to resist stress (Kaplan et al.). For example, support from health professionals, family, or community has been found to effectively support carers in coping with their role (Bekhet, Johnson and Zauszniewski; Gardiner and Iarocci; Heiman; Whittingham et al.). The benefit of support networks in assisting carers to cope in their role is widely reported in the associated research, reinforced by many examples such as the following from a carer of a person with dementia: “It’s a social thing, like, I’ve got friends on there… I find that is my escape” (O'Dwyer, Moyle and van Wyk 758). At an individual level, those who demonstrate resilient in the face of adversity demonstrate optimistic or hopeful outlooks (Ekas, Lickenbrock and Whitman; Lloyd and Hastings; Whittingham et al.), while simultaneously holding realistic expectations of the future (Rasmussen et al.; Wrosch, Miller, et al.; Wrosch, Scheier, et al.). Such attitudes are particularly significant amongst people caring for family members or friends with disabilities or illnesses. The following attitude held by a carer of a child with cerebral palsy exemplifies this optimistic outlook: “I look at the glass half full and say that “well, it’s only his walking, everything else is fine”. “So, get over [it] and deal with it” (Whittingham et al. 1451). Those who cognitively process information, rather than reacting in a highly emotion way have also been found to cope better (Bekhet, Johnson and Zauszniewski; Heiman; Monin et al.; Pennebaker, Mayne and Francis), as have those with a greater sense of self-efficacy or an internal locus of control (Bekhet, Johnson and Zauszniewski; Kuhn and Carter). However effective these coping strategies prove to be, this is unlikely to provide the full picture of caring experiences, or the place of resilience within that space. Associating resilience with adversity presumes a consensus on what constitutes adversity. Taking the typical approach to investigating resilience amongst carers risks making undue assumptions of the nature of individual carers’ experiences – namely, that caring equates to adversity. The following paragraphs will outline how this is not necessarily the case. And furthermore, that the concept of resilience still has a place in considering informal caring, regardless of whether adversity is considered to be present. Benefits of Care While a great deal of evidence suggests that caring for a loved one can be a stressful experience, research has also demonstrated the existence of positive impacts of care. In many instances, carers not only cope, but also thrive in their caring roles (Turnbull et al.). Elements such as positive relationships within caring relationships can both challenge and strengthen individuals – factors that only exist due to the specific nature of the individual caring role (Bayat; Heiman). Such positive elements of the caring experience have been reflected in the literature, illustrated by quotes such as: “In some sense, this makes our family closer” (Bayat 709). Rather than viewing carers from a perspective of victimisation (which is particularly prominent in relation to children and young people with caring responsibilities), recognising the prevalence of positive wellbeing within this population provides a more nuanced understanding of the lived experiences of all carers (Aldridge). Reported benefits of caring tend to revolve around personal relationships, particularly in reference to parents caring for their children with special needs. Reflective of the parental relationship, carers of children with disabilities or chronic illnesses generally report feelings of love, joy, optimism, strength, enjoyment, and satisfaction with their role (Barnett et al.; Heiman). The views of such carers do not reflect an attitude of coping with adversity, but rather a perspective that considers their children to be positive contributors to carers’ quality of life and the wellbeing of the wider family (King et al.). This point of view suggests an additional dimension to resilience; in particular, that resilience in the relative absence of risk factors, can cause carers to flourish within their caring role and relationships. In addition to benefits in relationships, carers may also prosper through their own personal growth and development in the course of their caring (Knight). This includes factors such as the development of life skills, maturity, purpose, social skills, a sense of responsibility, and recognition – particularly amongst young people in caring roles (Earley, Cushway and Cassidy; Early, Cushway and Cassidy; Jurkovic, Thirkield and Morrell; Skovdal and Andreouli; Stein, Rotheram-Borus and Lester; Tompkins). Recognition of the potential personal benefits of caring for a loved one is not intended to suggest that the view of carers coping with adversity is universally applicable. While it is likely that individual caring situations will have an impact on the extent to which a carer faces adversity (e.g. intensity of caring responsibilities, severity of loved one’s impairment, etc.), it is important to recognise the benefits that carers can experience alongside any challenges they may face. Circumstances that appear adversarial may not be thought of as such by those within that context. Defining resilience as an ability to cope with adversity therefore will not apply to such contexts. Rather, the concept of resilience needs to incorporate those who not only cope, but also prosper. Carers who do not perceive their role as burdensome, but identify positive outcomes, can therefore be said to demonstrate resilience though contextually different from those coping with adversity. This is not to suggest that resilience is the sole contributing factor in terms of prospering in the caring role. We must also consider individual circumstances and nuances differ between carers, those they care for, interpersonal relationships, and wider caring situations. Continuum of Care Awareness of the range of impacts that caring can have on carers leads to a recognition of the broad spectrum of experience that this role entails. Not only do caring experiences exhibit large variations in terms of practical issues (such as functional capacities, or type and severity of illness, disability, or condition), they include carers’ diverse personal responses to caring responsibilities. These responses can reflect either positive or negative dimensions, or a combination of both (Faso, Neal-Beevers and Carlson). In this way, caring experiences can be conceptualised as existing along a continuum. At one end of the spectrum, experiences align with the traditional view of caring as a struggle with and over adversity. More specifically, carers experience burdens as a result of their additional caring responsibilities, with negative outcomes likely to occur. At the other end of the spectrum, however, carers prosper in the role, experiencing significant personal benefits that would not have been possible without the caring role. This continuum makes a case for an expanded approach to stress and coping models of resilience to include positive concepts and a benefit-orientated perspective (Cassidy and Giles). In contrast to research that has argued for a progression from stress and coping models to strengths-based approaches (e.g. Glidden, Billings and Jobe; Knight), the continuum of care acknowledges the benefits of each of these theoretical positions, and thus may prove more comprehensive in attempting to understand the everyday lived experiences of carers. The framework provided by a representation of a continuum allows for the individual differences in caring situations and carers’ personal responses to be acknowledged, as well as accounting for any changes in these circumstances. Further, the experience and benefits of resilience in different contextual spheres can be identified. The flexibility afforded by such an approach is particularly important in light of individual differences in the ways carers respond to their situations, their changing caring contexts, and their subsequent individual needs (Monin et al.; Walsh; Whittingham et al.). As the caring experience can be dynamic and fluctuate in both directions along the continuum, resilience may be seen as the mechanism by which such movement occurs. In line with stress and coping models, resilience can assist carers to cope with adversarial circumstances at that end of the continuum. Similarly, it may be argued that those who prosper in their caring role exhibit characteristics of resilience. In other words, it is resilience that enables carers to cope with adversity at one end of the continuum and also to prosper at the other. Furthermore, by supporting the development of resilient characteristics, carers may be assisted in shifting their experiences along the continuum, from adversity to prosperity. This view extends upon traditional approaches reported in the stress and coping literature by contending that caring experiences may progress beyond positions of coping with adversity, to a position where caring is not understood in terms of adversity at all, but rather in terms of benefits. The individual circumstances of any carer must be taken into consideration with this framework of resilience and the continuum of care. It is unrealistic to assume that all caring situations will allow for the possibility of reaching the end point of this continuum. Carers with particularly high demands in terms of time, resources, effort, or energy may not reach a stage where they no longer consider their caring role to involve any personal burden. However, the combination of a coping and strengths-based approach suggests that there is always the possibility of moving away from perceptions of adversity and further towards an attitude of prosperity. Implications for Supportive Practice From the perspective of this continuum of care, the protective factors and coping strategies identified in previous literature provide a valuable starting point for the facilitation of resilience amongst carers. Enhancing factors such as these can assist carers to move from situations of adversity towards experiences of prosperity (Benzies and Mychasiuk). Research has suggested that carers who are less analytical in their thinking and less optimistic about their personal situations may find particular benefit from support systems that assist them in redirecting their attention towards positive aspects of their daily lives, such as the benefits of caring outlined earlier (Monin et al.). The principle of focusing on positive experiences and reframing negative thoughts is thought to benefit carers across all levels of functioning and adaptive experience (Monin et al.). While those entrenched in more burdensome mindsets are likely to experience the greatest benefit from supportive interventions, there is still merit in providing similar supports to carers who do not appear to experience the similar experiences of burden, or demonstrate greater resilience or adaptation to their situation. The dynamic view of caring situations and resilience suggested by a continuum of care incorporates benefits of stress and coping models as well as strengths-based approaches. This has implications for supportive practice in that the focus is not on determining whether or not a carer is resilient, but identifying the ways in which they already are resilient (Simon, Murphy and Smith). For carers who experience their role through a lens of adversity, resilience may need to be purposefully fostered in order to better enable them to cope and develop through the ongoing stresses of their role. For carers at the other end of the spectrum, resilience is likely to take on a substantially different meaning. Under these circumstances, caring for a loved one is not considered a burdensome task; rather, the positive impact of the role is pre-eminent. This point of view suggests that carers are resilient, not only in terms of an ability to thrive despite adversity, but in prospering to the extent that adversity is not considered to exist. The attitudes and approaches of services, support networks, and governments towards carers should remain flexible enough to acknowledge the wide variety of caring circumstances that exist. The continuum of care provides a framework through which certain aspects of caring and variations in resilience can be interpreted, as well as the type of support required by individual carers. Furthermore, it must be noted that caring circumstances can change – either gradually or suddenly – with the extent to which carers experience adversity, coping or prosperity also changing. Any attempts to provide support to carers or acknowledge their resilience should demonstrate an awareness of the potential for such fluctuation. The fundamental view that carers always have the potential to move towards more positive outcomes has the potential to reframe perceptions of carers as victims, or as simply coping, to one that embraces the personal strengths and resilience of the individual. As such, carers can be supported when faced with adversity, and to flourish beyond that position. This in turn has the potential to safeguard against any detrimental effects of adversity that may arise in the future. References Aldridge, Jo. "All Work and No Play? Understanding the Needs of Children with Caring Responsibilities." Children & Society 22.4 (2008): 253-264. Andreouli, Eleni, Morten Skovdal, and Catherine Campbell. "‘It Made Me Realise That I Am Lucky for What I Got’: British Young Carers Encountering the Realities of Their African Peers." Journal of Youth Studies  (2013): 1-16. Baker, Bruce L., et al. 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"A Qualitative Investigation of Changes in the Belief Systems of Families of Children with Autism or Down Syndrome." Child: Care, Health and Development 32.3 (2006): 353-369. Knight, Kathryn. "The Changing Face of the ‘Good Mother’: Trends in Research into Families with a Child with Intellectual Disability, and Some Concerns." Disability & Society 28.5 (2013): 660-673. Kuhn, Jennifer C., and Alice S. Carter. "Maternal Self-Efficacy and Associated Parenting Cognitions among Mothers of Children with Autism." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 76.4 (2006): 564-575. Lach, Lucyna M., et al. "The Health and Psychosocial Functioning of Caregivers of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders." Disability and Rehabilitation 31.8 (2009): 607-18. Lloyd, T. J., and R. Hastings. "Hope as a Psychological Resilience Factor in Mothers and Fathers of Children with Intellectual Disabilities." Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 53.12 (2009): 957-68. 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Abstract: Wiley has updated its publishing ethics guidelines, first published in 2006. The new guidelines provide guidance, resources, and practical advice on ethical concerns that arise in academic publishing for editors, authors, and researchers, among other audiences. New guidance is also included on whistle blowers, animal research, clinical research, and clinical trial registration, addressing cultural differences, human rights, and confidentiality. The guidelines are uniquely interdisciplinary, and were reviewed by 24 editors and experts chosen from the wide range of communities that Wiley serves. They are also published in Advanced Materials, International Journal of Clinical Practice, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Social Science Quarterly , and on the website http://exchanges.wiley.com/ethicsguidelines .

