Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- List of boxes -- Preface -- Part I: Introduction to environmental management -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Aims and background -- Key terms and concepts -- Definition and scope of EM -- The evolution of EM -- Sustainable development (SD) -- EM problems and opportunities -- Encouraging EM -- Summary -- Further reading -- EM books -- SD books -- EM journals -- SD journals -- www sources -- Professional bodies -- EM courses -- Chapter 2: Environmental management: Character and goals -- Character and goals of EM -- Concept of limits to development -- Polluter-pays principle -- Precautionary principle -- EM challenges -- Need to be adaptable and resilient and to seek to reduce human vulnerability -- EM ethics and institutions -- Summary -- Further reading -- www sources -- Chapter 3: Environmental management and science -- Environment and environmental science -- Structure and function of the environment -- Trophic level and organic productivity -- The ecosystem -- Biosphere cyclic processes -- How stable and resilient are environments? -- Stability -- Resilience -- Threatening environmental events -- Biodiversity -- Environmental limits and resources -- Environmental limits -- Resources -- The Gaia hypothesis -- Environmental crisis -- Environmental and ecosystems modelling, the ecosystem concept, environmental systems and ecosystem management -- Applying the ecosystem concept to tourism, conservation and heritage management -- Applying the ecosystem concept to urban and periurban management -- Applying the ecosystem concept to conservation management -- Environmental systems and ecosystem planning and management - biogeophysical units -- Ecozones, ecoregions and ecodistricts. , Coastal zone and marine ecosystem planning and management -- River basin planning and management -- Watershed/catchment planning and management -- Bioregionalism -- Agroecosystem analysis and management -- Telecoupling -- Landscape ecology approach -- Ekistics -- Summary -- Further reading -- www sources -- Chapter 4: Environmental management background -- Environmental concern 1750 to 1960 -- Environmental concern 1960 to 1980 -- Environmental concern 1980 to the present -- Environmentalism, ecologism and the Green Movement -- Environmentalism -- Ecologism -- Green spirituality -- The Green Movement -- Dark- deep- light- and bright-greens -- Social sciences and environmentalism -- A late twentieth-century paradigm shift? -- Ethics for EM -- Women and the environment -- Social aspects of resource use -- The greening of economics -- Human capital / social capital / cultural capital / built capital -- Global environmental problems and economics -- Environmental accounts -- Estimating the value of the environment and natural resources -- Cost-benefit analysis -- BATNEEC and BPEO -- Shadow prices -- Paying for and encouraging EM -- Fair trade -- Contract farming -- Green taxes -- Pigouvian taxes -- Carbon emissions taxes and incentives -- Tradable energy quotas -- Energy use taxes -- REDD and REDD+ -- Green aid -- Natural capital and ecosystem services -- Natural capital -- Ecosystem services -- Debt, structural adjustment and the environment -- Debt-for-nature/environment swaps -- Trade and EM -- Summary -- Further reading -- www sources -- Part II: Practice -- Chapter 5: Environmental management, business and law -- The US National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) - a 1970 environmental Magna Carta? -- EM and business/organisations -- Corporate visions of stewardship - a paradigm shift to EM ethics? -- Corporate social responsibility (CSR). , The triple bottom line -- Environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) -- Approaches adopted to promote EM in business/organisations -- Industrial ecology -- Ecological engineering -- Green marketing -- Green consumerism and consumer protection bodies -- Eco-labelling -- Total quality management and environment -- EM systems -- Green and sustainable supply chain management -- Life-cycle assessment -- Covenants -- Small and medium enterprises/businesses and the environment -- Greenwashing -- EM and business: the current situation -- EM and law -- European law and EM -- International law and EM -- International law and sovereignty issues -- Conflict management and EM -- Indigenous peoples and environmental law -- International conferences and agreements -- Alternative dispute resolution -- Summary -- Further reading -- www sources -- Chapter 6: Participants in environmental management -- Learning from past peoples -- Stakeholders -- Stakeholder analysis and stakeholder management -- Facilitators -- Citizens -- Indigenous groups -- Women -- Individuals and groups seeking change -- Individuals and groups with little power -- Displaced people -- Public -- Participatory EM -- Aarhus Convention -- Transition Towns Movement -- Funding and research bodies -- Communications -- Controllers -- Traditions and spirituality -- Accreditation -- International bodies and agreements -- NGOs and EM -- Millennium and ongoing development goals -- Unions -- Summary -- Further reading -- www sources -- Chapter 7: Environmental management approaches -- EM focus and stance -- Political ecology focus and stance -- Political economy focus and stance -- Human ecology focus and stance -- Participatory focus and stance -- Participatory appraisal -- Local, community, regional and sectoral EM -- Adaptive EM -- Tools, expert systems and decision support for EM -- Tools for EM. , Expert systems -- Decision support for EM -- Systems and network approaches for EM -- Ecosystem approaches -- Ecosystem services -- Bioregional approaches -- Agroecosystem approaches -- Urban ecosystem approaches -- SMART cities or ecosystem cities approaches -- River basin ecosystem approaches -- Watershed and catchment systems approaches -- Socio-economic and socio-economic-environmental systems -- Environmental management systems -- The state and EM -- Non-Western EM -- China -- India -- Southeast Asia -- West Asia, Middle East and Northern Africa -- Africa -- South and Central America and the Caribbean -- Transboundary and global EM -- Integrated EM -- Strategic EM -- Strategic environmental assessment -- Summary -- Further reading -- www sources -- Chapter 8: Data, standards, indicators, benchmarks, goal setting and objectives, monitoring, surveillance, models and auditing -- Tools, data, data analysis, statistics and interpretation -- Fuzzy data -- Big data -- Open data -- Data assessment/analysis -- Indicators, standards and benchmarks -- Indicators -- SD indicators -- Standards -- Benchmarks -- Setting goals and objectives and getting an overall view -- Setting goals -- Scoping -- Pilot study -- Life-cycle assessment -- Participatory assessment -- Monitoring -- Ultimate environmental threshold assessment -- Remote sensing, GIS and GPS -- Remote sensing -- GIS -- GPS -- Business and project evaluation monitoring tools -- Surveillance -- Modelling -- Environmental auditing/assessment, eco-auditing, environmental accounting, SD auditing and environmental compliance auditing -- Environmental auditing -- Eco-auditing -- Environmental accounting -- SD assessment/audit and state of the environment accounts -- Environmental assessment/appraisal -- Supply chain auditing -- Environmental compliance auditing -- Eco-footprint and carbon footprint. , Integrated environmental assessment -- Cumulative impact assessment -- Summary -- Further reading -- Books -- Journals -- www sources -- Chapter 9: Proactive assessment, prediction and forecasting -- Futures studies -- Predicting future scenarios -- Forecasting -- Futures modelling and future scenario prediction -- Hazard assessment and risk assessment -- Environmental impact assessment -- Dealing with indirect and cumulative impacts -- Social impact assessment -- Other tools for assessing the potential for development and impacts of development -- Ecological impact assessment -- Habitat evaluation -- Land-use planning -- Land capability classification, evaluation and appraisal -- Land suitability assessment -- The universal soil loss