Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Contents -- Part IBuilding Forest Inventory Institutions -- 1 The Growing Mandate of Forest Inventories -- 1.1…Emerging Environmental Problems -- 1.2…The Road from Stockholm to Rio -- 1.3…Global Forest Resources Assessments During 2000--2010 -- 1.4…The Existing Capacity in the Tropical Regions -- 1.5…The Purpose and Organization of the Book -- 1.5.1 Purpose of the Book -- 1.5.2 Organization of the Book -- 1.5.3 The Information Sources -- Recommended Further Reading -- On Web -- 2 Forest Inventory Problem Formulation -- 2.1…Linking Forest Inventory with the Problem -- 2.2…The Changing Demand for Forest Inventory Information -- 2.3…Problem-Oriented Classification of Forest Inventories -- 2.4…Identification of Information Needs -- 2.5…Identification and Assessment of Environmental Functions of Forests -- Recommended Further Reading -- 3 Organizing Existing Information -- 3.1…The Role of Existing Information -- 3.2…The Existing Forest Inventories Data and Reports -- 3.3…The Existing Forest Research Data -- 3.4…National/International Libraries and Journals -- 3.5…Forest Dynamics Plots (FDP) -- 3.6…FAO FORIS: An Example of Organizing Country Data -- Recommended Further Reading -- 4 Technology Transfer and Applications -- 4.1…The Role of Technology in Forest Inventory -- 4.2…A Classification of Emerging Technologies -- 4.3…Strategy for Adopting New Technologies -- 4.3.1 Strengthening Core Competence -- 4.4…Special Considerations in Technology Applications -- 4.5…FAO Remote Sensing Surveys of Tropical Forests -- 4.5.1 Background -- 4.5.2 Methodology -- 4.5.3 Main Findings -- Recommended Further Reading -- On Web -- 5 Capacity Building in Planning and Forest Assessments -- 5.1…The Problem Formulation -- 5.2…Areas for Capacity Development in Forest Assessments. , 5.3…Integration of Planning with Forest Inventory: An Important Issue -- 5.3.1 Long-Term Forestry Planning (Strategic Forestry Planning) -- 5.3.2 Medium and Short-Term Forestry Planning (or Forest Management Planning) -- 5.4…Sustainable Non-Timber Forest Management: An Emerging Area -- 5.5…European Experience with Capacity Development -- 5.6…The Role of International/Regional Cooperation -- Geomatics Center of the Andhra Pradesh Forest Department, Hyderabad, India -- Recommended Further Reading -- Geomatics Center of the Andhra Pradesh Forest Department, Hyderabad, India (contd.)An Analysis of Causes for the Success: The subject is complex to analyze, but some of the contributory factors are briefly touched upon. Initially, FAO provided a vision for the GIS development, application and its institutional growth on a continuing basis including establishing a main center at Dullapalli, close to Hyderabad, and the vision of the three regional sub-centers by ecological zone. All these are real -- Part IIPractice of Forest Inventory -- 6 Statistical Planning -- 6.1…The Purpose of Statistical Planning -- 6.2…Role of the Forest Statistician -- 6.3…Main Steps in the Sample Survey Design -- 6.4…Some Commonly Used Designs for Forest Assessments -- 6.4.1 A Brief Description of Designs -- 6.5…Survey of Trees Outside Forests -- 6.5.1 Introduction -- 6.5.2 The Formulation of Survey Objectives -- 6.5.3 Defining Survey Universe -- 6.5.4 Survey Methodology -- 6.5.5 Bangladesh National Inventory of Village Forests -- 6.5.6 Survey of Trees Outside Forests in India -- 6.5.7 Distance Method for Study of Discontinuous Vegetation of Andhra Pradesh, India -- 6.6…A Forest Inventory Planning Checklist -- Recommended Further Reading -- On Web -- 7 Special Studies -- 7.1…The Scope of Special Studies -- 7.2…The Planning of Special Studies -- 7.3…Development of Volume Equations. , 7.4…Biomass Functions -- 7.5…Non-Wood Forest Products -- 7.5.1 Fruit/Seed/Pulp Yield -- Recommended Further Reading -- 8 Data Collection -- 8.1…Classification of Data Sources -- 8.2…Field Plan and Logistics -- 8.3…Field Manual and Field Forms -- 8.4…Special Studies -- 8.5…Check-Crew Work -- 8.6…Computer-Assisted & -- !nbsp -- Editing & -- !nbsp -- and & -- !blank -- Data & -- !nbsp -- Archival & -- !nbsp -- Routines -- Recommended Further Reading -- 9 Data Processing -- 9.1…Roles of Data Processing -- 9.2…Data Processing Operations in a Forest Inventory -- 9.2.1 Phase I: Manual and Computer-Assisted Editing of Field Forms -- 9.2.2 Phase II: Development of Volume Functions -- 9.2.3 Phase III: Tree Volume Estimation and Plot Level Summaries for Error Calculation -- 9.2.4 Phase IV: Estimation of Means and Standard Errors -- 9.2.5 Phase V: Final Tabulations and Database Storage and Archival Routines -- 9.3…Some Strategic Data Processing Questions -- 9.4…Generalized Versus Tailor-Made EDP Systems -- 9.5…Case Study of FAO Forest Inventory Data Processing System (FIDAPS) -- 9.5.1 Output and Input Specifications -- 9.5.2 PC-FIDAPS documentation -- 9.5.3 Concluding Remarks -- 10 The Report Writing -- 10.1…General Comments on Reporting -- 10.2…Forest Inventory Problem Formulation -- 10.3…The Statistical Planning -- 10.3.1 The Sampling Design -- 10.3.2 Special Studies -- 10.4…Main Findings of the Survey -- 10.4.1 The Land Cover and Forest Changes -- 10.4.2 The Condition of the Forest Floor -- 10.4.3 Trees Outside Forests -- 10.4.4 Comparison with Other Forests