Abstract: Patrick J. Bateman (“ Research Note: The Impact of Community Commitment on Participation in Online Communities ”) is an assistant professor at the Williamson College of Business Administration, Youngstown State University. He earned his Ph.D. at the University of Pittsburgh. His professional experience includes working as a technical analyst, corporate education manager, and financial analyst in the financial services industries. His work has been published in Artifact, presented at international conferences, and received a best paper award at the Americas Conference on Information Systems. His research interests include the dynamics of online communities, virtual worlds, knowledge management, and electronic commerce. Izak Benbasat (“ Research Note: The Influence of Trade-off Difficulty Caused by Preference Elicitation Methods on User Acceptance of Recommendation Agents Across Loss and Gain Conditions ”) is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and CANADA Research Chair in Information Technology Management at the Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia. He currently serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Management Information Systems. He was editor-in-chief of Information Systems Research, editor of the Information Systems and Decision Support Systems Department of Management Science, and a senior editor of MIS Quarterly. Brian S. Butler (“ Research Note: The Impact of Community Commitment on Participation in Online Communities ” and “ Research Note: Knowledge Exploration and Exploitation: The Impacts of Psychological Climate and Knowledge Management System Access ”) is an associate professor at the Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business and associate professor of clinical and translational research at the University of Pittsburgh. His research interests include the dynamics of online communities and other technology-supported groups, the politics of technology implementation in organizations, organizational-cognition-based approaches to achieving reliable performance from unreliable systems, social computing, mass collaboration, power and IT, health care and IS, and management of complex systems for reliable organizational performance. His work has appeared in MIS Quarterly, Organization Science, the Journal of Management Information Systems, Information Systems Research, Communications of the AIS, Management Information Systems Quarterly, and the Journal of Biomedical Informatics. Ronald T. Cenfetelli (“ Identifying and Testing the Inhibitors of Technology Usage Intentions ”) is an assistant professor of management information systems at the University of British Columbia's Sauder School of Business. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of British Columbia, an M.B.A. from Indiana University's Kelley School of Business, and a B.S. in aerospace engineering from Purdue University. He conducts research in areas such as e-business and online customer service, the strategic uses of information technology, the influences of technology on immoral behavior, the behavioral and emotional aspects of technology usage, and human-computer interfaces. Before entering academics, he worked in the pharmaceutical industry in both production and technology-management roles. He also has a prior career as a U.S. naval officer. His research has published in MIS Quarterly, Information Systems Research, and the Journal of AIS, among others. Sanjukta Das (“ Risk Management and Optimal Pricing in Online Storage Grids ”) is an assistant professor of management science and systems at the State University of New York, Buffalo. Her research has been published in the INFORMS Journal on Computing and the Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce. She has presented her work at several internationally recognized information systems conferences and workshops such as the Workshop on Information Technologies and Systems (WITS), the Conference on Information Systems and Technology (CIST), and the Workshop on Information Systems Economics (WISE). Fred D. Davis (“ NeuroIS: The Potential of Cognitive Neuroscience for Information Systems Research ”) is a Distinguished Professor and David D. Glass Chair in information systems at the Sam M. Walton College of Business at the University of Arkansas, and a USA Visiting Professor of service systems mangement and engineering at the Sogang Business School at Sogang University in Seoul, Korea. He earned his Ph.D. at MIT's Sloan School of Management and was a faculty member at the University of Michigan, University of Minnesota, and University of Maryland. His research interests include user acceptance of information technology, technology-supported decision making, computer training and skill acquisition, and systems development practices. Angelika Dimoka (“ NeuroIS: The Potential of Cognitive Neuroscience for Information Systems Research ”) is an assistant professor of marketing and management information systems at the Fox School of Business, Temple University. She is also the director of the Center for Neural Decision Making. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Southern California. Her research interests lie in decision neuroscience, neuromarketing, neuroIS, and e-commerce. Her research has appeared in Information Systems Research, MIS Quarterly, IEEE Transactions in Biomedical Engineering, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, and Neuroscience Methods. Anna Ye Du (“ Risk Management and Optimal Pricing in Online Storage Grids ”) is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Management Science and Systems at the State University of New York, Buffalo. Her research has been published in Information Systems Research and Information Technology and Management. Alexandra Durcikova (“ Research Note: Knowledge Exploration and Exploitation: The Impacts of Psychological Climate and Knowledge Management System Access ”) is an assistant professor at the Eller College of Management, University of Arizona. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh. Her research interests include knowledge management and the role of organizational climate, system characteristics, and governance mechanisms in the use of knowledge management systems; and network security. Her work has appeared or will appear in Information Systems Research, the Journal of Management Information Systems, Communications of the ACM, the International Journal of Knowledge Management, the Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, as well as various national and international conference proceedings. Kelly J. Fadel (“ Research Note: Knowledge Exploration and Exploitation: The Impacts of Psychological Climate and Knowledge Management System Access ”) is an assistant professor of management information systems at the Huntsman School of Business at Utah State University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Arizona. His research areas include knowledge management, end-user learning, and postadoptive technology use. His research has appeared or will appear in journals such as Information Systems Research, Communications of the Association for Information Systems, and Data Base for Advances in Information Systems, and he has received awards at several international IS conferences. Dennis F. Galletta (“ Research Note: Knowledge Exploration and Exploitation: The Impacts of Psychological Climate and Knowledge Management System Access ”) is an AIS Fellow and a professor at the University of Pittsburgh. He served as program cochair for the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) 2005 and the Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS) 2003, chair of International Conference on Information Systems 2011, the first AMCIS, ICIS Treasurer 1994–1998, AIS President 2007–2008, AIS Council Member 1996–1997 and 2006–2009, and editor in chief of AIS World 2004–2006. His work has been published in Management Science, Information Systems Research (ISR), the Journal of Management Information Systems (JMIS), the European Journal of Information Systems, the Journal of Association for Information Systems, Communicaitons of the ACM, among others, and he has served on editorial boards for such publications as MIS Quarterly, ISR, and JMIS. Ram Gopal (“ Risk Management and Optimal Pricing in Online Storage Grids ”) is a professor and the head of the Department of Operations and Information Management at the University of Connecticut. Some of his recent work has been published in journals such as the INFORMS Journal on Computing, Information Systems Research, the Journal of Management Information Systems, and the Communications of the ACM. Peter H. Gray (“ Research Note: The Impact of Community Commitment on Participation in Online Communities ”) is an assistant professor at the McIntire School of Commerce, University of Virginia. His research focuses on the collaborative impacts of social technologies, organizational networks, virtual teams, online communities, and knowledge management systems. His research has been published in a range of leading journals, including MIS Quarterly, Management Science, the Journal of Management Information Systems, the Journal of Strategic Information Systems, and Information Technology and People. Kunsoo Han (“ Research Note: Returns to Information Technology Outsourcing ”) is an assistant professor of information systems at the Desautels Faculty of Management at McGill University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota. His research interests include the business value of IT, IT outsourcing, and interorganizational information systems. His research is published in Information Technology and Management and the Journal of Management Information Systems. Kartik Hosanagar (“ Usercentric Operational Decision Making in Distributed Information Retrieval ”) is an associate professor in the Operations and Information Management Department at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. His research focuses on Internet media and marketing. He has a bachelor's degree in electronics and a master's in information systems, both from Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS, Pilani), India, and an M.Phil. and Ph.D. in management science and information systems from the Heinz School at Carnegie Mellon University. Ke-Wei Huang (“ Pricing Digital Goods: Discontinuous Costs and Shared Infrastructure ”) is an assistant professor in the Information Systems Department at the School of Computing, National University of Singapore. He has a Ph.D. and a master's degree from the Stern School of Business at New York University and an M.B.A. from National Taiwan University. His research interests include pricing of digital goods, economics of IT, and applied industrial organization models. His work has appeared in Quantitative Marketing and Economics and the Journal of Economics and Management Strategy. Robert J. Kauffman (“ Research Note: Returns to Information Technology Outsourcing ”) is the W. P. Carey Chair in information systems at the W. P. Carey School of Business at Arizona State University. His doctorate is from Carnegie Mellon University. He has taught at New York University, the University of Rochester, and the University of Minnesota, where he was Department Chair and Management Information Systems Research Center director. His research covers strategy and technology, IT value, and economics of information systems. His work has been published in Management Science, Information Systems Research, the Journal of Management Information Systems, Organization Science, MIS Quarterly, the Journal of the Association for Information Systems, and elsewhere. Young Eun Lee (“ Research Note: The Influence of Trade-off Difficulty Caused by Preference Elicitation Methods on User Acceptance of Recommendation Agents Across Loss and Gain Conditions ”) is an assistant professor of information systems at Fordham University Graduate School of Business, New York. She received her Ph.D. in MIS from the University of British Columbia. Her primary interest lies in individuals' and groups' information processing and decision making enhanced by the use of IT. Her previous work appeared in MIS Quarterly, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, Communications of the ACM, and the International Journal of Electronic Commerce. Xiao-Bai Li (“ Protecting Privacy Against Record Linkage Disclosure: A Bounded Swapping Approach for Numeric Data ”) is an associate professor of information systems at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. He received his Ph.D. from the University of South Carolina. His research focuses on data mining and information privacy. His work has been published in Information Systems Research; Operations Research; IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering; IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics; IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control; Communications of the ACM; the INFORMS Journal on Computing; Decision Support Systems; and the European Journal of Operational Research, among others. Barrie R. Nault (“ Research Note: Returns to Information Technology Outsourcing ”) is the David B. Robson Professor in the Haskayne School of Business at the University of Calgary. His recent research is on IT and productivity, information goods versioning, and information incentives, and structures of supply chains. He is a past department editor for Management Science. His work has been published in Information Systems Research, the Journal of Monetary Economics, MIS Quarterly, Management Science, Strategic Management Journal, Marketing Science, and Organization Science, among others. Paul A. Pavlou (“ NeuroIS: The Potential of Cognitive Neuroscience for Information Systems Research ”) is an associate professor and a Stauffer Senior Research Fellow at Temple University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Southern California in 2004. His research focuses on electronic commerce, online auctions, IT strategy, and neuroIS. His work has been cited more than 1,000 times by the Social Science Citation Index and over 3,000 times by Google Scholar. He won the ISR Best Paper award in 2007, the 2006 IS Publication of the Year Award, the 2009 Management Science Meritorious Service Award, and the 2003 MIS Quarterly “Reviewer of the Year” Award. R. Ramesh (“ Risk Management and Optimal Pricing in Online Storage Grids ”) is a professor and the head of the Department of Management Science and Systems at the State University of New York, Buffalo. Some of his recent works have been published in the journals Information Systems Research; ACM Transactions on the Web; IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics; and the INFORMS Journal on Computing. Sumit Sarkar (“ Protecting Privacy Against Record Linkage Disclosure: A Bounded Swapping Approach for Numeric Data ”) is a professor of information systems and holds the Ashbel Smith Chair in the School of Management at the University of Texas at Dallas. He serves as the academic director for the International Center on Decision and Risk Analysis at the University of Texas at Dallas. His current interests are in the areas of personalization, privacy, and software release strategies. His research has appeared in Management Science, Information Systems Research, ACM Transactions on Data Systems, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, Operations Research, and the INFORMS Journal on Computing, among others. Andrew Schwarz (“ Identifying and Testing the Inhibitors of Technology Usage Intentions ”) is an associate professor of information systems at the E. J. Ourso College of Business at Louisiana State University. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Houston. His research interests include acceptance of new technology, IT-business alignment, IT governance, IT outsourcing, and emerging technologies. Publications on these topics appear in MIS Quarterly, the Journal of the AIS, the Journal of Strategic Information Systems, the European Journal of Information Systems, and Database for Advances in Information Systems, among others. Param Vir Singh (“ A Hidden Markov Model of Developer Learning Dynamics in Open Source Software Projects ”) is an assistant professor of information systems at the Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University. His research interests include dynamic structural models, hidden Markov models, social networks, and open source software. A primary focus of his research is to design and study the effect of policy interventions on knowledge worker behavior. His research is accepted/forthcoming at various outlets such as Information Systems Research, ACM Transactions on Database Systems, and the International Conference on Information Systems. Arun Sundararajan (“ Pricing Digital Goods: Discontinuous Costs and Shared Infrastructure ”) is an associate professor and director of the IS Ph.D. program at the Stern School of Business, New York University. He teaches M.B.A. students about IT and corporate strategy. His degrees are from IIT Madras and the University of Rochester. His research studies the economics of IT and how IT transforms industries and society. He was an associate editor of Management Science and Information Systems Research and cofounded the NYU/CeDER summer workshop on the economics of IT. Yong Tan (“ A Hidden Markov Model of Developer Learning Dynamics in Open Source Software Projects ”) is an associate professor of information systems and Evert McCabe Faculty Fellow at the Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington. His research interests include economics of information systems, social networks, electronic commerce, and software engineering. He has published in various journals such as Management Science, Information Systems Research, and Operations Research. He is an associate editor of Management Science and Information Systems Research. Hüseyin Tanriverdi (“ Cross-Business Information Technology Integration and Acquirer Value Creation in Corporate Mergers and Acquisitions ”) is an associate professor at the University of Texas at Austin. He received a doctorate in information systems from Boston University. He researches how organizations use complementary IT and business capabilities to innovate, grow, and achieve superior financial performance. His research has appeared in Information Systems Research, MIS Quarterly, Academy of Management Journal, and Strategic Management Journal. Vahap Bülent Uysal (“ Cross-Business Information Technology Integration and Acquirer Value Creation in Corporate Mergers and Acquisitions ”) is an assistant professor of finance at the Price College of Business at the University of Oklahoma. He completed his Ph.D. at the University of Texas at Austin. His research primarily focuses on how value is created and distributed in mergers and acquisitions. His research has recently appeared in the Journal of Finance and the Journal of Financial Intermediation. Nara Youn (“ A Hidden Markov Model of Developer Learning Dynamics in Open Source Software Projects ”) is an assistant professor of marketing at the Henry B. Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa. She holds a Ph.D. in marketing from the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University. Her research interests are in the areas of dynamic models of competition, hidden Markov models, innovation diffusion, and social networks. She has published in various outlets including Marketing Science.

Abstract: Intravenous Immunoglobulin G (IVIg) has been in wide use for over 20 years and is approved for treatment of immune deficiencies, autoimmune disease and acute infections. The ability of IVIg to suppress inflammation would also suggest it has a role to play in suppressing the growth of malignant cells, particularly given the now accepted bidirectional relationship between inflammation and cancer. In several case reports, patients with malignancies such as Kaposi’s sarcoma, thyroid cancer and peripheral nerve sheath tumors experienced remission of their malignancies after receiving IVIg for immune deficiency(Shoenfeld and Krause 2004). Furthermore, a clinical trial in patients with advanced melanoma also reported a therapeutic effect of the anti-inflammatory dose of IVIg of 2 g/Kg (Schachter, Katz et al. 2007). These reports suggest that the pooled IgG of over 10,000 healthy donors is an unrealized and potentially useful anti-cancer agent that may augment both current and new chemotherapy regimens. However, the mechanism of response may not be limited to effects on inflammation or immunity, and might include a direct effect on tumor cells. To address this, we investigated the effect of IVIg on cell lines of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and multiple myeloma (MM). Methods A panel of MM and other cell lines derived from Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) were treated with dialyzed IVIg (10 mg/ml), which is in the 1-2 g/Kg anti-inflammatory clinically achievable range. The effects were evaluated both alone or in combination with proteasome inhibitors, bortezomib (BZB) and carfilzomib (CFZ), or the HSP90 inhibitors 17AAG and AUY-922. The efficacy of these drugs have their clinical utility limited due to HSP70-1 induction hence, IVIg makes a good choice for combination therapy. Results Treatment with 10 mg/ml IVIg suppressed the growth of all cell lines at 3 days compared to the bovine serum albumin control. This effect was accompanied by a G1cell cycle arrest and suppression of pro-tumor cytokines including IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and GM-CSF. The combination of IVIg with BZB or CFZ was synergistic, and IVIg also resensitized BZB-resistant MM cells to BZB. The combination of IVIg and the HSP90 inhibitors 17AAG or AUY-922 was highly synergistic at suppressing the cells growth. IVIg strongly suppressed the expression of HSP70-1 both alone and when induced by HSP90 inhibitors. Varying the sequence of administration revealed that pretreatment with IVIg for 24 hours was superior in growth suppression compared to simultaneous administration of IVIg with 17AAG or AUY922 or pretreatment with 17AAG or AUY-922. IVIg treatment also suppressed expression of mutant p53, for which HSP70-1 serves as a cochaperone. Conclusions IVIg has a potent ability to suppress MM, MCL and BL cell growth, through a mechanism that may involve its suppression of HSP70-1 expression. We hypothesize that IVIg contains IgG against HSP70-1, which results in enhanced HSP70-1 turnover and blocks the heat shock response induced by proteasome and HSP90 inhibitors. This mechanism would raise the possibility that IVIg could enhance the efficacy of targeted inhibitors, and inhibit mechanisms used by malignancies to evade these agents. Given its long clinical experience and exceptional safety profile, IVIg could be rapidly incorporated into the treatment of hematological malignancies. References Schachter, J., U. Katz, et al. (2007). “Efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with metastatic melanoma.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1110: 305-314. Shoenfeld, Y. and I. Krause (2004). “i.v.IG for autoimmune, fibrosis, and malignant conditions: our experience with 200 patients.” Journal of clinical immunology 24(2): 107-114. Disclosures: Orlowski: Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Onyx: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Resverlogix: Research Funding; Array Biopharma: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Genentech: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Merck: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Abstract: Ram Bala (“ Competitive Behavior-Based Price Discrimination for Software Upgrades ”) is an assistant professor of operations management at the Indian School of Business in Hyderabad, India. He holds a Ph.D. in management science from the UCLA Anderson School of Management. His main research areas are product line design, promotional effort allocation, global product development, and pricing and contracting strategies for services. His research cuts across disciplinary lines, particularly operations management, marketing, and information systems. Roger Calantone (“ How Peripheral Developers Contribute to Open-Source Software Development ”) is the Eli Broad Chaired University Professor of Business at Michigan State University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts. He has served on over 125 dissertation committees and has coauthored numerous articles in academic journals in the areas of innovation, systems and product development, and decision support systems for innovation processes and routines. Jamie Callan (“ The Halo Effect in Multicomponent Ratings and Its Implications for Recommender Systems: The Case of Yahoo! Movies ”) is a professor of computer science at Carnegie Mellon's Language Technologies Institute and School of Information Systems and Management. His research and teaching focus on text-based information retrieval, primarily search engine architectures, federated search of groups of search engines, adaptive information filtering, text mining, and information retrieval for educational applications. Paul Chwelos (“ Information Technology and Intangible Output: The Impact of IT Investment on Innovation Productivity ”) was an assistant professor of Management Information Systems at the Sauder School of Business at the University of British Columbia. He received his B.S. from the University of Victoria and a Ph.D. in management information systems from the University of British Columbia. He was an expert in information technology innovation, IT hedonic price indexes, and online commerce. His research has been published in Information Systems Research and the Economics of Innovation and New Technology. Iain Cockburn (“ Information Technology and Intangible Output: The Impact of IT Investment on Innovation Productivity ”) is a professor of strategy and innovation in the Boston University School of Management and is a research associate of National Bureau of Economic Research. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University. His research interests include intellectual property, management of innovation, and the economics of the life sciences sector. Faiz Currim (“ Modeling Spatial and Temporal Set-Based Constraints During Conceptual Database Design ”) is with the department of Management Information Systems at the University of Arizona. Prior to working at Arizona, he was on the faculty at University of Iowa. His research interests include applications in database design and management, conceptual data modeling, data privacy and security, and XML Schema management. Wenjing Duan (“ Research Note: To Continue or Not to Continue Sharing? An Empirical Analysis of User Decision in Peer-to-Peer Sharing Networks ”) is an assistant professor of information systems at the George Washington University. She received her Ph.D. in information systems from the University of Texas at Austin. Her research interests glide the intersections between information systems, economics, and marketing. She has published in MIS Quarterly, Communications of ACM, the Journal of Retailing, and Decision Support Systems; she is also the recipient of the NET Institute Research Grant and serves as the associate editor of Decision Support Systems. George Duncan (“ The Halo Effect in Multicomponent Ratings and Its Implications for Recommender Systems: The Case of Yahoo! Movies ”) is a professor of statistics, emeritus in the Heinz College at Carnegie Mellon University. His research centers on information technology and social accountability. He chaired the panel on confidentiality and data access of the National Academy of Sciences, resulting in the book Private Lives and Public Policies: Confidentiality and Accessibility of Government Statistics. He is a fellow of the American Statistical Association, an elected member of the International Statistical Institute, and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. David Fitoussi (“ IT Outsourcing Contracts and Performance Measurement ”) is an assistant professor at the Paul Merage School of Business, University of California, Irvine, and a faculty research associate at the Center for Research on IT and Organizations. He holds a Ph.D in management from the MIT Sloan School of Management. Lucio Fuentelsaz (“ Switching Costs, Network Effects, and Competition in the European Mobile Telecommunications Industry ”) is a professor of strategic management at the University of Zaragoza. His primary research interest focuses on understanding competitive strategy decisions and their consequences on firm performance. In recent years, he has studied topics such as firm competitive dynamics, diffusion