equation and revised universal soil loss equations -- Agroecosystem zones -- Farming systems research -- Participatory assessment approaches -- Livelihoods assessment -- Vulnerability studies -- Technology assessment -- Health risk assessment and health impact assessment -- Computers and expert systems -- Adaptive environmental assessment and management -- Integrated, comprehensive and regional impact assessment, integrated and strategic EM -- Integrated and comprehensive impact assessment -- Integrated regional environmental assessment -- Strategic environmental assessment -- Summary -- Further reading -- www sources -- Part III: Global challenges and opportunities -- Chapter 10: Resources: Character, opportunities and challenges -- Resources characteristics and management issues -- Water -- Floods -- Drought and reduced river flows -- Water resources management -- Developing rivers -- Small reservoirs and tanks -- Barrages -- Large dams -- Interbasin transfers -- Shared rivers -- Lakes and ponds -- Irrigation, runoff collection and rain-fed agriculture -- Air -- Land and soil -- Wetlands -- Energy. , Food and commodities.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Section I Single Use Plastics -- Chapter 1 Scientometric Analysis of Microplastics across the Globe -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Materials and Methods -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.3.1 Trends in Scientific Production and Citations -- 1.3.2 Top Funding Agencies -- 1.3.3 Top 10 Global Affiliations -- 1.3.4 Top Countries -- 1.3.5 Top 10 Databases and Journals -- 1.3.6 Top 10 Published Articles -- 1.3.7 Top 10 Author Keywords and Research Areas -- 1.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans - A Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Plastics -- 2.1.2 Plastic Pollution -- 2.1.3 Microplastics -- 2.1.4 Importance of Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans -- 2.2 Polar Regions -- 2.2.1 General -- 2.2.2 Sea Ice -- 2.2.3 Water -- 2.2.4 Sediments -- 2.2.5 Biota -- 2.3 Future Perspectives -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Microplastics - Global Scenario -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Environmental Issues of Plastic Waste -- 3.3 Coprocessing of Plastic Waste in Cement Kilns -- 3.3.1 Cost of Plants to Convert Plastic Waste to Refused-Derived Fuel (RDF) -- 3.4 Disposal of Plastic Waste Through Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT) -- 3.4.1 Merits of PPT -- 3.5 Constraints on the Use of Plastic Waste Disposal Technologies -- 3.6 Alternate to Conventional Petro-based Plastic Carry Bags and Films -- 3.7 Improving Waste Management -- 3.7.1 Phasing Out Microplastics -- 3.7.2 Promoting Research into Alternatives -- 3.7.3 Actions and Resolutions -- References -- Chapter 4 The Single-Use Plastic Pandemic in the COVID-19 Era -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Data Sources -- 4.2.2 Estimation of the General population's Daily Use of Face Masks. , 4.2.3 Estimation of the Daily Amount of Medical Waste in Hospitals -- 4.3 Trends in Production and Consumption of SUPs during the Pandemic -- 4.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment -- 4.3.2 Packaging SUPs -- 4.3.2.1 Trends in Plastic Waste Generation, Management, and Environmental Fate during the COVID-19 Era -- 4.4 SUP Waste from the Pandemic -- 4.4.1 Environmental Impacts from SUP Waste -- 4.4.2 Management of SUP Waste -- 4.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Section II Microplastics in the Aerosphere -- Chapter 5 Atmospheric Microplastic Transport -- 5.1 The Phenomenon of Microplastic Transport -- 5.2 Factors Affecting Microplastic Transport -- 5.2.1 Types of MPs -- 5.2.2 Characteristics and Sources of Microplastics Emitters -- 5.2.3 Meteorological Conditions -- 5.2.4 Altitude and Surface Roughness -- 5.2.5 Microplastic Deposition Processes in the Ocean -- 5.2.6 Microplastics Deposition Processes in the Air -- 5.3 Microplastic Transport Modelling -- 5.3.1 Eulerian Method -- 5.3.2 Lagrangian Method -- References -- Chapter 6 