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  • The Royal Society  (12)
  • 2015-2019  (12)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Credibility, peer review, and Nature , 1945–1990
    The Royal Society ; 2015
    In:  Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science Vol. 69, No. 3 ( 2015-09-20), p. 337-352
    Details
    In: Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science, The Royal Society, Vol. 69, No. 3 ( 2015-09-20), p. 337-352
    Abstract: This paper examines the refereeing procedures at the scientific weekly Nature during and after World War II. In 1939 former editorial assistants L. J. F. Brimble and A. J. V. Gale assumed a joint editorship of Nature . The Brimble–Gale era is now most famous for the editors' unsystematic approach to external refereeing. Although Brimble and Gale did sometimes consult external referees, papers submitted or recommended by scientists whom the pair trusted were often not sent out for further review. Their successor, John Maddox, would also print papers he admired without external refereeing. It was not until 1973 that editor David Davies made external peer review a requirement for publication in Nature. Nature 's example shows that as late as the 1960s a journal could be considered scientifically respectable even if its editors were known to eschew systematic external peer review.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0035-9149 , 1743-0178
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2015.0029
    RVK:
    AX 30030
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092666-2
    SSG: 11
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gases, God and the balance of nature: a commentary on Priestley (1772) ‘Observations on different kinds of air’
    The Royal Society ; 2015
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Vol. 373, No. 2039 ( 2015-04-13), p. 20140229-
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 373, No. 2039 ( 2015-04-13), p. 20140229-
    Abstract: Historians of chemistry usually associate the eighteenth century with the Chemical Revolution, but it could just as readily be called ‘the century of gases’ (or ‘airs’, as they were called in the eighteenth century). In the early part of the century, the British pneumatic chemists struggled to replace the traditional notion ‘Air’, understood as an inert chemical element, with the concept of ‘air’, regarded as the third state of matter, encompassing a wide variety of chemical species. These developments constituted a necessary condition for the Chemical Revolution, which occurred in the latter part of the century. In ‘Observations’, Priestley took pneumatic chemistry to a new level, with the discovery of eight simple inorganic gases. Motivated by his belief in a benevolent God and a pious utilitarianism, Priestly explored the role of the atmosphere in the balance of nature and the politics of the state, which he linked to the movement of Rational Dissent. He styled himself an ‘aerial philosopher’ to signal the interdisciplinary nature of his inquiries, which he regarded not as a branch of ordinary chemistry, but as a mode of thought that encompassed physics, chemistry and natural theology. Priestley saw it as a source of principles and secrets of nature more extensive than that of ‘gravity itself’. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1364-503X , 1471-2962
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0229
    RVK:
    AX 30011
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 208381-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1462626-3
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 5,1
    SSG: 5,21
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  • 3
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    Extraordinary fossils reveal the nature of Cambrian life: a commentary on Whittington (1975) ‘The enigmatic animal Opabinia regalis , Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia’
    The Royal Society ; 2015
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 370, No. 1666 ( 2015-04-19), p. 20140313-
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 370, No. 1666 ( 2015-04-19), p. 20140313-
    Abstract: Harry Whittington's 1975 monograph on Opabinia was the first to highlight how some of the Burgess Shale animals differ markedly from those that populate today's oceans. Categorized by Stephen J. Gould as a ‘weird wonder’ ( Wonderful life , 1989) Opabinia , together with other unusual Burgess Shale fossils, stimulated ongoing debates about the early evolution of the major animal groups and the nature of the Cambrian explosion. The subsequent discovery of a number of other exceptionally preserved fossil faunas of Cambrian and early Ordovician age has significantly augmented the information available on this critical interval in the history of life. Although Opabinia initially defied assignment to any group of modern animals, it is now interpreted as lying below anomalocaridids on the stem leading to the living arthropods. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8436 , 1471-2970
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0313
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1462620-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
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    From evidence to understanding: a commentary on Fisher (1922) ‘On the mathematical foundations of theoretical statistics’
    The Royal Society ; 2015
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Vol. 373, No. 2039 ( 2015-04-13), p. 20140252-
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 373, No. 2039 ( 2015-04-13), p. 20140252-
    Abstract: The nature of statistics has changed over time. It was originally concerned with descriptive ‘matters of state’—with summarizing population numbers, economic strength and social conditions. But during the course of the twentieth century its aim broadened to include inference—how to use data to shed light on underlying mechanisms, about what might happen in the future, about what would happen if certain actions were taken. Central to this development was Ronald Fisher. Over the course of his life he was responsible for many of the major conceptual advances in statistics. This is particularly illustrated by his 1922 paper, in which he introduced many of the concepts which remain fundamental to our understanding of how to extract meaning from data, right to the present day. It is no exaggeration to say that Fisher's work, as illustrated by the ideas he described and developed in this paper, underlies all modern science, and much more besides. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1364-503X , 1471-2962