in the District -- 10.4.5 Livelihood and Resource-Use Pattern -- 10.4.6 Fuelwood Gathering and Sal Leaf Plucking -- 10.5…Survey Evaluation and Recommendations -- Recommended Further Reading -- Part IIISouth-South Cooperation -- 11 Common Patterns of Spatial Variations in the Tropics. , 11.1…Similarities in Forest Formations Across the Continents -- 11.2…Macro-Variation Patterns and Their Significance for Stratification -- 11.3…Meso-Variation Patterns and Their Significance for the Sampling Design -- 11.4…Micro-Variation Patterns and Their Significance for Plot Size and Shape -- 11.5…Rain Forest Loss and Change -- Recommended Further Reading -- 12 Remote Sensing Applications in Forest Inventory -- 12.1…On Rapid Developments in Remote Sensing Technology -- 12.2…Lidar Potentials in Forest Inventory -- 12.3…Applications of Aerial Photographs in Forest Inventory -- 12.3.1 Complete Photo Interpretation -- 12.3.2 Point Photo Interpretation -- 12.4…Estimating Cost-Effectiveness of Remote Sensing -- 12.5…A Case Study of FSI State of Forest Report -- 12.5.1 Assessment Method -- 12.5.2 Accuracy Assessment -- Recommended Further Reading -- 13 Growth and Yield Studies -- 13.1…Special Growth and Yield Conditions in the Tropics -- 13.2…Growth and Yield of Tropical Plantations -- 13.2.1 Methods of Study -- 13.2.2 The Current State of Knowledge -- 13.3…Growth and Yield Research in the Temperate Zone -- 13.3.1 The Current Status -- 13.3.2 Forest Plantation's Development Modeling -- Increment and Volume Relation -- 13.4…Growth and Yield of Mixed Tropical Forests -- 13.5…Growth and Yield of Individual Trees -- 13.5.1 Methods of Research -- 13.5.2 Stump and Stem Analysis -- 13.5.3 Increment Borings -- 13.6…Applications of G& -- Y Research in Forest Management Planning -- 13.6.1 Hill Dipterocarp Forests of Malaysia -- 13.6.2 Mixed Tropical Forests, Indonesia -- Recommended Further Reading -- 14 Estimating Potential Productivity of Forests -- 14.1…The Need for Potential Productivity Estimation -- 14.2…Description of Climatic Indices -- 14.2.1 Paterson Climate--Vegetation--Productivity Index -- 14.2.2 Validation of Paterson Index for India. , 14.2.3 Weck Productivity Index (WPI) -- 14.2.4 Validation of Weck Productivity Indices -- 14.3…Recent Availability of Climatic Data for the Tropics -- 14.3.1 Temperature -- 14.3.2 Growing Season -- 14.3.3 Relative Humidity -- 14.3.4 Day Length -- 14.3.5 Precipitation -- 14.4…The Areas of Further Research on Forest--Climate Relation -- 14.4.1 Productivity Indices -- 14.4.2 Annual Growth Indices -- 14.4.3 Hardness Index -- 14.4.4 Suggestions for a Climatic Index -- 14.5…South--South Cooperation in Climate--Change Research -- Recommended Further Reading -- 15 Land Evaluation Techniques for Forestry Planning -- 15.1…The Purpose of Land Evaluation -- 15.2…Description of Land Evaluation Techniques -- 15.3…Applications of Land Evaluation Techniques in Forestry -- 15.4…Land Evaluation for Forestry Planning at the National Level -- 15.5…Land Evaluation for Forestry Planning at the District Level -- Recommended Further Reading -- Part IVInternational Dimensions of ForestResources Assessments -- 16 Identification and Evaluation of Environmental Functions of Forests -- 16.1…The Problem Formulation -- 16.2…Components of Cultural and Natural Ecosystems -- 16.3…The Ecosystem Dynamics -- 16.4…The Ecosystem Variables and Change Model -- 16.5…Example of a Study Using Ecosystem Approach -- Recommended Further Reading -- 17 Ecological Zoning and Assessments of Biological Diversity in the Tropics -- 17.1…The Need for Ecological Zoning -- 17.2…The Approach for Ecological Zoning -- 17.2.1 The Choice of Parameters -- 17.2.2 The Classification and Mapping of EFZ -- 17.2.3 The Validation Phase -- 17.3…The EFZ Map and the Database -- 17.4…The Tropical Forest Ecosystems Report 1992 -- 17.5…Biodiversity Loss Associated with Tropical Deforestation -- 17.5.1 Problem Formulation -- 17.5.2 Modeling of Biological Diversity Richness Loss: FRA1990 Approach. , 17.5.3 Species Area Relation by Ecological Zone.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Introduction - Perspectives of Water Resources Management -- Abstract -- 1.1. Water and the Society -- 1.2. Availability of Water on the Earth -- 1.3. Hydrologic Cycle and Human Intervention -- 1.4. Global Climate Change and the Water Resource -- 1.5. Future Challenges of Water Resources Management -- Relevant Journals -- References -- Assessment of Water Resources -- Abstract -- 2.1. Estimation of Surface Water Resource -- 2.2. Investigation of Groundwater -- 2.2.1. Planning an Investigation -- 2.2.2. Steps Involved in a Site Investigation -- Field Reconnaissance -- Literature Search -- Determination of Data Requirement and Selection of Method -- 2.2.3. Approaches of Investigation -- 2.3. MechanicalApproach -- Drilling of Exploratory Bore Wells -- Avoiding Cross Contamination during Drilling -- Limitations -- Sampling Interval and Representation -- 2.4. Geo-PhysicalApproach -- Principle of Geophysical Approach -- 2.5. ElectricalMethod -- Principle of the Method -- 2.6. Electromagnetic Method -- Principle of the Method -- 2.7. Estimation of Groundwater Potential -- 2.7.1. Quantitative Estimation of Groundwater -- 2.7.2. Groundwater Availability for Pumping in