Microplastics in the Atmosphere and Their Human and Eco Risks -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 6.2.1 Size, Shapes, and Colours -- 6.2.2 Chemical Composition -- 6.2.3 Sources of Microplastics -- 6.2.4 Spatial Distribution and Rate of Deposition -- 6.2.5 Effects of Climatic Conditions on MP Distribution -- 6.2.6 Transport Pathways -- 6.2.7 Pollutants Associated with MPs -- 6.3 Impact of Microplastics on Human Health and the Eco Risk -- 6.3.1 Impact on Human Health -- 6.3.2 Eco Risk -- 6.4 Strategies to Minimise Atmospheric MPs through Future Research -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 Sampling and Detection of Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classification -- 7.3 Sampling Microplastics -- 7.3.1 Sampling Airborne Microplastics. , 7.3.2 Sediment -- 7.3.3 Water -- 7.3.4 Biota -- 7.4 Sample Preparation -- 7.5 Detection and Characterisation of MPs in the Atmosphere -- 7.5.1 Microscopic Techniques for Detecting MPs -- 7.5.1.1 Stereomicroscopy -- 7.5.1.2 Fluorescence Microscopy -- 7.5.1.3 Polarised Optical Microscopy (POM) -- 7.5.1.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 7.5.1.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 7.5.1.6 Hot Needle Technique -- 7.5.1.7 Digital Holography -- 7.5.2 Spectroscopic Techniques for Analysing MPs -- 7.5.2.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy -- 7.5.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy -- 7.5.3 Thermal Analysis -- 7.5.3.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) -- 7.5.3.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- 7.5.3.3 Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Pyr-GC-MS) -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Funding -- References -- Chapter 8 Sources and Circulation of Microplastics in the Aerosphere - Atmospheric Transport of Microplastics -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Occurrence and Abundance of Atmospheric MP -- 8.1.2 Plastic Polymers and Their Properties -- 8.1.3 Sources and Pathways of MPs in the Atmosphere -- 8.2 Temporal and Spatial Trends in MP Accumulation -- 8.2.1 Roadside MPs -- 8.2.2 Agricultural Fields and Soil -- 8.2.3 Wastewater and Sludge -- 8.2.4 Ocean/Marine Debris -- 8.3 Formation of MPs -- 8.3.1 Physical Weathering -- 8.3.2 Chemical Weathering -- 8.3.3 Biodegradation -- 8.3.4 Photo-thermal Oxidation -- 8.3.5 Thermal Degradation -- 8.4 Atmospheric Circulation, Transport, Suspension, and Deposition -- 8.4.1 Wet Deposition -- 8.4.2 Dry Deposition -- 8.4.3 Urban Dust -- 8.4.4 Suspended Atmospheric MPs -- 8.5 Atmospheric Chemistry of MPs -- 8.6 Predicting MP Dispersion and Transport -- 8.7 Eco-Environmental Impacts -- 8.7.1 Impacts on Human and Wildlife Health -- 8.7.2 Impacts on the Climate -- 8.8 Future Perspectives -- References. , Section III Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment -- Chapter 9 Interaction of Chemical Contaminants with Microplastics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Interactions -- 9.3 Mechanisms -- 9.3.1 Interactions between Organic Contaminants and Microplastics -- 9.3.2 Interactions between Heavy Metals and Microplastics -- 9.3.3 Kinetics of the Sorption Process -- 9.3.4 Pseudo-First-Order Model -- 9.3.5 Pseudo-Second-Order Model -- 9.3.6 Intraparticle Diffusion Model -- 9.3.7 Film Diffusion Model -- 9.3.8 Isotherm Models -- 9.3.9 Langmuir Model -- 9.3.10 Freundlich Model -- 9.4 Environmental Burden of Microplastics -- 9.5 Future Approaches -- References -- Chapter 10 Microplastics in Freshwater Environments -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Microplastics in Rivers and Tributaries -- 10.3 Microplastics in Lakes -- 10.4 Microplastics in Groundwater Sources -- 10.5 Microplastics in Glaciers and Ice Caps -- 10.6 Microplastics in Deltas -- 10.