of innovations, and mergers and acquisitions. He is currently editor of Cuadernos de Economía y Dirección de la Empresa. His research has been published in leading academic journals such as the Strategic Management Journal, Research Policy, and the Journal of Economics and Management Strategy. Nelson Granados (“ Online and Offline Demand and Price Elasticities: Evidence from the Air Travel Industry ”) is an assistant professor of information systems at the Graziadio School of Business and Management, Pepperdine University. He holds a Ph.D. in information and decision sciences, an M.S. and a Ph.D. minor in applied economics, and an MBA from the University of Minnesota. His research on information transparency was awarded Best IS Publication of the Year by senior scholars of the IS discipline and Best Publication of the Year by the Journal of the Association for Information Systems. Bin Gu (“ Research Note: The Impact of External Word-of-Mouth Sources on Retailer Sales of High-Involvement Products ”) is an assistant professor of information management at the McCombs School of Business, University of Texas at Austin. He received a Ph.D. and an M.A. in operations and information management from the Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania. His research interests are in user-generated contents, online social networks, virtual communities, e-commerce, and IT business value. He is a recipient of 2008 Information Systems Research Best Published Paper Award. Alok Gupta (“ Online and Offline Demand and Price Elasticities: Evidence from the Air Travel Industry ”) holds the Curtis L. Carlson Schoolwide Chair in Information Management at the Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota. He received his Ph.D. in management science and information systems from the University of Texas at Austin. He has published over 40 articles in the top management science, operations research, economics, and IS journals, and he received the prestigious National Science Foundation CAREER Award in 2001 for his research on online auctions. He serves on the editorial boards of Management Science, Information Systems Research, the Journal of Management Information Systems, and Decision Support Systems. Vijay Gurbaxani (“ IT Outsourcing Contracts and Performance Measurement ”) is the Taco Bell Endowed Professor and director of the Center for Research on IT and Organizations at the Paul Merage School of Business, University of California, Irvine. He received a master's degree in mathematics and computer science from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, and a Ph.D. in business administration from the University of Rochester. His research has appeared in Information Systems Research, Management Science, MIS Quarterly, and Communications of the ACM. Yun Huang (“ Research Note: To Continue or Not to Continue Sharing? An Empirical Analysis of User Decision in Peer-to-Peer Sharing Networks ”) is a research associate in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences at Northwestern University. He received his Ph.D. in management science and information systems from the University of Texas at Austin. His research focuses on social network analysis, individual behavior in e-commerce applications, and recommender systems. His work has appeared in the Communications of the ACM, New Media & Society, ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, and ACM/IEEE proceedings. Sora Kang (“ Research Note: A Multilevel Analysis of the Effect of Group Appropriation on Collaborative Technologies Use and Performance ”) is currently an assistant professor for the Division of Digital Business, Hoseo University. She has a Ph.D. from the Ewha Womans University in management information systems. Her research interests include adoption and performance of IT, organizational politics and knowledge management, and organizational impact of information technology. Her papers have appeared in the Journal of Computer Information Systems, the International Journal of Business Studies, Information: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, and the Business Management Review. Karthik N. Kannan (“ Effects of Information Revelation Policies Under Cost Uncertainty ”) is an assistant professor of management at Purdue University's Krannert School of Management. He earned his Ph.D. in information systems, M. Phil. in public policy and management, and M.S. in electrical and computer engineering, all from Carnegie Mellon University. His current research focuses on markets and pricing of information goods/services through auctions and economics of information security. His papers have appeared in several leading journals and conferences, including Management Science, the Workshop on Information Technology and Systems, the Workshop on Information Systems Economics, and the International Conference on Information Systems. Robert J. Kauffman (“ Online and Offline Demand and Price Elasticities: Evidence from the Air Travel Industry ”) is the W. P. Carey Chair in Information Systems at the W. P. Carey School of Business, Arizona State University. He received an M.S. and Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University and an M.A. from Cornell University. He previously worked in international banking and finance, and he has previously served on the faculties of New York University, the University of Rochester, and the University of Minnesota. His research interests involve competitive strategy, economics, and information technology. Min Soo Kim (“ Research Note: A Multilevel Analysis of the Effect of Group Appropriation on Collaborative Technologies Use and Performance ”) is currently an associate professor at the School of Business, Hanyang University. He received his Ph.D. in organizational behavior and industrial relations from the University of California, Berkeley. His current research interests include person–environment fit, multilevel approaches, social networks, and employment relationships. His articles have been published in journals such as the Human Resource Management and the International Journal of Human Resource Management. Sung S. Kim (“ Research Note: Online Users' Switching Costs: Their Nature and Formation ”) is an associate professor of operations and information management at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He holds a B.S. in electronic engineering from Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea; an M.S. in information systems from the University of Wisconsin–Madison; and a Ph.D. from the Georgia Institute of Technology in information technology management with a minor in industrial and systems engineering. His primary research focuses on online consumer behavior, habitual IT use, information privacy/security, and philosophical and methodological issues. His research appears in Management Science, Information Systems Research, MIS Quarterly, the Journal of the Association for Information Systems, and Decision Sciences. Landon Kleis (“ Information Technology and Intangible Output: The Impact of IT Investment on Innovation Productivity ”) is a Ph.D. candidate in the Management Information Systems program at the University of British Columbia's Sauder School of Business. He holds a B.Com. from Queen's University and an M.S. from the University of British Columbia. His research interests include the business value of information technology and the application of information technology to enable innovation. Prabhudev Konana (“ Research Note: The Impact of External Word-of-Mouth Sources on Retailer Sales of High-Involvement Products ”) is the William H. Seay Centennial Professor of Information Management and Distinguished Teaching Professor at the McCombs School of Business, University of Texas at Austin. He has a Ph.D. and an MBA from the University of Arizona. His research interests are in virtual communities, IT business value, and global sourcing. He is a recipient of National Science Foundation CAREER Award and many research and teaching awards, and he has published over 70 articles in journals and conferences. Ramayya Krishnan (“ The Halo Effect in Multicomponent Ratings and Its Implications for Recommender Systems: The Case of Yahoo! Movies ”) is the H. John Heinz III Dean and W. W. Cooper and Ruth F. Cooper Professor of Information Systems at the Heinz College at Carnegie Mellon University. Ph.D. (University of Texas, 1988). Kai H. Lim (“ Research Note: A Multilevel Analysis of the Effect of Group Appropriation on Collaborative Technologies Use and Performance ”) is a professor of information systems at the City University of Hong Kong. He received his Ph.D. from the University of British Columbia. He is serving or has served on the editorial boards of Information Systems Research (ISR), MIS Quarterly (MISQ), and the Journal of the Association for Information Systems, and his work has appeared in ISR and MISQ. He has won numerous teaching awards and is one of the top-ranking teachers teaching in the City University's EMBA program. Juan Pablo Maicas (“ Switching Costs, Network Effects, and Competition in the European Mobile Telecommunications Industry ”) is an assistant professor of strategy at University of Zaragoza (Spain). He received his Ph.D. from the University of Zaragoza. His current research interests include competitive dynamics, order of market entry strategies, and the impact of network effects and switching costs on market competition. Amit Mehra (“ Competitive Behavior-Based Price Discrimination for Software Upgrades ”) is an assistant professor of information systems at the Indian School of Business in Hyderabad, India. He holds a Ph.D. in computers and information systems and an M.S. in management science from the Simon School of Business, University of Rochester. His research interests are in software product planning and pricing, human capital development in knowledge organizations, and Internet marketing. His work addresses issues on the intersection of marketing, information systems, and operations management. James G. Morris (“ Research Note: Online Users' Switching Costs: Their Nature and Formation ”) holds the position of Dean's Professor of Operations and Information Management at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is the Chair of the Department of Operations and Information Management, and he teaches operations research courses and a course on facilities location models. His work has appeared in journals such as the Annals of Operations Research, Management Science, Mathematical Programming, Naval Research Logistics, Operations Research, and Transportation Science. Marius Florin Niculescu (“ Co-diffusion of Wireless Voice and Data Services: An Empirical Analysis of the Japanese Mobile Telecommunications Market ”) received his PhD in operations, information and technology from Stanford Graduate School of Business. He is currently an assistant professor of IT management at the College of Management at Georgia Institute of Technology. His research interests include diffusion and management of IT innovation, software quality management, dynamics of digital goods markets, hardware-software synergies, and dynamic pricing. Jeong-Ha Oh (“ Social Networks and the Diffusion of User-Generated Content: Evidence from YouTube ”) is a Ph.D. candidate in information systems at the University of Washington. She received B.S. and M.S. degrees in mathematics from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, an M.S. in financial mathematics from the University of Chicago, and a Ph.D. in information systems from the University of Washington. Her research interests include social network and the dynamics of user participative online social media. Her research has appeared in refereed conference proceedings, including the International Conference of Information Systems. Jaehong Park (“ Research Note: The Impact of External Word-of-Mouth Sources on Retailer Sales of High-Involvement Products ”) is an assistant professor at the School of Management, Kyung Hee University. He earned his master's degree from the Stanford University and his Ph.D. degree from the University of Texas at Austin. His research interests include e-commerce, online word-of-mouth effect, and IT investment evaluation. Neil Pollock (“ Research Commentary: Moving Beyond the Single Site Implementation Study: How (and Why) We Should Study the Biography of Packaged Enterprise Solutions ”) is a reader in the sociology of information systems at the University of Edinburgh. He is coauthor (with James Cornford) of Putting the University Online: Information, Technology and Organisational Change (Open University Press, 2003) and coauthor (with Robin Williams) of Software and Organisations: The Biography of the Enterprise-wide System or How SAP Conquered the World (Routledge, 2009). Yolanda Polo (“ Switching Costs, Network Effects, and Competition in the European Mobile Telecommunications Industry ”) is a professor of marketing at the University of Zaragoza. She received her Ph.D. in business administration. She is an editorial board member for the Revista Española de Investigación y Marketing and Cuadernos de Economía y Dirección de la Empresa. She has published books on marketing and new product development, and has published more than 100 research papers in national and international journals such as the Strategic Management Journal, the European Journal of Marketing, Research Policy, Supply Chain Management, and the International Marketing Review. Balaji Rajagopalan (“ How Peripheral Developers Contribute to Open-Source Software Development ”) is an associate professor of management information systems and the Stinson Leadership Fellow at Oakland University's School of Business Administration. His current research focuses on design, development, and impact of virtual communities, as well as on the business value of investments in information technology. His research has been published in several leading conferences and journals in the information systems area. His paper on virtual communities received the 2007 Best Published Paper Award in Information Systems Research. Sudha Ram (“ Modeling Spatial and Temporal Set-Based Constraints During Conceptual Database Design ”) is the McClelland Professor of Management Information Systems in the Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona. She has joint faculty appointments as a professor of computer science, a member of