Terms of Potential Recharge -- 2.7.3. Groundwater Availability in Terms of Safe Yield -- Determination of Specific Yield -- 2.7.4. Water Budget Approach -- Expression of Water Budget -- I-Input -- Estimation of Potential Recharge -- O-Output -- Surface Runoff -- Groundwater Discharge -- Evapotranspiration -- S - Storage -- Estimation of Absolute Change (Amount) -- 2.8. Groundwater Development Potential and Issues in Saline/Coastal Areas -- 2.9. Environmental Flow Assessment -- Building Block Method (BBM) -- Drift Method -- Relevant Journals -- Exercises -- Estimation of Groundwater Recharge -- Abstract -- 3.1. Concept, Purpose and Significance of Recharge Estimation. , Concept -- Purpose -- Significance -- 3.2. Relevant Terminologies -- Infiltration -- Percolation -- Seepage -- Actual Recharge -- Potential Recharge -- Direct/Diffuse Recharge -- Indirect Recharge -- Localized/Focused Recharge -- Artificial Recharge -- Natural Recharge -- Induced Recharge -- Base-Flow -- Darcy's Equation or Law -- Deep Drainage -- Drainage Basin -- Groundwater Basin -- Hydrologic Budget or Water Budget -- Piston Flow or Plug Flow -- Preferential Recharge -- Recharge Area -- Rejected Recharge -- Residence Time -- Residual -- 3.3. Sources and Mechanism of Recharge -- 3.4. Factors Affecting Recharge -- Soil Factor -- Topography -- Land-Surface and Vegetation -- Sub-Surface Geology -- Climate -- Rainfall Amount and Its Distribution -- Evaporative Demand of the Atmosphere -- Existence of Water Bodies or Streams -- Storage Capacity of the Aquifer -- Depth to Aquifer -- 3.5. GW Recharge-Discharge/Withdrawal Relationship and Sustainability Issues -- 3.6. Functional Form of Recharge and Limiting Conditions -- 3.6.1. Functional Form -- 3.6.2. Limiting Conditions -- 3.7. Recharge Estimation - Available Approaches and Methods -- Initiating Recharge Study/Preliminary Recharge Estimate -- Recharge Estimation Techniques -- 3.7.1. Water Budget (or Water Balance) Method -- Principle of the Method -- Boundaries Require -- Mathematical Formulation of Water Budget Equation -- Merits of Water Budget Method -- Demerits of Water Budget Method -- 3.7.2. Water-Table Fluctuation Method -- Principle of the Method -- Appropriateness/Suitability of the Method -- Assumptions -- Mathematical Formulation -- Limitations -- Merits of the Method -- Demerits of the Method -- 3.7.3. Lysimeter Method -- Measurement Procedure -- ET Measurement -- Limitations -- Merits of Lysimeter Method -- Demerits/Shortcomings -- 3.7.4. Seepage Meter Method -- Principle of the Method. , Detail Method -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.5. Field Plot Water Balance -- Principle -- Detail Method -- Merits of the Method -- Demerits -- 3.7.6. Soil-Water Balance Approach -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.7. Zero-Flux Plane -- Principle -- Methods -- In Absence of a Zero Flux Plane -- Limitations -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.8. Darcy's Law Approach -- 3.7.8.1. Darcy's Law Method for Unsaturated Zone -- Principle -- Method -- Suitability/Limitations -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.8.2. Darcy's Law Method for Saturated Zone -- Merits -- Demerits/Shortcomings -- 3.7.9. Base-Flow Discharge -- Principle of the Method -- Detail Method -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.10. Numerical Method -- 3.7.10.1. Numerical Method for Watershed modeling -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.10.2. Numerical Modeling for Unsaturated-Zone Studies -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.10.3. Numerical Model for Saturated-Unsaturated Flow -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.11. Tracer Techniques -- Characteristics of an Ideal Tracer -- 3.7.11.1. Chemical Tracer -- Perspectives and Procedure -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.11.2. Isotopic Tracer -- Stable Isotope -- Radioactive Isotope -- Detail Working Method -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.11.3. Environmental Tracers -- Chloride Mass Balance (CMB) Approach -- Perspectives and Methods -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.11.4. Historical Tracer -- Perspectives and Procedure -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.11.5. Groundwater Dating -- Perspectives and Methods -- Age from 3H/3He Data -- Use of 14C for Groundwater Age -- Recharge Rate from GW Age -- Characteristics and Considerations -- Merits -- Demerits -- 3.7.11.6. Limitations/Restrictions of Using Tracer -- 3.7.11.7. Interpretation of Tracer Results -- 3.7.11.8. Merits of Tracer Techniques over Other Methods, and Concerns -- Merits -- Concerns -- 3.7.12. Empirical Method -- Anderson et al. (1992) Formula -- Chaturvedi Formula. , Kumar and Seethapathi Formula -- Merits of Empirical Methods -- Demerits -- Future Refinement -- 3.7.13. Application of Multiple Techniques -- 3.8. Recharge Estimation Related to Aquifer Vulnerability to Contamination -- 3.9. Choosing an Appropriate Method for Recharge Estimation -- 3.9.1. Factors to be Considered in Selecting a Recharge Estimation Method -- Aim or Objective of Recharge Estimation -- Required Accuracy of Recharge Estimate -- Geomorphology of the Target Area -- Climate -- Geology -- Source and Mechanism of Recharge -- Temporal and Spatial Scale Required -- Availability of Time and Money -- Limitations/Suitability of the Methods themselves -- 3.9.2. Optimization among Different Factors and Estimating Recharge -- 3.10. Developing a Conceptual Model of Recharge/Conceptualizing a Recharge Model -- 3.11. Challenges in Predictive Relations and Recharge Generalization -- 3.12. Geological Mapping of the Recharge Areas -- General Guidelines for Mapping Recharge Area -- 3.13. Methods for Estimating/Measuring Components of Water Budget Equation -- 3.13.1. Evapotranspiration -- Direct Measurement of ET by Lysimeter -- Indirect Method -- From Field Plot -- From Crop Coefficient -- 3.13.2. Surface Runoff -- From Crop Fields -- SCS Runoff Method -- Peak Runoff from Single Storm Event -- 3.14. Worked Out Problems -- Example 3.1 -- Solution -- Example 3.2 -- Solution -- Example 3.3 -- Solution -- Example 3.4 -- Solution -- Example 3.5 -- Solution -- Example 3.6 -- Solution -- Example 3.7 -- Solution -- Relevant Journals -- Questions/Exercise -- References -- Water-Well Construction and Well Hydraulics -- Abstract -- 4.1. Construction of Water-Well -- 4.1.1. Importance of Proper Design and Construction of Well -- 4.1.2. Types of Well -- Bored Wells -- Drilled Wells -- 4.1.3. Well Construction -- 4.1.3.1. Principal Activities in Well Construction. , Site Selection -- Drilling -- 4.1.3.2. Drilling Methods -- 4.1.3.3. Definition of Relevant Terminologies -- 4.2. Well Design -- 4.2.1. Design Elements and Design Considerations -- Well Depth -- Casing Size and Material Type -- Well Screen -- Slot Size Openings -- Screen Length, Pattern, Total Open Area, and Placement -- Screen Material -- Filter Material -- Casing Materials -- 4.2.2. Design Criteria and Procedure -- Diameter of Slot/SCREEN opening -- Screen Open Area -- Length of Screen -- Position of Screen -- Screen Material -- Hydraulic Criteria/Velocity of Water -- Diameter of Screen Pipe, Vertical Velocity -- Gravel Pack/Filter Material -- 4.3. Well Completion and Development -- 4.3.1. Well Completion -- Well Casing and Sealing -- The Annular Seal -- Annulus Seal -- Well Cap -- Filter Material -- 4.3.2. Well Development -- 4.3.3. Disinfection of Well -- 4.3.4. Economic Considerations -- 4.4. Well Hydraulics -- 4.4.1. Relevant Terminologies -- Specific Capacity -- Well Capacity or Yield -- Well Efficiency -- 4.4.2. Well Yield in Aquifer -- 4.4.2.1. Flow of Water to Well in Unconfined Aquifer -- Theim Equation -- 4.4.2.2. Flow of Water to Well in Confined AQUIFER -- Theis Equation -- Derivation of the Equation -- 4.5. Pumping Test/Well Yield Test and Determination of Aquifer Parameters -- 4.5.1. Relevant Terminologies -- Residual Drawdown -- Specific Capacity -- Well Efficiency -- 4.5.2. Perspectives of Pumping Test -- 4.5.3. General Assumptions in Pumping Test -- 4.5.4. Constant Rate Test -- Observation Wells -- 4.5.5. Step Wise Test -- 4.5.6. Analysis of Pump Test Data -- Theis Method -- Cooper-Jacob Method -- Time-Drawdown Approach -- Distance-Drawdown Approach -- Theis Recovery Approach -- Limitations -- Relevant Journals -- Questions/Exercises -- References -- Management of Water Resources -- Abstract. , 5.1. Concept of Water Resources Management.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- List of Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Pamirian Spaces: Mapping Process Geographies in the Mountainous Periphery -- Introduction -- Protection of Indigenous Rights? -- Alai and Pamirs: Environmental Niche and Hub of Ecological Resources -- Border Processes -- Scope of the Volume -- References -- Pamir or Pamirs: Perceptions and Interpretations -- Introduction -- Colonial Exploration of the Pamirian Void -- Classification of Exclusion and Inclusion -- The Pamir Highway: An Internal Artery Motivating Cross-­Border Road Construction -- Regionalisation of the Pamirs: Introduction of the Various Pamirian Regions -- Importance of the Pamirian Knot -- References -- Archival Records -- Who Is Mapping the Pamirs? A Review on Plant and Vegetation Sciences -- Introduction -- Data Collection -- Discussion of the Dataset -- Results -- Paper Statistics -- Journal Statistics -- Author Statistics -- Coauthor Networks -- Discussion -- References -- Geomorphic Features of the Eastern Pamirs, with a Focus on the Occurrence of Intermontane Basins -- Introduction -- Regional Setting -- Tectonic Features -- Present and Past Climatic Features -- Intermontane Basins in the Eastern Pamirs -- Tectonic Basins -- Basins Related to Downstream Damming -- Glaciated Basins -- Alichur Pamir -- Great Pamir -- Little Pamir -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Water of the Pamir - Potential and Constraints -- Introduction -- Observed Glacier Changes -- Observed Runoff Changes -- Future Trends -- Conclusions -- References -- Khans, Kings, Communists, Warlords and Presidents: Afghan Kirghiz Socioeconomic Strategies for Extorting and Extracting from the State -- Introduction -- State-Society Relations: The Kirghiz Experience -- Political Capital -- Non-state Sources of Patronage -- A Direct Line to Kabul. , The Politics of State Patronage -- A Last Migration for the Afghan Kirghiz? -- References -- Changes in the Relationship Between Borders and Pastoral Mobility in Mountain