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0252
    RVK:
    AX 30011
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 208381-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1462626-3
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 5,1
    SSG: 5,21
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  • 5
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    What's statistical about learning? Insights from modelling statistical learning as a set of memory processes
    The Royal Society ; 2017
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 372, No. 1711 ( 2017-01-05), p. 20160056-
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 372, No. 1711 ( 2017-01-05), p. 20160056-
    Abstract: Statistical learning has been studied in a variety of different tasks, including word segmentation, object identification, category learning, artificial grammar learning and serial reaction time tasks (e.g. Saffran et al. 1996 Science 274 , 1926–1928; Orban et al. 2008 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 , 2745–2750; Thiessen & Yee 2010 Child Development 81 , 1287–1303; Saffran 2002 Journal of Memory and Language 47 , 172–196; Misyak & Christiansen 2012 Language Learning 62 , 302–331). The difference among these tasks raises questions about whether they all depend on the same kinds of underlying processes and computations, or whether they are tapping into different underlying mechanisms. Prior theoretical approaches to statistical learning have often tried to explain or model learning in a single task. However, in many cases these approaches appear inadequate to explain performance in multiple tasks. For example, explaining word segmentation via the computation of sequential statistics (such as transitional probability) provides little insight into the nature of sensitivity to regularities among simultaneously presented features. In this article, we will present a formal computational approach that we believe is a good candidate to provide a unifying framework to explore and explain learning in a wide variety of statistical learning tasks. This framework suggests that statistical learning arises from a set of processes that are inherent in memory systems, including activation, interference, integration of information and forgetting (e.g. Perruchet & Vinter 1998 Journal of Memory and Language 39 , 246–263; Thiessen et al. 2013 Psychological Bulletin 139 , 792–814). From this perspective, statistical learning does not involve explicit computation of statistics, but rather the extraction of elements of the input into memory traces, and subsequent integration across those memory traces that emphasize consistent information (Thiessen and Pavlik 2013 Cognitive Science 37 , 310–343). This article is part of the themed issue ‘New frontiers for statistical learning in the cognitive sciences'.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8436 , 1471-2970
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0056
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1462620-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
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    Medawar's legacy to cellular immunology and clinical transplantation: a commentary on Billingham, Brent and Medawar (1956) ‘Quantitative studies on tissue transplantation immunity. III. Actively acquired tolerance’
    The Royal Society ; 2015
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 370, No. 1666 ( 2015-04-19), p. 20140382-
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 370, No. 1666 ( 2015-04-19), p. 20140382-
    Abstract: ‘Quantitative studies on tissue transplantation immunity. III. Actively acquired tolerance’, published in Philosophical Transactions B in 1956 by Peter Medawar and his colleagues, PhD graduate Leslie Brent and postdoctoral fellow Rupert Billingham, is a full description of the concept of acquired transplantation tolerance. Their 1953 Nature paper (Billingham RE et al . 1953 Nature 172 , 603–606. ( doi:10.1038/172603a0 )) had provided initial evidence with experimental results from a small number of neonatal mice, with mention of similar findings in chicks. The Philosophical Transactions B 1956 paper is clothed with an astonishing amount of further experimental detail. It is written in Peter Medawar's landmark style: witty, perceptive and full of images that can be recalled even when details of the supporting information have faded. Those images are provided not just by a series of 20 colour plates showing skin graft recipient mice, rats, rabbits, chickens and duck, bearing fur or plumage of donor origin, but by his choice of metaphor, simile and analogy to express the questions being addressed and the interpretation of their results, along with those of relevant published data and his prescient ideas of what the results might portend. This work influenced both immunology researchers and clinicians and helped to lay the foundations for successful transplantation programmes. It led to the award of a Nobel prize in 1960 to Medawar, and subsequently to several scientists who advanced these areas. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8436 , 1471-2970
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0382
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1462620-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
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    The unseen world: reflections on Leeuwenhoek (1677) ‘Concerning little animals’
    The Royal Society ; 2015
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 370, No. 1666 ( 2015-04-19), p. 20140344-
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 370, No. 1666 ( 2015-04-19), p. 20140344-