the BIO5 Institute, and a member of the Institute of the Environment. Her research focus is on enterprise data management, business intelligence, and Web/social media analytics. She served as a senior editor for Information Systems Research and on the editorial boards of several other IS journals. Ronald V. Ramirez (“ Information Technology and Intangible Output: The Impact of IT Investment on Innovation Productivity ”) is an associate professor of management information systems at the Business School, University of Colorado Denver. He holds a B.S. in electrical engineering from California State University, Fresno; an MBA in finance from the University of Southern California; and a Ph.D. in management from the University of California, Irvine. He conducts research on information technology, innovation, and organizational performance. His research has been published in Information Systems Research, the Information Systems Journal, and Decision Support Systems. Soumya Ray (“ Research Note: Online Users' Switching Costs: Their Nature and Formation ”) is an assistant professor in the Institute of Service Science at National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan. He received his Ph.D. in information systems from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. His current research interests include switching costs, online security, and online communities. Nachiketa Sahoo (“ The Halo Effect in Multicomponent Ratings and Its Implications for Recommender Systems: The Case of Yahoo! Movies ”) is a visiting assistant professor in the Information Systems group at Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University. Before joining the Tepper School, he completed his Ph.D. in information systems and management from the Heinz College and his M.S. from the Machine Learning Department at Carnegie Mellon University. His research focuses on information filtering, personalization, and social media analysis. Vallabh Sambamurthy (“ How Peripheral Developers Contribute to Open-Source Software Development ”) is the Eli Broad Professor of Information Technology at the Eli Broad College of Business at Michigan State University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota. He has expertise in how firms successfully leverage information technologies in sustaining superior performance through their business strategies, products, services, and organizational processes. His research has been published in top journals such as Management Science, Information Systems Research, and MIS Quarterly. Ramesh Sankaranarayanan (“ Competitive Behavior-Based Price Discrimination for Software Upgrades ”) is an assistant professor of information systems at the School of Business, University of Connecticut. He has a Ph.D. from the Leonard N. Stern School of Business, New York University. His current research focuses on the strategic analysis of digital goods such as software, music, and video games, and the impact of information systems on business processes and the structure of firms. Pankaj Setia (“ How Peripheral Developers Contribute to Open-Source Software Development ”) is an assistant professor in information systems at the Sam M. Walton College of Business at the University of Arkansas. He received his Ph.D. in information technology and management from Michigan State University. His key areas of interest are related to open-source methods of software development, the process of creating and leveraging IT capabilities for superior organizational performance, and effective use of supply chain and healthcare information systems. His work has been presented at various national conferences and has been published in, or is under review at, the leading information systems and operations management journals. Anjana Susarla (“ Social Networks and the Diffusion of User-Generated Content: Evidence from YouTube ”) is a visiting assistant professor at the Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University. She received a B.S. in engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India; an MBA from the Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta, India; and a Ph.D. in information systems from the University of Texas at Austin. Her research has been published in a variety of journals and conferences. She has received several research awards such as the William S. Livingston Graduate Fellowship at the University of Texas at Austin, the Microsoft Prize by the International Network of Social Network Analysis, and a Steven Schrader Best Paper Finalist at the Academy of Management Conference. Yong Tan (“ Social Networks and the Diffusion of User-Generated Content: Evidence from YouTube ”) is an associate professor of information systems and the Evert McCabe Faculty Fellow at the Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington. His research interests include economics of information systems, social networks, electronic commerce, and software engineering. He has published in journals such as Management Science, Information Systems Research, Operations Research, and MIS Quarterly. He is an associate editor of Management Science and Information Systems Research. Hee-Dong Yang (“ Research Note: A Multilevel Analysis of the Effect of Group Appropriation on Collaborative Technologies Use and Performance ”) is a full professor at Ewha School of Business in Korea. He has a Ph.D. from Case Western Reserve University in management information systems, and he earned his bachelor's and master's degrees from Seoul National University. His research interests include task technology fit, (smart) mobile business, IS adoption, organizational impact of IT, and team mental model. He has published more than 15 papers in the leading international journals in the field. Seungjin Whang (“ Co-diffusion of Wireless Voice and Data Services: An Empirical Analysis of the Japanese Mobile Telecommunications Market ”) received his PhD from the University of Rochester and is the Jagdeep and Roshni Singh Professor of operations, information and technology at Stanford Graduate School of Business. His research interests include supply chain management and economics of information technology. He has published widely in academic journals including Information Systems Research, Management Science, and Operations Research. He also serves as co-director of the Stanford-NUS Executive Program in International Management. Andrew B. Whinston (“ Research Note: To Continue or Not to Continue Sharing? An Empirical Analysis of User Decision in Peer-to-Peer Sharing Networks ”) is the Hugh Cullen Chair Professor in the Information, Risk and Operations Management Department at the McCombs School of Business, the University of Texas at Austin. He is the director at the Center for Research in Electronic Commerce and editor-in-chief of Decision Support Systems. He has published over 350 papers in the major economic and management journals and has authored 27 books. In 2005, he received the Leo Award from the Association for Information Systems. Robin Williams (“ Research Commentary: Moving Beyond the Single Site Implementation Study: How (and Why) We Should Study the Biography of Packaged Enterprise Solutions ”) is a professor of social research on technology and director of the Research Centre for Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh. He has published widely on the social shaping of information and communication technologies, and he has written (with James Stewart and Roger Slack) the book Social Learning in Technological Innovation: Experimenting with Information and Communication Technologies (Edward Elgar, 2005). Mu Xia (“ Research Note: To Continue or Not to Continue Sharing? An Empirical Analysis of User Decision in Peer-to-Peer Sharing Networks ”) is an assistant professor at the Leavey School of Business at Santa Clara University. He received his Ph.D. in management science and information systems from the University of Texas at Austin. His research interests lie in online communities, e-business standardization, and open-source software. He has published in academic journals including the Journal of Management Information Systems, Communications of the ACM, Decision Support Systems, and the European Journal of Operational Research.

Abstract: Gad Allon (“ ‘We Will Be Right with You’: Managing Customer Expectations with Vague Promises and Cheap Talk ”) is an associate professor of managerial economics and decision science at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. Recently he has been studying models of information sharing among firms and customers both in service and retail settings. He is also conducting empirical studies to investigate time-based competition in the fast-food industry as well as the factors contributing to emergency department overcrowding. Ravi Anupindi (“ Integrated Optimization of Procurement, Processing, and Trade of Commodities ”) is Michael R. and Mary Kay Hallman Fellow and Professor of Operations Management at the Stephen M. Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His main research areas include supply chain management, strategic sourcing, lean operations, and marketing-operations interfaces. His more recent interest is in supply chain issues as well as health-care delivery models in the emerging economies. Achal Bassamboo (“ ‘We Will Be Right with You’: Managing Customer Expectations with Vague Promises and Cheap Talk ”) is an associate professor of managerial economics and decision science at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. His research interests lie in the areas of service systems, revenue management, and information sharing. His current research involves designing flexible service systems with a focus on capacity planning and effects of parameter uncertainty. He is also studying credibility of information provided by a service provider or a retailer to its customers. Dimitris Bertsimas (“ Optimal Selection of Airport Runway Configurations ”) is the Boeing Leaders for Global Operations Professor of Management at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the codirector of the Operations Research Center at MIT, and a member of the National Academy of Engineering. His research interests include discrete, robust, and stochastic optimization and their applications. E. Borgonovo (“ A Study of Interactions in the Risk Assessment of Complex Engineering Systems: An Application to Space PSA ”) is the director of the ELEUSI research center and associate professor at the Department of Decision Sciences, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy. He received his Ph.D. at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is a recipient of several national and international awards, including the McCormack Fellowship of the Westinghouse Corporation. He is a member of the editorial boards of several journals including European Journal of Operational Research, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, International Journal of Mathematics in Operational Research, International Journal of Risk Management, and International Journal of Service and Computing-Oriented Manufacturing. He is the author of more than 90 publications. Ivan Contreras (“ Benders Decomposition for Large-Scale Uncapacitated Hub Location ”) is a post-doctoral fellow at HEC Montréal and at the Interuniversity Research Centre on Enterprise Networks, Logistics and Transportation (CIRRELT). In 2009 he received his Ph.D. degree from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research at the Technical University of Catalonia. His research interests include location analysis, network design, combinatorial optimization, and decomposition methods for large-scale optimization. His main papers have appeared in Transportation Science, INFORMS Journal on Computing, European Journal of Operational Research, Computers & Operations Research, Operations Research Spectrum, and Annals of Operations Research. Jean-François Cordeau (“ Benders Decomposition for Large-Scale Uncapacitated Hub Location ”) is a professor of logistics and operations management at HEC Montréal, where he holds the Canada Research Chair in Logistics and Transportation. He is also an assistant director of the Interuniversity Research Centre on Enterprise Networks, Logistics and Transportation (CIRRELT) and member of the Groupe d'études et de recherche en analyse des décisions (GERAD). He is associate editor of Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research, INFOR, OR Insight, and a member of the editorial board of Computers & Operations Research. He has authored or coauthored more than 80 articles in the areas of transportation, logistics, combinatorial optimization, and decomposition methods for large-scale optimization. Sripad K. Devalkar (“ Integrated Optimization of Procurement, Processing, and Trade of Commodities ”) is an assistant professor of operations management at the Indian School of Business. His interests lie in exploring problems at the interface of operations management, finance, and risk management. The research published here was conducted when he was a Ph.D. student in the Operations and Management Science Department at the Stephen M. Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Francis de Véricourt (“ Nurse Staffing in Medical Units: A Queueing Perspective ”) is an associate professor of technology and operations management at INSEAD and adjunct professor at Duke University. His academic interests are in operations excellence. His recent research focuses on health care and sustainability. Andreas Ehrenmann (“ Generation Capacity Expansion in a Risky Environment: A Stochastic Equilibrium Analysis ”) is chief analyst in the Center of Expertise in Economic Modeling and Studies in GDF Suez. He obtained his Diploma in mathematics from the University of Karlsruhe and his Ph.D. from the Judge Business School of the University of Cambridge (Management Science Group). Jiejian Feng (“ An Optimal Policy for Joint Dynamic Price and Lead-Time Quotation ”) is a visiting faculty member in the Business School of St. Mary's University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. He received his Ph.D. in operations management, his M.Phil. in human factors from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and his B.A. in applied mathematics from the South China University of Technology. His research interests include operations management, financial engineering, and footwear design and development. Michael Frankovich (“ Optimal Selection of Airport Runway Configurations ”) is a doctoral candidate at the Operations Research Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is broadly interested in optimization and its applications, notably in transportation. Cheng-Der Fuh (“ Efficient Simulation of Value at Risk with Heavy-Tailed Risk Factors ”) is Chair Professor in the Graduate Institute of Statistics, National Central University, and research fellow in the Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, both in Taiwan. His research interests are in hidden Markov models, Markov chain Monte Carlo, change point detection, and quantitative finance. This paper reflects part of his continuing interest and effort in constructing efficient simulation schemes. Itai Gurvich (“ ‘We Will Be Right with You’: Managing Customer Expectations with Vague Promises and Cheap Talk ”) is an assistant professor of managerial economics and decision science at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. He studies queueing aspects of large-scale service systems with a focus on network design, staffing, and routing decisions. Arie Harel (“ Convexity Results for the Erlang Delay and Loss Formulae When the Server Utilization Is Held Constant ”) is an associate professor at the Zicklin School of Business, Baruch College, City University of New York. This paper continues his long-standing interest in the convexity properties of queueing systems. Tobias Harks (“ The Worst-Case Efficiency of Cost Sharing Methods in Resource Allocation Games ”) is a postdoctoral researcher at the Combinatorial Optimization and Graph Algorithms Group of the Institute of Mathematics at Technical University Berlin. His research covers algorithmic game theory, approximation algorithms, and online algorithms. He is particularly interested in formulating and analyzing game-theoretic models related to traffic and computer networks. Ya-Hui Hsu (“ Efficient Simulation of Value at Risk with Heavy-Tailed Risk Factors ”) completed her Ph.D. in statistics at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. She works as a statistician at Abbott Laboratories, a health-care company based in Abbott Park, Illinois. Her research interests include quantile regression, risk management, Bayesian inference, stochastic calculus, and importance sampling. This paper reflects part of her continuing interest and effort in constructing efficient simulation schemes. Inchi Hu (“ Efficient Simulation of Value at Risk with Heavy-Tailed Risk Factors ”) is a professor at the School of Business and Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. This paper reflects part of his continuing interest and effort in constructing efficient simulation schemes. A. J. E. M. Janssen (“ Refining Square-Root Safety Staffing by Expanding Erlang C ”) received his engineering degree and Ph.D. degree in mathematics from the Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), the Netherlands, in 1976 and 1979, respectively. From 1979 to 1981 he was a Bateman Research Instructor at the Mathematics Department of California Institute of Technology. From 1981 until 2010 he worked with Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, where he was a research fellow since 1999 and recipient of the Gilles Holst Award in 2003. His principal responsibility at Philips Research was to provide high-level mathematical service and consultancy in mathematical analysis. He continues his research and consultancy activities from his current affiliations with TU/e, EURANDOM, and the Department of Electrical Engineering, with additional affiliation with TU–Delft (optics) and ASML. In 2003, he was elected Fellow of the IEEE for his contributions to mathematical time-frequency analysis and signal processing. He has published over 180 papers in the fields of Fourier analysis, signal analysis, time-frequency analysis, electron microscopy, optical diffraction theory, acoustics, and queueing theory. His current interests include the application of mathematical techniques as used in the theory of optical aberrations to the characterization of acoustical radiators. Otis B. Jennings (“ Nurse Staffing in Medical Units: A Queueing Perspective ”) is an associate professor of operations management at the Duke University Fuqua School of Business. His academic interests are in queueing systems as models of manufacturing and service systems and the fluid and diffusion asymptotic analysis of such systems. Jae Ho Kim (“ Optimal Energy Commitments with Storage and Intermittent Supply ”) is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Princeton University, where he has been a student since 2007. He earned B.A. and M.A. degrees in electrical engineering at Cooper Union in New York in 2007. His research area is in dynamic decision making under uncertainty, and he works at the CASTLE Laboratory under the supervision of Warren Powell. Matthias Köppe (“ Rational Generating Functions and Integer Programming Games ”) is an associate professor of mathematics at the University of California, Davis. He received his Ph.D. in mathematics at the Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg in 2002. His research interests include integer programming and computational discrete mathematics. Gilbert Laporte (“ Benders Decomposition for Large-Scale Uncapacitated Hub Location ”) is a professor of operations research at HEC Montréal and Canada Research Chair in Distribution Management. He is also a member of the Interuniversity Research Centre on Enterprise Networks, Logistics and Transportation (CIRRELT) and founding member of the Groupe d'études et de recherche en analyse des décisions (GERAD). He has authored or coauthored 15 books and more than 380 scientific articles in combinatorial optimization, mostly in the areas of vehicle routing, location, and timetabling. He is the former editor-in-chief of Transportation Science and Computers & Operations Research. He is associate editor or editorial board member of Transportation Science, Networks, Naval Research Logistics, Computers & Operations Research, and several other journals. He is a member of the Royal Society of Canada, from which he received the Innis-Gérin Medal. In 2009 he received the Robert M. Herman Lifetime Achievement Award in Transportation Science from the Transportation Science and Logistics Society of INFORMS. Yun Fong Lim (“ Cellular Bucket Brigades ”) is an assistant professor at the Lee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University, where he teaches operations management at the undergraduate and graduate levels. His research centers on workforce management in manufacturing and services. He is especially interested in boosting productivity of work teams through cross-training, work-sharing, self-organization, and effective remuneration. He served twice as cluster chair of workforce management for INFORMS annual meetings. His other research interests include warehousing and fulfillment in supply chains. Liming Liu (“ An Optimal Policy for Joint Dynamic Price and Lead-Time Quotation ”) is a chair professor of operations management at Hong Kong Lingnan University. Previously he was a professor of operations management at Hong Kong Polytechnic University. His research interests focus on logistics and supply chain management. He also works in the areas of shipping, maritime studies, and health-care management. Xiaoming Liu (“ An Optimal Policy for Joint Dynamic Price and Lead-Time Quotation ”) is an associate professor of management at the University of Macau, China. Her research interest is in the modeling and solution of optimization problems with applications in supply chain management, health care, and hospitality management. Konstantin Miller (“ The Worst-Case Efficiency of Cost Sharing Methods in Resource Allocation Games ”) is a Ph.D. student in the Telecommunication Networks Group at Technical University Berlin. His research interests include combinatorial optimization and game theory, with special focus on communication networks. Javad Nasiry (“ Dynamic Pricing with Loss-Averse Consumers and Peak-End Anchoring ”) is an assistant professor in the Information Systems, Business Statistics and Operations Management (ISOM) Department at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. His research interests lie in the area of behavioral operations and contract theory. The current paper is part of his Ph.D. dissertation at INSEAD and stems from a broader agenda that uses modeling and experimental approaches to study realistic behavior in operational contexts. Amedeo Odoni (“ Optimal Selection of Airport Runway Configurations ”) is professor of aeronautics and astronautics, professor of civil and environmental engineering, and a codirector of the Airline Industry Program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He has also served as codirector of the FAA's National Center of Excellence in Aviation Education, codirector of the Operations Research Center at MIT, editor of Transportation Science, and consultant to numerous international airport and aviation-related organizations. His recent books include the bestselling textbook Airport Systems: Planning, Design and Management (McGraw-Hill 2003) coauthored with Richard de Neufville, and The Global Airline Industry (John Wiley & Sons 2009) coedited with Peter Belobaba and Cynthia Barnhart. Ioana Popescu (“ Dynamic Pricing with Loss-Averse Consumers and Peak-End Anchoring ”) is the Booz & Company Professor in Revenue Management and associate professor of decision sciences at INSEAD, Singapore. Her research interests are in pricing and revenue management, behavioral operations, and moment problems. This paper is part of a larger research program that incorporates realistic customer behavior in pricing and revenue management. Warren B. Powell (“ Optimal Energy Commitments with Storage and Intermittent Supply ”) is a professor in the Department of Operations Research and Financial Engineering at Princeton University, where he has taught since 1981. He is the director of CASTLE Laboratory ( http://www.castlelab.princeton.edu ), which specializes in the development of stochastic optimization models and algorithms with applications in transportation and logistics, energy, health, and finance. The author/coauthor of over 170 refereed publications, he is an INFORMS Fellow and the author of Approximate Dynamic Programming: Solving the Curses of Dimensionality (John Wiley & Sons). His primary research interests are in approximate dynamic programming for high-dimensional applications, optimal learning (the efficient collection of information), and their application in energy systems analysis and transportation. He is a recipient of the Wagner Prize and has twice been a finalist in the prestigious Edelman competition. He has served in a variety of editorial and administrative positions for INFORMS, including INFORMS Board of Directors, area editor for Operations Research, president of the Transportation Science Section, and numerous prize and administrative committees. Maurice Queyranne (“ Rational Generating Functions and Integer Programming Games ”) is the Advisory Council Professor in Operations and Logistics at the Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. His research and teaching interests range from methodology, particularly discrete optimization and game theory, to operations management, in particular supply chain and health-care management. Christopher Thomas Ryan (“ Rational Generating Functions and Integer Programming Games ”) is an assistant professor at the Booth School of Business, University of Chicago. His research interests include algorithmic game theory, discrete optimization, and health-care operations. Amitabh Sinha (“ Integrated Optimization of Procurement, Processing, and Trade of Commodities ”) is an assistant professor of operations and management science at the University of Michigan's Ross School of Business. His research interests are in supply chain management, logistics, and applications of networks and combinatorics in operations. Yves Smeers (“ Generation Capacity Expansion in a Risky Environment: A Stochastic Equilibrium Analysis ”) is Professor Emeritus at the School of Engineering of the Université Catholique de Louvain in Belgium. He is a researcher in CORE at the same university. He is scientific advisor at the Department of Economic Studies and Modelling (Centre d'Expertise en Etudes et Modélisation Economiques) of GDF Suez and a Fellow at the Judge Business School of the University of Cambridge (Management Science Group). He graduated in engineering and economics from the universities of Liège and Louvain in Belgium, respectively, and obtained his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in industrial administration from Carnegie Mellon University. His career has focused on the modeling and economic analysis of electricity and gas markets. C. L. Smith (“ A Study of Interactions in the Risk Assessment of Complex Engineering Systems: An Application to Space PSA ”) is a key member of the Idaho National Laboratory's Risk, Reliability and NRC Programs Department. His primary duties and responsibilities are to lead risk and reliability methods research and development efforts and applied engineering projects for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Department of Energy (DOE). He has made significant contributions in the way that NASA views risk and performs risk assessment. His work through the multimillion-dollar project for NASA Headquarters Office of Safety and Mission Assurance has been a major factor in reshaping the use of PRA for NASA's high-profile manned and unmanned space projects, including developing probabilistic risk-assessment models in SAPHIRE, assisting in the development of a risk-informed decision-making guidebook, and completing a NASA guidebook on Bayesian inference for risk and reliability. He obtained his undergraduate degree (B.S.) from Idaho State University (ISU). He continued his education at ISU and completed a nuclear engineering M.S. He completed his Ph.D. and doctoral thesis work at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, focusing on formal decision-making activities at nuclear power plants. George Steiner (“ Revised Delivery-Time Quotation in Scheduling with Tardiness Penalties ”) received his Ph.D. in combinatorics and optimization from the University of Waterloo in 1982 and his M.Sc. in mathematics from Loránd Eötvös University of Budapest, Hungary, in 1971. After working in industry for almost 10 years, he joined the Faculty of Business at McMaster University in 1981, where he has been a full professor since 1992. His research interests include scheduling, algorithms on graphs and partially ordered sets, and combinatorial optimization. He has published in numerous scientific journals including Operations Research, Management Science, IIE Transactions, SIAM Journal on Computing, SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, Mathematics of Operations Research, Discrete Applied Mathematics, Annals of Operations Research, Journal of Graph Theory, Journal of Algorithms, and Theoretical Computer Science. Alexander L. Stolyar (“ Shadow-Routing Based Control of Flexible Multiserver Pools in Overload ”) is a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff in the Industrial Mathematics and Operations Research Department of Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent, Murray Hill, New Jersey. His research interests are in queueing networks, stochasic processes, and stochastic modeling of communication and service networks. The present paper is primarily motivated by applications to large-scale contact centers. It is part of the author's research in the general area of optimal control of queueing networks. Tolga Tezcan (“ Shadow-Routing Based Control of Flexible Multiserver Pools in Overload ”) is an assistant professor of operations management at the Simon Graduate School of Business at the University of Rochester. His research interests are in asymptotic analysis and optimal control of large queuing systems with applications in service systems. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in industrial and systems engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology in 2006. J. S. H. van Leeuwaarden (“ Refining Square-Root Safety Staffing by Expanding Erlang C ”) is associate professor of probability theory and stochastic networks in Eindhoven University of Technology, and research fellow of the research institute EURANDOM. He received the INFORMS Telecommunication Dissertation Award (2008), a Veni Grant (2006–2009) from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), and a Starting Grant (2010–2015) from the European Research Council. Ren-Her Wang (“ Efficient Simulation of Value at Risk with Heavy-Tailed Risk Factors ”) is an assistant professor in the Department of Banking and Finance, Tamkang University, Taiwan. His research interests are in derivatives pricing, risk management, and efficient computational methods. This paper reflects part of his continuing interest and effort in constructing efficient simulation schemes. Xinghao Yan (“ Decentralized Inventory Sharing with Asymmetric Information ”) is an assistant professor in management science at Richard Ivey School of Business, University of Western Ontario. His research interests are in information asymmetry/information sharing, inventory sharing, supplier selection, quality competition, and health-care operations. Rui Zhang (“ Revised Delivery-Time Quotation in Scheduling with Tardiness Penalties ”) obtained his Ph.D. degree at the DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada in June 2010. His research focuses on supply chain scheduling, especially due date and logistics coordination. He applies a variety of methodologies such as computational complexity theory, combinatorial optimization, and design and analysis of approximation algorithms in his research. Hui Zhao (“ Decentralized Inventory Sharing with Asymmetric Information ”) is an assistant professor of management at Krannert School of Management, Purdue University. Her research interests are in the areas of supply chain management, collaboration in decentralized systems, pharmaceutical supply chains, and information sharing. She teaches business analytics, supply chain management, and pharmaceutical supply chains. Bert Zwart (“ Refining Square-Root Safety Staffing by Expanding Erlang C ”) received his Ph.D. at Eindhoven University of Technology in 2001 and held appointments at INRIA, Eindhoven, and Georgia Institute of Technology before moving to the Center of Mathematics and Computer Science (CWI) in Amsterdam. At CWI he leads the Probability and Stochastic Networks Group. He is a professor at VU University Amsterdam and is also affiliated at EURANDOM and Georgia Tech. His honors include an IBM Faculty Award, the Erlang Prize, and VENI and VIDI awards from the Dutch Science Foundation (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, NWO). He is area editor for stochastic models at Operations Research and is coeditor in chief of the new journal Surveys in OR/MS.

Abstract: Introduction Most developed countries, including Australia, have a strong focus on national, state and local strategies for emergency management and response in the face of disasters and crises. This framework can include coping with catastrophic dislocation, service disruption, injury or loss of life in the face of natural disasters such as major fires, floods, earthquakes or other large-impact natural events, as well as dealing with similar catastrophes resulting from human actions such as bombs, biological agents, cyber-attacks targeting essential services such as communications networks, or other crises affecting large populations. Emergency management frameworks for crisis and disaster response are distinguished by their focus on the domestic context for such events; that is, how to manage and assist the ways in which civilian populations, who are for the most part inexperienced and untrained in dealing with crises and disasters, are able to respond and behave in such situations so as to minimise the impacts of a catastrophic event. Even in countries like Australia that demonstrate a strong public commitment to cultural pluralism and social cohesion, ethno-cultural diversity can be seen as a risk or threat to national security and values at times of political, natural, economic and/or social tensions and crises. Australian government policymakers have recently focused, with increasing intensity, on “community resilience” as a key element in countering extremism and enhancing emergency preparedness and response. In some sense, this is the result of a tacit acknowledgement by government agencies that there are limits to what they can do for domestic communities should such a catastrophic event occur, and accordingly, the focus in recent times has shifted to how governments can best help people to help themselves in such situations, a key element of the contemporary “resilience” approach. Yet despite the robustly multicultural nature of Australian society, explicit engagement with Australia’s cultural diversity flickers only fleetingly on this agenda, which continues to pursue approaches to community resilience in the absence of understandings about how these terms and formations may themselves need to be diversified to maximise engagement by all citizens in a multicultural polity. There have been some recent efforts in Australia to move in this direction, for example the Australian Emergency Management Institute (AEMI)’s recent suite of projects with culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities (2006-2010) and the current Australia-New Zealand Counter-Terrorism Committee-supported project on “Harnessing Resilience Capital in Culturally Diverse Communities to Counter Violent Extremism” (Grossman and Tahiri), which I discuss in a longer forthcoming version of this essay (Grossman). Yet the understanding of ethno-cultural identity and difference that underlies much policy thinking on resilience remains problematic for the way in which it invests in a view of the cultural dimensions of community resilience as relic rather than resource – valorising the preservation of and respect for cultural norms and traditions, but silent on what different ethno-cultural communities might contribute toward expanded definitions of both “community” and “resilience” by virtue of the transformative potential and existing cultural capital they bring with them into new national and also translocal settings. For example, a primary conclusion of the joint program between AEMI and the Australian Multicultural Commission is that CALD communities are largely “vulnerable” in the context of disasters and emergency management and need to be better integrated into majority-culture models of theorising and embedding community resilience.  This focus on stronger national integration and the “vulnerability” of culturally diverse ethno-cultural communities in the Australian context echoes the work of scholars beyond Australia such as McGhee, Mouritsen (Reflections, Citizenship) and Joppke. They argue that the “civic turn” in debates around resurgent contemporary nationalism and multicultural immigration policies privileges civic integration over genuine two-way multiculturalism. This approach sidesteps the transculturational (Ortiz; Welsch; Mignolo; Bennesaieh; Robins; Stein) aspects of contemporary social identities and exchange by paying lip-service to cultural diversity while affirming a neo-liberal construct of civic values and principles as a universalising goal of Western democratic states within a global market economy. It also suggests a superficial tribute to cultural diversity that does not embed diversity comprehensively at the levels of either conceptualising or resourcing different elements of Australian transcultural communities within the generalised framework of “community resilience.” And by emphasising cultural difference as vulnerability rather than as resource or asset, it fails to acknowledge the varieties of resilience capital that many culturally diverse individuals and communities may bring with them when they resettle in new environments, by ignoring the question of what “resilience” actually means to those from culturally diverse communities. In so doing, it also avoids the critical task of incorporating intercultural definitional diversity around the concepts of both “community” and “resilience” used to promote social cohesion and the capacity to recover from disasters and crises. How we might do differently in thinking about the broader challenges for multiculturalism itself as a resilient transnational concept and practice? The Concept of Resilience The meanings of resilience vary by disciplinary perspective. While there is no universally accepted definition of the concept, it is widely acknowledged that resilience refers to the capacity of an individual to do well in spite of exposure to acute trauma or sustained adversity (Liebenberg 219). Originating in the Latin word resilio, meaning ‘to jump back’, there is general consensus that resilience pertains to an individual’s, community’s or system’s ability to adapt to and ‘bounce back’ from a disruptive event (Mohaupt 63, Longstaff et al. 3). Over the past decade there has been a dramatic rise in interest in the clinical, community and family sciences concerning resilience to a broad range of adversities (Weine 62). While debate continues over which discipline can be credited with first employing resilience as a concept, Mohaupt argues that most of the literature on resilience cites social psychology and psychiatry as the origin for the concept beginning in the mid-20th century. The pioneer researchers of what became known as resilience research studied the impact on children living in dysfunctional families. For example, the findings of work by Garmezy, Werner and Smith and Rutter showed that about one third of children in these studies were coping very well despite considerable adversities and traumas. In asking what it was that prevented the children in their research from being negatively influenced by their home environments, such research provided the basis for future research on resilience. Such work was also ground-breaking for identifying the so-called ‘protective factors’ or resources that individuals can operationalise when dealing with adversity. In essence, protective factors are those conditions in the individual that protect them from the risk of dysfunction and enable recovery from trauma. They mitigate the effects of stressors or risk factors, that is, those conditions that predispose one to harm (Hajek 15). Protective factors include the inborn traits or qualities within an individual, those defining an individual’s environment, and also the interaction between the two. Together, these factors give people the strength, skills and motivation to cope in difficult situations and re-establish (a version of) ‘normal’ life (Gunnestad). Identifying protective factors is important in terms of understanding the particular resources a given sociocultural group has at its disposal, but it is also vital to consider the interconnections between various protective mechanisms, how they might influence each other, and to what degree. An individual, for instance, might display resilience or adaptive functioning in a particular domain (e.g. emotional functioning) but experience significant deficits in another (e.g. academic achievement) (Hunter 2). It is also essential to scrutinise how the interaction between protective factors and risk factors creates patterns of resilience. Finally, a comprehensive understanding of the interrelated nature of protective mechanisms and risk factors is imperative for designing effective interventions and tailored preventive strategies (Weine 65). In short, contemporary thinking about resilience suggests it is neither entirely personal nor strictly social, but an interactive and iterative combination of the two. It is a quality of the environment as much as the individual. For Ungar, resilience is the complex entanglements between “individuals and their social ecologies [that] will determine the degree of positive outcomes experienced” (3). Thinking about resilience as context-dependent is important because research that is too trait-based or actor-centred risks ignoring any structural or institutional forces. A more ecological interpretation of resilience, one that takes into a person’s context and environment into account, is vital in order to avoid blaming the victim for any hardships they face, or relieving state and institutional structures from their responsibilities in addressing social adversity, which can “emphasise self-help in line with a neo-conservative agenda instead of stimulating state responsibility” (Mohaupt 67). Nevertheless, Ungar posits that a coherent definition of resilience has yet to be developed that adequately ‘captures the dual focus of the individual and the individual’s social ecology and how the two must both be accounted for when determining the criteria for judging outcomes and discerning processes associated with resilience’ (7). Recent resilience research has consequently prompted a shift away from vulnerability towards protective processes — a shift that highlights the sustained capabilities of individuals and communities under threat or at risk. Locating ‘Culture’ in the Literature on Resilience However, an understanding of the role of culture has remained elusive or marginalised within this trend; there has been comparatively little sustained investigation into the applicability of resilience constructs to non-western cultures, or how the resources available for survival might differ from those accessible to western populations (Ungar 4). As such, a growing body of researchers is calling for more rigorous inquiry into culturally determined outcomes that might be associated with resilience in non-western or multicultural cultures and contexts, for example where Indigenous and minority immigrant communities live side by side with their ‘mainstream’ neighbours in western settings (Ungar 2). ‘Cultural resilience’ considers the role that cultural background plays in determining the ability of individuals and communities to be resilient in the face of adversity. For Clauss-Ehlers, the term describes the degree to which the strengths of one’s culture promote the development of coping (198). Culturally-focused resilience suggests that people can manage and overcome stress and trauma based not on individual characteristics alone, but also from the support of broader sociocultural factors (culture, cultural values, language, customs, norms) (Clauss-Ehlers 324). The innate cultural strengths of a culture may or may not differ from the strengths of other cultures; the emphasis here is not so much comparatively inter-cultural as intensively intra-cultural (VanBreda 215). A culturally focused resilience model thus involves “a dynamic, interactive process in which the individual negotiates stress through a combination of character traits, cultural background, cultural values, and facilitating factors in the sociocultural environment” (Clauss-Ehlers 199). In understanding ways of ‘coping and hoping, surviving and thriving’, it is thus crucial to consider how culturally and linguistically diverse minorities navigate the cultural understandings and assumptions of both their countries of origin and those of their current domicile (Ungar 12). Gunnestad claims that people who master the rules and norms of their new culture without abandoning their own language, values and social support are more resilient than those who tenaciously maintain their own culture at the expense of adjusting to their new environment. They are also more resilient than those who forego their own culture and assimilate with the host society (14). Accordingly, if the combination of both valuing one’s culture as well as learning about the culture of the new system produces greater resilience and adaptive capacities, serious problems can arise when a majority tries to acculturate a minority to the mainstream by taking away or not recognising important parts of the minority culture. In terms of resilience, if cultural factors are denied or diminished in accounting for and strengthening resilience – in other words, if people are stripped of what they possess by way of resilience built through cultural knowledge, disposition and networks – they do in fact become vulnerable, because ‘they do not automatically gain those cultural strengths that the majority has acquired over generations’ (Gunnestad 14). Mobilising ‘Culture’ in Australian Approaches to Community Resilience The realpolitik of how concepts of resilience and culture are mobilised is highly relevant here. As noted above, when ethnocultural difference is positioned as a risk or a threat to national identity, security and values, this is precisely the moment when vigorously, even aggressively, nationalised definitions of ‘community’ and ‘identity’ that minoritise or disavow cultural diversities come to the fore in public discourse. The Australian evocation of nationalism and national identity, particularly in the way it has framed policy discussion on managing national responses to disasters and threats, has arguably been more muted than some of the European hysteria witnessed recently around cultural diversity and national life. Yet we still struggle with the idea that newcomers to Australia might fall on the surplus rather than the deficit side of the ledger when it comes to identifying and harnessing resilience capital. A brief example of this trend is explored here. From 2006 to 2010, the Australian Emergency Management Institute embarked on an ambitious government-funded four-year program devoted to strengthening community resilience in relation to disasters with specific reference to engaging CALD communities across Australia. The program, Inclusive Emergency Management with CALD Communities, was part of a wider Australian National Action Plan to Build Social Cohesion, Harmony and Security in the wake of the London terrorist bombings in July 2005. Involving CALD community organisations as well as various emergency and disaster management agencies, the program ran various workshops and agency-community partnership pilots, developed national school education resources, and commissioned an evaluation of the program’s effectiveness (Farrow et al.). While my critique here is certainly not aimed at emergency management or disaster response agencies and personnel themselves – dedicated professionals who often achieve remarkable results in emergency and disaster response under extraordinarily difficult circumstances – it is nevertheless important to highlight how the assumptions underlying elements of AEMI’s experience and outcomes reflect the persistent ways in which ethnocultural diversity is rendered as a problem to be surmounted or a liability to be redressed, rather than as an asset to be built upon or a resource to be valued and mobilised. AEMI’s explicit effort to engage with CALD communities in building overall community resilience was important in its tacit acknowledgement that emergency and disaster services were (and often remain) under-resourced and under-prepared in dealing with the complexities of cultural diversity in emergency situations. Despite these good intentions, however, while the program produced some positive outcomes and contributed to crucial relationship building between CALD communities and emergency services within various jurisdictions, it also continued to frame the challenge of working with cultural diversity as a problem of increased vulnerability during disasters for recently arrived and refugee background CALD individuals and communities. This highlights a common feature in community resilience-building initiatives, which is to focus on those who are already ‘robust’ versus those who are ‘vulnerable’ in relation to resilience indicators, and whose needs may require different or additional resources in order to be met. At one level, this is a pragmatic resourcing issue: national agencies understandably want to put their people, energy and dollars where they are most needed in pursuit of a steady-state unified national response at times of crisis. Nor should it be argued that at least some CALD groups, particularly those from new arrival and refugee communities, are not vulnerable in at least some of the ways and for some of the reasons suggested in the program evaluation. However, the consistent focus on CALD communities as ‘vulnerable’ and ‘in need’ is problematic, as well as partial. It casts members of these communities as structurally and inherently less able and less resilient in the context of disasters and emergencies: in some sense, as those who, already ‘victims’ of chronic social deficits such as low English proficiency, social isolation and a mysterious unidentified set of ‘cultural factors’, can become doubly victimised in acute crisis and disaster scenarios. In what is by now a familiar trope, the description of CALD communities as ‘vulnerable’ precludes asking questions about what they do have, what they do know, and what they do or can contribute to how we respond to disaster and emergency events in our communities. A more profound problem in this sphere revolves around working out how best to engage CALD communities and individuals within existing approaches to disaster and emergency preparedness and response. This reflects a fundamental but unavoidable limitation of disaster preparedness models: they are innately spatially and geographically bounded, and consequently understand ‘communities’ in these terms, rather than expanding definitions of ‘community’ to include the dimensions of community-as-social-relations. While some good engagement outcomes were achieved locally around cross-cultural knowledge for emergency services workers, the AEMI program fell short of asking some of the harder questions about how emergency and disaster service scaffolding and resilience-building approaches might themselves need to change or transform, using a cross-cutting model of ‘communities’ as both geographic places and multicultural spaces (Bartowiak-Théron and Crehan) in order to be more effective in national scenarios in which cultural diversity should be taken for granted. Toward Acknowledgement of Resilience Capital Most significantly, the AEMI program did not produce any recognition of the ways in which CALD communities already possess resilience capital, or consider how this might be drawn on in formulating stronger community initiatives around disaster and threats preparedness for the future. Of course, not all individuals within such communities, nor all communities across varying circumstances, will demonstrate resilience, and we need to be careful of either overgeneralising or romanticising the kinds and degrees of ‘resilience capital’ that may exist within them. Nevertheless, at least some have developed ways of withstanding crises and adapting to new conditions of living. This is particularly so in connection with individual and group behaviours around resource sharing, care-giving and social responsibility under adverse circumstances (Grossman and Tahiri) – all of which are directly relevant to emergency and disaster response. While some of these resilient behaviours may have been nurtured or enhanced by particular experiences and environments, they can, as the discussion of recent literature above suggests, also be rooted more deeply in cultural norms, habits and beliefs. Whatever their origins, for culturally diverse societies to achieve genuine resilience in the face of both natural and human-made disasters, it is critical to call on the ‘social memory’ (Folke et al.) of communities faced with responding to emergencies and crises. Such wellsprings of social memory ‘come from the diversity of individuals and institutions that draw on reservoirs of practices, knowledge, values, and worldviews and is crucial for preparing the system for change, building resilience, and for coping with surprise’ (Adger et al.). Consequently, if we accept the challenge of mapping an approach to cultural diversity as resource rather than relic into our thinking around strengthening community resilience, there are significant gains to be made. For a whole range of reasons, no diversity-sensitive model or measure of resilience should invest in static understandings of ethnicities and cultures; all around the world, ethnocultural identities and communities are in a constant and sometimes accelerated state of dynamism, reconfiguration and flux. But to ignore the resilience capital and potential protective factors that ethnocultural diversity can offer to the strengthening of community resilience more broadly is to miss important opportunities that can help suture the existing disconnects between proactive approaches to intercultural connectedness and social inclusion on the one hand, and reactive approaches to threats, national security and disaster response on the other, undermining the effort to advance effectively on either front. This means that dominant social institutions and structures must be willing to contemplate their own transformation as the result of transcultural engagement, rather than merely insisting, as is often the case, that ‘other’ cultures and communities conform to existing hegemonic paradigms of being and of living. In many ways, this is the most critical step of all. A resilience model and strategy that questions its own culturally informed yet taken-for-granted assumptions and premises, goes out into communities to test and refine these, and returns to redesign its approach based on the new knowledge it acquires, would reflect genuine progress toward an effective transculturational approach to community resilience in culturally diverse contexts.References Adger, W. Neil, Terry P. Hughes, Carl Folke, Stephen R. 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NotesThe concept of ‘resilience capital’ I offer here is in line with one strand of contemporary theorising around resilience – that of resilience as social or socio-ecological capital – but moves beyond the idea of enhancing general social connectedness and community cohesion by emphasising the ways in which culturally diverse communities may already be robustly networked and resourceful within micro-communal settings, with new resources and knowledge both to draw on and to offer other communities or the ‘national community’ at large. In effect, ‘resilience capital’ speaks to the importance of finding ‘the communities within the community’ (Bartowiak-Théron and Crehan 11) and recognising their capacity to contribute to broad-scale resilience and recovery.I am indebted for the discussion of the literature on resilience here to Dr Peta Stephenson, Centre for Cultural Diversity and Wellbeing, Victoria University, who is working on a related project (M. Grossman and H. Tahiri, Harnessing Resilience Capital in Culturally Diverse Communities to Counter Violent Extremism, forthcoming 2014).