Regions of Central Asia -- National Independence: An Obstacle for Transboundary Pastoral Mobility in Central Asia? -- Spatial Boundaries and Pastoral Mobility: A Tricky Relationship -- 'Containment of Chaotic Land Use' under Russia's Colonial Rule -- 'Nationalisation of the Means of Production' and Planned Economy in Soviet Times -- Contemporary Suppressed Transboundary Mobility -- Conclusion: Effects and Risks of Resource-Related 'Othering' Strategies -- Interview Partners -- References -- Seasonal Pasture Use and Vegetation Cover Changes in the Alai Valley, Kyrgyzstan -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data Set and Methods -- Interviews -- Satellite-Based Vegetation Index Data -- Grazing Intensity -- GIS -- Results -- Seasonal Pasture Use -- Changes in Vegetated Cover -- Analysis of Grazing Intensity -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Diversity of Seasonal Migration of Livestock in the Eastern Alai Valley, Southern Kyrgyzstan -- Introduction -- Study Area and Method -- Movement Patterns of Livestock Grazing in the Eastern Alai Valley -- Sary-Tash -- Taldy-Suu -- Seasonal Pastoral Practise and Natural Environments in the Eastern and Western Alai Valley -- Discussion -- Comparison Between the Eastern and Western Valleys -- Inequality of Pastureland Use and Future Sustainability -- Conclusions -- References -- Kezüü and Novad: A Form of Pastoralism in the Eastern Alai Valley, Southern Kyrgyzstan -- Introduction -- Development of the Cooperative Daily Grazing System of Kezüü/Novad in the Alai Valley -- Study Area and Method -- The Cooperative Daily Grazing System of Kezüü in Sary-Tash and Taldy-Suu -- Kezüü in Sary-Tash AA -- Kezüü in Taldy-Suu AA. , Types of Kezüü and Novad Throughout the Entire Alai Valley -- Types of Kezüü and Novad Throughout the Entire Alai Valley -- References -- External Support and Local Agency: Uncertain Transformations of Livelihoods in the Pamirian Borderland of Tajikistan -- Introduction -- Borderlands as Social Space -- Historic Legacy: The Pamirs as a Soviet Borderland -- Persistence and Change in Tajikistan's Borderland During the Transition Period -- Russian Border Forces: Persisting Role after the Soviet Dissolution -- Post-Soviet Economic Realities: Humanitarian Relief and Dissolution of Exchange Relations -- Livelihood Trajectories in the Border District -- Less Urgency for Economic Success -- 'Hidden' Emergency Assistance -- Exclusive Buffer Zone Access -- Conclusions -- Interview Partners -- References -- The Current Status of Lifestyle and Occupations in the Wakhan Area of Tajikistan -- Introduction -- General Description of the Wakhan Area and Its Inhabitants -- Status of Agriculture and Local Society -- Agriculture and Other Employment -- Infrastructure and Education -- Introducing Sustainable Tourism -- Conclusions -- References -- Political Ecology of Human-Environment Change in Gojal, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan -- Introduction -- Legal and Constitutional Liminality -- Global Conservation -- Transnational Ismailism -- Road Infrastructure -- The Attabad Landslide -- Conclusion -- References -- The Changes in Regional Structure and Land Use Related to External Factors in Hussaini Village, Northern Pakistan -- Introduction -- Changes in the Regional Structure and Farmland Use in Hussaini Village -- The Period of Isolation before the Opening of the Karakoram Highway -- The Period of Opening Up: The 1980s Until the Late 2000s -- The Period between 2010 and the Present after the Emergence of the Dammed Lake -- Conclusions -- References. , Humanitarianism Across Mountain Valleys: "Shia Aid" and Development Encounters in Northern Pakistan and Eastern Tajikistan -- Introduction -- Entering Contact Zones -- Developing Hunza -- Education for Nagar -- Saving and Substituting in the State in Gorno-Badakhshan -- Worldly Duties and Sectarian Aims -- Conclusion -- References -- History of the Development of the Pamir Region of Tajikistan (Gorno-Badakhshan) -- Introduction -- Early Development History -- Nineteenth-Century Russian Exploration -- Permanent Russian Presence and Early Development Activities -- Population Growth -- Soviet Period -- Socialist Revolution in a Muslim Country -- Food Production -- The Post-Soviet Period and the Aga Khan Foundation -- A New Paradigm -- Sustainable Solutions -- Health -- Emergency Needs -- Pharmaceuticals -- Essential Hospital Services -- Health Management Information System (HMIS) -- Education -- Agricultural Reform -- Food Diversification -- Village-Level Autonomy -- Gender and Social Equality -- Energy -- Challenges and Future Prospects -- References -- Conclusions: Why Do We Need to Make Efforts to Map the Transition? -- Introduction -- Transitions: Driven by External Pressures or Internal Efforts? -- The Next Step -- References.