    Abstract: Leeuwenhoek's 1677 paper, the famous ‘letter on the protozoa’, gives the first detailed description of protists and bacteria living in a range of environments. The colloquial, diaristic style conceals the workings of a startlingly original experimental mind. Later scientists could not match the resolution and clarity of Leeuwenhoek's microscopes, so his discoveries were doubted or even dismissed over the following centuries, limiting their direct influence on the history of biology; but work in the twentieth century confirmed Leeuwenhoek's discovery of bacterial cells, with a resolution of less than 1 µm. Leeuwenhoek delighted most in the forms, interactions and behaviour of his little ‘animalcules', which inhabited a previously unimagined microcosmos. In these reflections on the scientific reach of Leeuwenhoek's ideas and observations, I equate his questions with the preoccupations of our genomic era: what is the nature of Leeuwenhoek's animalcules, where do they come from, how do they relate to each other? Even with the powerful tools of modern biology, the answers are far from resolved—these questions still challenge our understanding of microbial evolution. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8436 , 1471-2970
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0344
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1462620-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
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    The early evolution of land plants, from fossils to genomics: a commentary on Lang (1937) ‘On the plant-remains from the Downtonian of England and Wales'
    The Royal Society ; 2015
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 370, No. 1666 ( 2015-04-19), p. 20140343-
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 370, No. 1666 ( 2015-04-19), p. 20140343-
    Abstract: During the 1920s, the botanist W. H. Lang set out to collect and investigate some very unpromising fossils of uncertain affinity, which predated the known geological record of life on land. His discoveries led to a landmark publication in 1937, ‘On the plant-remains from the Downtonian of England and Wales’, in which he revealed a diversity of small fossil organisms of great simplicity that shed light on the nature of the earliest known land plants. These and subsequent discoveries have taken on new relevance as botanists seek to understand the plant genome and the early evolution of fundamental organ systems. Also, our developing knowledge of the composition of early land-based ecosystems and the interactions among their various components is contributing to our understanding of how life on land affects key Earth Systems (e.g. carbon cycle). The emerging paradigm is one of early life on land dominated by microbes, small bryophyte-like organisms and lichens. Collectively called cryptogamic covers, these are comparable with those that dominate certain ecosystems today. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8436 , 1471-2970
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0343
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1462620-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
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    Deciphering death: a commentary on Gompertz (1825) ‘On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies’
    The Royal Society ; 2015
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 370, No. 1666 ( 2015-04-19), p. 20140379-
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 370, No. 1666 ( 2015-04-19), p. 20140379-
    Abstract: In 1825, the actuary Benjamin Gompertz read a paper, ‘On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies’, to the Royal Society in which he showed that over much of the adult human lifespan, age-specific mortality rates increased in an exponential manner. Gompertz's work played an important role in shaping the emerging statistical science that underpins the pricing of life insurance and annuities. Latterly, as the subject of ageing itself became the focus of scientific study, the Gompertz model provided a powerful stimulus to examine the patterns of death across the life course not only in humans but also in a wide range of other organisms. The idea that the Gompertz model might constitute a fundamental ‘law of mortality’ has given way to the recognition that other patterns exist, not only across the species range but also in advanced old age. Nevertheless, Gompertz's way of representing the function expressive of the pattern of much of adult mortality retains considerable relevance for studying the factors that influence the intrinsic biology of ageing. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8436 , 1471-2970
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0379
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1462620-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    Geoffrey Ronald Burbidge. 24 September 1925 — 26 January 2010
    The Royal Society ; 2017
    In:  Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society Vol. 63 ( 2017-01), p. 55-78
    Details
    In: Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, The Royal Society, Vol. 63 ( 2017-01), p. 55-78
    Abstract: Geoffrey (Geoff) Burbidge's career spanned the tumultuous years when astronomy was transformed from a purely optical science to a multi-wavelength discipline through the development of new types of astronomy—radio, X-ray, γ -ray, cosmic ray physics. These offered new astrophysical and cosmological challenges, which he grasped with relish. To all of these disciplines, Geoff, often in collaboration with his wife Margaret Burbidge (FRS 1964), made pioneering contributions, particularly in the areas of the synthesis of the chemical elements, the physics of extragalactic radio sources, the rotation curves of galaxies, the dark matter problem in clusters of galaxies, the physics of accretion discs and the origin of cosmic rays. He also espoused less popular causes such as the non-cosmological nature of the redshifts of quasars and was sceptical about the standard Big Bang picture of the origin of the large-scale structure and dynamics of the Universe. He was a flamboyant and outspoken astrophysicist who challenged his colleagues about their deeply held views on all aspects of astrophysics and cosmology. His service to the community included five years as director of the US Kitt Peak National Observatory, based in Tucson, Arizona, and as a most effective editor of Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics for over 30 years and the Astrophysical Journal.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0080-4606 , 1748-8494
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rsbm.2017.0002
    RVK:
    XA 32740
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2173285-1
    SSG: 11
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