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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2014
    In:  Leiden Journal of International Law Vol. 27, No. 3 ( 2014-09), p. 641-660
    In: Leiden Journal of International Law, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 27, No. 3 ( 2014-09), p. 641-660
    Abstract: This article explores the structural link between international law's long-standing doctrinal commitment to commerce and its inability to act decisively on behalf of the environment. One of the fundamental rights the early authors of jus gentium discovered was the right to engage in commerce. Francisco de Vitoria, Alberico Gentili, and Hugo Grotius each drew on and applied a providentialist theory of commerce. The doctrine held that Providence distributed scarcity and plenty across the earth so that peoples could not be self-sufficient, but would need to go in search of one another in order to acquire what they lacked. Commerce imagined in its pure form of reciprocal, mutually beneficial exchange would be the means to bring separated mankind to friendship. The embrace of the providentialist doctrine by these early exponents of the law of nations, carried forward by Emer de Vattel, set the stage for international law's longstanding commitment to international commerce, viewed (despite all the distortions) as a virtuous activity that tends to the common good. The doctrine's additional legacy was the installation of a view of nature as commodity. The providentialist doctrine of commerce, adopted by the early authors of international law, remains embedded in the structure of international law and cannot easily be dislodged. Until this doctrine is dislodged, however, international law will continue to be hobbled in its ability to address the urgent task of protecting the natural environment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0922-1565 , 1478-9698
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017891-8
    SSG: 2
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    SAGE Publications ; 2010
    In:  Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Vol. 26, No. 3 ( 2010-08), p. 273-293
    In: Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, SAGE Publications, Vol. 26, No. 3 ( 2010-08), p. 273-293
    Abstract: Federal legislation and concern about high-profile school shootings have placed attention on safe schools and school discipline. Anecdotal evidence and several reports indicate that in response to calls to promote safety, schools are increasingly referring students to the juvenile courts for acts of misbehavior. Using data from the National Juvenile Court Data Archive, the study reported here examined school referrals (SR) to the juvenile courts in five states from 1995 to 2004. We studied SR over time as well as the proportion of total referrals originating in schools. There was variability in the number of referrals to the juvenile courts originating in the schools and in the trends of SR across states as well as the odds that referrals originated in schools. We found evidence that in four of five states, referrals from schools represented a greater proportion of total referrals to juvenile courts in 2004 than in 1995. We also found differences in the odds of SR to out-of-school referrals (OSR) by race and by gender in some states but not in others. The findings suggest that states may differ in the way in which their schools respond to misbehavior and in the way their schools directly refer students to the juvenile courts. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the findings.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1043-9862 , 1552-5406
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2027876-7
    SSG: 2
    SSG: 2,1
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    SAGE Publications ; 2011
    In:  The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles Vol. 84, No. 3 ( 2011-09), p. 199-221
    In: The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles, SAGE Publications, Vol. 84, No. 3 ( 2011-09), p. 199-221
    Abstract: Whether police corruption is an individual or an organisational phenomenon has been a feature of recent criminological debates. The definition of police corruption has also changed and more modern definitions, based on the motivation behind the behaviour, include perverse practices designed to give a false impression of improved performance. Such practices are referred to as ‘gaming’, and examples involving law enforcement agencies are regularly cited in the academic literature on this subject. In this article statistical patterns in police performance data are linked to particular forms of ‘gaming’ behaviour. It is argued that the scale and seismic nature of fluctuations linked to particular events, sometimes involving scandals or other exposures, indicate that the behaviour is organisational and linked to objectives being pursued by senior officers. The contributions of Her Majesty's Government Statistical Office and Home Office Research Development and Statistics department are acknowledged in the provision of the statistics on which this article is based.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0032-258X , 1740-5599
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2132317-3
    SSG: 2
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2010
    In:  British Journal of Criminology Vol. 50, No. 2 ( 2010-03-01), p. 391-392
    In: British Journal of Criminology, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 50, No. 2 ( 2010-03-01), p. 391-392
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-0955 , 1464-3529
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1478955-3
    SSG: 2
    SSG: 2,1
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2010
    In:  Journal of International Economic Law Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2010-09-01), p. 531-550
    In: Journal of International Economic Law, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2010-09-01), p. 531-550
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1369-3034 , 1464-3758
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1497440-X
    SSG: 2
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2013
    In:  Leiden Journal of International Law Vol. 26, No. 2 ( 2013-06), p. 369-397
    In: Leiden Journal of International Law, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 26, No. 2 ( 2013-06), p. 369-397
    Abstract: This article sets out to examine the legal nature of ceasefire resolutions issued by the United Nations Security Council. While it has become common practice for the Council to issue calls or demands for ceasefires, their legal nature – and in particular whether they are legally binding – remains unclear. Furthermore, given the ubiquity of non-international armed conflict, there is an additional challenge with regard to the legal effect of such resolutions upon non-state armed groups. The article provides an analysis of these issues and concludes with a potential way forward.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0922-1565 , 1478-9698
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017891-8
    SSG: 2
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2014
    In:  Leiden Journal of International Law Vol. 27, No. 3 ( 2014-09), p. 573-593
    In: Leiden Journal of International Law, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 27, No. 3 ( 2014-09), p. 573-593
    Abstract: This article explores the relationship between international law and the natural environment. We contend that international environmental law and general international law are structured in ways that systemically reinforce ecological harm. Through exploring the cultural milieu from which international environmental law emerged, we argue it produced an impoverished understanding of nature that is incapable of responding adequately to ecological crises. We maintain that environmental issues should not be confined to a disciplinary specialization because humanity's relationship with nature has been central to making international law. Foundational concepts such as sovereignty, development, property, economy, human rights, and so on, have evolved through understanding nature in ways that are unsuited to perceiving or observing ecological limits. International law primarily sees nature as a resource for wealth generation to enable societies to continually develop, and environmental degradation is treated as an economic externality to be managed by special regimes. Through tracing the co-evolution of these assumptions about nature alongside seminal disciplinary concepts, it becomes evident that such understandings are central to shaping international law and that the discipline helps universalize and normalize them. By comprehending more broadly the relationship between nature and international law, it is possible to see beyond law's potential to correct environmental harm and identify the disciplinary role in driving ecological degradation. Venturing beyond the purview of international environmental lawyers, this article considers the role of all international lawyers in augmenting and mitigating ecological crises. It concludes that disciplinary solutions to environmental problems require radical departures from existing disciplinary tenets, necessitating new formulations that encapsulate rich and diverse understandings of nature.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0922-1565 , 1478-9698
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017891-8
    SSG: 2
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2010
    In:  Capital Markets Law Journal Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2010-01-01), p. 63-88
    In: Capital Markets Law Journal, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2010-01-01), p. 63-88
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1750-7219 , 1750-7227
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2251586-0
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Informa UK Limited ; 2010
    In:  The American Journal of Bioethics Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2010-04-09), p. 80-82
    In: The American Journal of Bioethics, Informa UK Limited, Vol. 10, No. 4 ( 2010-04-09), p. 80-82
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1526-5161 , 1536-0075
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Informa UK Limited
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2035206-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Informa UK Limited ; 2012
    In:  The American Journal of Bioethics Vol. 12, No. 4 ( 2012-04), p. 1-2
    In: The American Journal of Bioethics, Informa UK Limited, Vol. 12, No. 4 ( 2012-04), p. 1-2
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1526-5161 , 1536-0075
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Informa UK Limited
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2035206-2
    SSG: 12
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