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Series Editors' Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: The Quest for Transdisciplinarity in Small-Scale Fisheries Governance -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 About this Book -- References -- Chapter 2: Too Big To Ignore - A Transdisciplinary Journey -- 2.1 A Global Look at Small-Scale Fisheries -- 2.2 The Need for a Large-Scale Research Network -- 2.3 Identification of the Big Questions -- 2.4 The Focus on Knowledge Sharing and Integration -- 2.5 The Role of Transdisciplinary Capacity Building -- 2.6 Looking Forward -- Appendix 2.1 -- List of TBTI Book Volumes, E-book Publications and Journal Special Issues -- References -- Part II: Broadening the Scope -- Chapter 3: The Value of Values for Understanding Transdisciplinary Approaches to Small-Scale Fisheries -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Transdisciplinary Approaches to Values in Small-Scale Fisheries -- 3.2.1 Economic Valuation -- 3.2.2 Ecosystem Services -- 3.2.3 Political Economy -- 3.2.4 Social Wellbeing -- 3.2.5 Interactive Governance -- 3.2.6 Post-normal Science -- 3.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Fish and Food Security in Small-Scale Fisheries -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fisheries and Food Security -- 4.3 Linking Fish Nutrition to Food Security -- 4.4 Fish, Food, and Culture -- 4.5 Fish as a Linkage Between Ecosystem Health and Human Well-Being -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Broadening the Knowledge Base of Small-Scale Fisheries through a Food Systems Framework: A Case Study of the Lake Superior Region -- 5.1 The Lake Superior Fisheries Governance System -- 5.2 A Food Systems Framework -- 5.3 Three Illustrative Case Studies -- 5.3.1 Batchewana First Nation Fisheries -- 5.3.2 Eat the Fish -- 5.3.3 Bodin's Fisheries -- 5.4 Discussion -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Strengthening the Base. , Chapter 6: Economic Viability of Small-Scale Fisheries: A Transdisciplinary Evaluation Approach -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 A Transdisciplinary Approach to Economic Viability -- 6.3 Methodology -- 6.3.1 Attribute-Based Approach -- 6.3.2 Assessment of Economic Viability -- 6.4 Relating Attributes to Economic Viability -- 6.5 Case Study: Mexico -- 6.5.1 Case Study Context -- 6.6 Defining Mexican Small- and Large-Scale Fisheries -- 6.6.1 Basic Economic Viability -- 6.6.1.1 Data Sources of Basic Economic Viability -- 6.6.1.2 Results of Basic Economic Viability -- 6.6.2 Extended Economic Viability -- 6.6.2.1 Data Sources for Extended Economic Viability -- 6.6.2.2 Results of Extended Economic Viability Assessment -- 6.6.3 Policy Recommendations and Conclusions Based on the Economic Viability Assessment of Mexican Fisheries -- 6.7 Discussion and Conclusion -- Appendices -- Appendix 6.1: Glossary -- Appendix 6.2: Equations -- Appendix 6.3: Tables Showing Data Sources for Each Attribute -- References -- Chapter 7: Gender Perspective in Fisheries: Examples from the South and the North -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Searching for Women's Visibility in Fisheries: Feminist Research and International Legal Framework -- 7.2.1 International Legal and Institutional Frames Securing Women and Gender Equality -- 7.3 Conceptualizing and Constructing Gender in Contexts and Empowerment -- 7.3.1 Gender Empowerment: What to Measure -- 7.4 Women in Fisheries - A Few Examples -- 7.4.1 Pre-harvesting and Household Work -- 7.4.2 Harvesting Activities, Property Rights, and Management of Territories and Resources -- 7.4.3 Women in Harvesting -- 7.4.4 Post-harvesting Activities -- 7.4.4.1 Selling and Artisanal Processing of Fish -- 7.4.4.2 Women in Industrial Processing -- 7.5 Women Organizations and Participation in Decision Making -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 8: Markets, Distribution and Value Chains in Small-Scale Fisheries: A Special Focus on Europe -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Main Initiatives and Strategies to Promote Small-Scale Fisheries Products and Improve Market Opportunities Around the World -- 8.2.1 Direct Marketing Arrangements -- 8.2.2 Certification and Labels -- 8.3 Challenges in the Trade of Small-Scale Fisheries Products in the European Union -- 8.3.1 Sector Organization -- 8.3.2 Marketing Standards -- 8.3.3 Consumer Information -- 8.3.4 Competition Rules and Market Intelligence -- 8.4 Transdisciplinarity in Action: An Example of Small-Scale Fishery Marketing in the Canary Islands -- 8.4.1 Research Methods in Small-Scale Fisheries Markets in Tenerife -- 8.4.2 Some Results from Market Research in Tenerife -- 8.4.3 Some Proposals and Actions -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Governing for Viability: The Case of Velondriake Locally Managed Marine Area in Madagascar -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Village and the Fisheries -- 9.3 The Governability of Velondriake LMMA -- 9.3.1 The Diverse, Complex and Dynamic Fisheries Systems -- 9.3.2 The LMMA as a Governing Institution -- 9.4 Lessons from the Velondriake LMMA -- 9.5 Strengthening the Base with Transdisciplinary Perspective -- References -- Part IV: Enhancing the Stewardship -- Chapter 10: Stewardship and Sustainable Practices in Small-Scale Fisheries -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Key Concepts -- 10.2.1 Stewardship -- 10.2.2 Sustainable Practices -- 10.3 Stewardship and Sustainability -- 10.4 Supporting Services, Pre-harvest, and Harvest -- 10.5 Postharvest, Distribution, and Consumption -- 10.6 Inter-sectoral Coordination Mechanisms Support Stewardship -- 10.6.1 Integrated Coastal Area Management and Marine Spatial Planning -- 10.6.2 Marine Protected Areas and Their Networks -- 10.7 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 11: Interplay Between Local and Global: Change Processes and Small-Scale Fisheries -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Vulnerabilities of Small-Scale Fisheries -- 11.3 Building on Strengths to Increase Viability -- 11.4 Global Change Responses -- 11.5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Enhancing the Stewardship in Trat Bay, Eastern Thailand: A Transdisciplinary Exercise -- 12.1 Stewardship and Small-Scale Fisheries -- 12.2 Trat Bay Situation Overview and the Transdisciplinary Workshop -- 12.3 Governability Analysis of Trat Bay -- 12.3.1 A Rich and Productive Ecosystem Supporting Diverse Fisheries -- 12.3.2 Dynamic Social Systems Affecting Sustainability -- 12.3.3 Complex Governing System Lowering Governability -- 12.3.4 Wicked Problems in Trat Bay Within and Beyond Fisheries -- 12.4 Ways Forward to Enhancing Stewardship -- 12.4.1 Innovative Policies Aligning with the Local Context -- 12.4.2 Strengthening Local Organizations -- 12.4.3 Building Alliance with Other Sectors -- References -- Part V: Defending the Beach -- Chapter 13: Strategies and Policies Supporting Small-Scale Fishers' Access and  Conservation Rights in a Neoliberal World -- 13.1 Introduction: Why Small-Scale Fishers Tend to Lose Access to Fish and Fishing Benefits -- 13.2 Strategy 1. Local or National Institutions Hold and Lease Out Access Privileges According to Place-Based and Sustainability Criteria -- 13.2.1 The Cape Cod Fisheries Trust in Massachusetts, USA -- 13.2.2 The Thorupstrand Coastal Fishermen's Guild in Denmark -- 13.2.3 The Namibian Government Holds and Leases Out IQs on a Temporary Basis -- 13.2.4 The Western Alaska Community Development Quota (CDQ) Program, USA -- 13.3 Strategy 2. State Uses Non-market Mechanisms to Limit and Transfer Permits -- 13.4 Strategy 3. Local Bodies Limit Sale or Allocation of Access Privileges to Local Fishers. , 13.5 Strategy 4. State Prohibits Access Privileges Going to Non-fishers -- 13.6 Strategy 5. Successful Resistance by Artisanal Fisheries to Overfishing by Larger Gear and Habitat Destruction by Development Projects -- 13.6.1 Dominican Republic Community Protects Local Waters from Outsiders' Destructive Gear -- 13.6.2 Malawi Fishers' Committees Protect Local Waters from Outsiders' Destructive Gear -- 13.6.3 Lummi Tribe and Coalition in Washington State, USA, Defeats Attempt to Build Habitat-Destroying Coal Port Terminal -- 13.7 Strategy 6. Local Governing Body Exercises Conservation Rights in British Columbia, Canada -- 13.8 Strategy 7. Alternative Marketing Strategies by Small-Scale Fishers Bypass Corporate Fish Processors and Gain Market Power -- 13.8.1 Direct Marketing of Higher Quality Fish for a Better Price, Alaska and Washington State, USA -- 13.8.2 Community Supported Fisheries (CSFs): Social Enterprises That Use Market Power to Support a Broader Range of Benefits -- 13.9 Strategy 8. State Regulation or Re-regulation Dampens Neoliberal Control Mechanisms -- 13.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: The Small-Scale Fisheries of Indigenous Peoples: A Struggle for Secure Tenure Rights -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The Legal Status of Indigenous Fishing Peoples -- 14.3 Indigenous Peoples - Recognition of Fishing Tenure -- 14.3.1 Norway -- 14.3.2 Australia -- 14.3.3 Nicaragua -- 14.3.4 South Africa -- 14.4 Discussion -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Defending the Beach: Transdisciplinary Approaches in Small-Scale Fisheries in Pernambuco, Brazil -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Untangling the Wicked Problems of Small-Scale Fisheries -- 15.2.1 The Legal Framework of the Small-Scale Fisheries System to Be Governed: Territoriality, Tradition, and Sustainable Use -- 15.3 Interactions and Governing System(s) Quality. , 15.3.1 The Northern Coast Fishing Territory Policy and Multi-Stakeholder Council.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Building the City of Kings: Environmental Consciousness and the Construction of Colonial Lima, Peru, 1535-1625 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Historiography -- Founding the City of Kings -- Urban Growth -- Building Materials -- Environmental Influences on Architecture and Design -- Conclusion -- References -- Articles in Journals -- Conference Proceedings -- Dissertations -- Books -- Edited Books -- Articles in Edited Books -- Electronic Media -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 2 -- Makers of Waterscapes: Water Abundance, Discourses and the Market in the Ica and Pampas Basins, Peru -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Water Scarcity -- Water Scarcity, Development and Discourses -- Huancavelica and the Pampas Basin -- Water Conflict between Ica and Huancavelica and the State Intervention -- Making up Water Scarcity in Ica -- Ica's Discourse on Water Abundance in the Upper Basin -- Peasant Communities, Alpacas and the Market -- Ecosystem Management and Water Use in the Upstream Basin -- Discussion -- Annex N 1. -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 3 -- The Environmental Aspects of Bioenergy Production in Peru -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. A Global Perspective -- 1.2. Bioenergy Context in Peru -- 2. Methodology -- 2.1. Raw Materials -- 2.2. Processes Description -- 2.2.1. Biodiesel Production -- 2.2.2. Bioethanol Production -- 2.3. Simulation Approach -- 2.4. Environmental Assessment -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Biodiesel Production -- 3.2. Bioethanol Production -- 3.3. Environmental Analysis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Paraguay's Dramatic Land-Use Change in the 20th Century: Concerning Massive Deforestation and Crawling Reforestation -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History of Deforestation -- 2.1. Eastern Paraguay -- 2.2. Western Paraguay. , 3. National Reserves -- 4. Reasons for Tree Planting -- 5. Reforestation Activities in a Historical Overview -- 5.1. National Efforts (1950s/80s) -- 5.2. Social Plantations (1980-Present) -- 5.3. Corporate Efforts (After 1995) -- 5.4. Out-Grower Schemes (After 2000) -- 5.5. Carbon Forestry (After 2007) -- 6. Main Constraints for Forest Plantations -- 6.1. Legal Insecurity -- 6.2. Centralization -- 6.3. Corruption -- 6.4. Political Will -- 6.5. Problems with Long-Term Loans -- 6.6. Weakness of Institutions -- 6.7. Investigation and Information Deficit -- 6.8. Producers' Attitude -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 5 -- Citizen Participation in the Local Governments of Paraguay through Social Networking Sites -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Literature Review, Hypotheses and Research Questions -- Political Ideology -- Citizens' Access to Internet -- Economic Capacity of the Municipality -- Social Networking Activity and Interactivity -- Education Level -- Method -- Phase 1: Sample Selection and Data Collection -- Phase 2: Descriptive Analysis of Citizens' Engagement via Facebook -- Phase 3: Empirical Analysis of Engagement via Facebook -- Results -- Level of Citizens' Engagement Via Local Governments' Facebook Pages in Paraguay -- Factors Influencing Citizens' Engagement Via Local Governments' Facebook Pages -- Conclusion and Discussion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 6 -- Paraguay: Where Corruption and Poverty Hamper Development -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Poverty Permeates Through Paraguayan Families -- Caazapá Struggles with a Chronic Malnutrition Obstacle -- Empty Rhetoric on the War Against Poverty -- Tape Porã Concession: Example of a Broken System -- Grim Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Assessing Paraguay's Possible Futures -- Abstract -- Introduction. , Is Something Different Now? -- Assessing Possible Futures from Today's Perspective -- What Could be the Next Chapter of Paraguay's History? -- Factors Shaping a New Historical Period -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: The International Climate Regimeand its Driving-Forces: Obstacles and Chances on the Way to a Global Response to the Problem of Climate Change -- Table of content -- Table of figures -- Appendixes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Scientific and economical consequences of anthropogenic climate change -- 2.1. The natural and anthropogenic greenhouse effect -- 2.1.1. The IPCC and its 4th Assessment Report -- 2.1.2. The Stern Review and the economics of climate change -- 3. The regime theory -- 3.1. Three schools of thought within the theory of international regime -- 3.1.1. The interest-based approach -- 3.1.1.1. Two-level games -- 3.1.2. The power-based approach -- 3.1.3. The knowledge-based approach -- 3.2. Application of the three approaches to the issue area of climate change -- 4. The issue area of climate change current climate regime -- 4.1. The current climate change regime -- 4.1.1. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change -- 4.1.2. The Kyoto-Protocol -- 4.1.2.1. The exit of the USA from the Kyoto Protocol -- 4.1.2.2. Basic weaknesses of the Kyoto Protocol -- 4.1.3. The Bali roadmap -- 4.2. Priorities of the main actors -- 4.2.1. The United States of America -- 4.2.1.1. Obama's New Climate Policy -- 4.2.2. China -- 4.2.2.1. China's plead for consumption-based inventories -- 4.3. International negotiations for a post-2012 agreement in Copenhagen and Cancún -- 5. Analysis of the driving-forces of the climate regime -- 5.1. The effectiveness and robustness of regimes -- 5.2. The driving-forces of the international climate regime and its consequences for the effectiveness of the regime -- 5.2.1. Analysis of the current climate regime -- 5.2.2. Analysis of the negotiations for a post-2012 agreement -- 5.2.3. Outlook regarding the regime's potential future driving-forces -- 5.2.3.1. A shift in Obama's political priority setting. , 5.2.3.2. Developments at the state level in the US -- 5.3. Conclusion -- References -- Monographs -- Scientific papers in omnibus volumes -- Articles in refereed journals -- Scientific publications -- Newspaper and magazine articles -- Internet sources (chronological after usage in the text) -- Appendixes -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Appendix 3 -- Appendix 4 -- Appendix 5 -- Appendix 6 -- Appendix 7 -- Appendix 8 -- Appendix 9 -- Appendix 10 -- Appendix 11 -- Appendix 12.