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 11 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate: Flow and Transport -- 11.1 Plastics and Microplastics -- 11.2 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate -- 11.3 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment - Effects on Ocean Carbon Sequestration and Sustenance of Marine Life -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment -- 12.2.1 Major Sources -- 12.2.2 Chemical Nature and Distribution Processes -- 12.2.2.1 Chemical Nature -- 12.2.2.2 Distribution Processes -- 12.3 Microplastics and Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.1 Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.2 Effect of Microplastics on Ocean Carbon Sequestration -- 12.3.2.1 Effect on Phytoplankton Photosynthesis and Growth -- 12.3.2.2 Effect on Zooplankton Development and Reproduction -- 12.3.2.3 Effect on the Marine Biological Pump -- 12.4 Microplastics and Marine Fauna. , 12.4.1 Effects on Corals -- 12.4.2 Effects on Fisheries and Aquaculture -- 12.4.2.1 Shrimp -- 12.4.2.2 Oysters and Mussels -- 12.4.2.3 Fish -- 12.4.3 Effects on Sea Turtles and Sea Birds -- 12.4.4 Effects on Marine Mammals -- 12.5 Microplastic Pollution, Climate Change, and Antibiotic Resistance - A Unique Trio -- 12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section IV Microplastics in Soil Systems -- Chapter 13 Entry of Microplastics into Agroecosystems: A Serious Threat to Food Security and Human Health -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Sources of Microplastics in Agroecosystems -- 13.2.1 Plastic Mulching -- 13.2.2 Plastic Use in Modern Agriculture -- 13.2.3 Application of Sewage Sludge/Biosolids -- 13.2.4 Compost and Fertilizers -- 13.2.5 Wastewater Irrigation -- 13.2.6 Landfill Sites -- 13.2.7 Atmospheric Deposition -- 13.2.8 Miscellaneous Sources -- 13.3 Implications of Microplastic Contamination on Agroecosystems -- 13.3.1 Implications for Soil Character -- 13.3.2 Implications for Crop Plants and Food Security -- 13.4 Human Health Risks -- 13.5 Knowledge Gaps -- 13.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14 Migration of Microplastic-Bound Contaminants to Soil and Their Effects -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Microplastics as Sorbing Materials for Hazardous Chemicals -- 14.3 Types of Microplastic-Bound Contaminants in Soils -- 14.3.1 Heavy Metals and Metalloids - Inorganic Contaminants Adsorbed to MPs -- 14.3.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, Antibiotics, Pesticides, and Other Organic Contaminants Adsorbed to MPs -- 14.4 Effects of Exposure and Co-exposure in Soil - Consequences of Contaminant Sorption for MP Toxicity and Bioaccumulation -- 14.5 Microplastic-Bound Contaminants in Soils as Potential Threats to Human Health -- 14.6 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 15 Plastic Mulch-Derived Microplastics in Agricultural Soil Systems.

Note: Front Cover -- Energy Services Fundamentals and Financing -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 Energy services -- 1 Energy services: concepts, applications and historical background -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Energy and population growth -- 1.3 Energy saving in buildings -- 1.4 Energy use in agriculture -- 1.5 Renewable energy technologies -- 1.5.1 Solar energy -- 1.5.2 Efficient bioenergy use -- 1.5.2.1 Briquette processes -- 1.5.2.2 Improved cook stoves -- 1.5.2.3 Biogas technology -- 1.5.2.4 Improved forest and tree management -- 1.5.2.5 Gasification application -- 1.5.3 Combined heat and power -- 1.5.4 Hydrogen production -- 1.5.5 Hydropower generation -- 1.5.6 Wind energy -- 1.6 Energy and sustainable development -- 1.7 Global warming -- 1.8 Recommendations -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Energy financing schemas -- 2 The promotion of renewable energy communities in the European Union -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 The link between the provision of energy services and the increase of energy efficiency -- 2.3 The efficiency gains stemming from distributed generation of energy production -- 2.4 The concept of renewable energy community -- 2.5 The promotion of renewable energy communities in EU law -- 2.6 The promotion of renewable energy communities in the draft National Energy and Climate Plans -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Financial schemes for energy efficiency projects: lessons learnt from in-country demonstrations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The proposed methodology -- 3.3 Innovative financing schemes -- 3.3.1 Crowdfunding -- 3.3.2 Energy performance contracting -- 3.3.3 Green bonds -- 3.3.4 Guarantee funds -- 3.3.5 Revolving funds -- 3.3.6 Soft loans -- 3.3.7 Third-party financing -- 3.4 Case study countries -- 3.4.1 Bulgaria -- 3.4.2 Greece -- 3.4.3 Lithuania -- 3.4.4 Spain -- 3.5 Key actors identification. , 3.6 Knowledge transfer -- 3.6.1 Peer-to-Peer learning -- 3.6.2 Capacity building activities -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Energy systems in buildings -- 4 Energy in buildings and districts -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Thermal comfort -- 4.3 User behavior -- 4.4 Weather conditions under climate change and growing urbanization -- 4.5 Envelope and materials -- 4.6 From passive to nearly zero-energy building design -- 4.7 Smart buildings and home automation -- 4.8 From smart buildings to smart districts and cities -- 4.9 Concluding discussion -- References -- 5 Renewable energy integration as an alternative to the traditional ground-source heat pump system -- Nomenclature -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology -- 5.2.1 Description of the proposed solution -- 5.2.2 Test procedure -- 5.3 Technical calculation -- 5.3.1 Thermal module -- 5.3.1.1 Geothermal energy -- 5.3.1.2 Thermal solar energy -- 5.3.2 Power module -- 5.3.2.1 Photovoltaic solar energy -- 5.3.2.2 Wind energy -- 5.3.3 Contribution of the suggested installation -- 5.4 Economic and environmental analysis -- 5.4.1 Economic analysis -- 5.4.2 Environmental evaluation -- 5.5 Discussion -- 5.5.1 Sensitivity analysis -- 5.5.1.1 Electricity price -- 5.5.1.2 Electric rate -- 5.5.1.3 CO2 emission factor -- 5.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Energy-saving strategies on university campus buildings: Covenant University as case study -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Energy modeling software for buildings -- 6.1.2 Energy conservation measures in buildings -- 6.2 Materials and methods -- 6.2.1 Study location -- 6.2.2 Procedure for data collection -- 6.2.3 Instrumentation and procedure for data analysis -- 6.2.4 Economic analysis -- 6.2.5 Assessment of environmental impacts -- 6.3 Results and discussions -- 6.3.1 Result of energy audit in cafeterias1 and 2. , 6.3.2 Result of energy audit in Mechanical Engineering building -- 6.3.3 Result of energy audit in university library -- 6.3.4 Result of energy audit in health center -- 6.3.5 Result of energy audit in the students' halls of residence -- 6.3.6 Qualitative recommendation analysis -- 6.3.6.1 Replacement of lighting fixtures with light-emitting diode bulbs -- 6.3.6.2 Installation of solar panels on the roofs of selected buildings -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Energy conversion systems and Energy storage systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Energy systems in buildings -- 7.2.1 Energy generation systems -- 7.2.1.1 Combined heat and power system -- 7.2.1.2 Solar photovoltaic system -- 7.2.1.3 Solar thermal system -- 7.2.1.4 Organic Rankine cycle system -- 7.2.1.5 Geothermal system -- 7.2.1.6 Wind turbine system -- 7.2.2 Energy conversion systems -- 7.2.2.1 Heating systems -- 7.2.2.2 Cooling systems -- 7.2.2.3 Ventilation systems -- 7.2.3 Energy storage systems -- 7.2.3.1 Battery energy storage system -- 7.2.3.2 Thermal energy storage system -- 7.3 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Energy systems in buildings -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Energy-efficient building envelopes -- 8.2.1 Increasing thermal resistance of the building envelope -- 8.2.2 Climate-specific design of energy-efficient envelopes -- 8.3 Renewable energy sources for building energy application -- 8.3.1 Analyzing electrical/thermal loads of a building -- 8.3.2 Consideration of local codes and requirements for renewable energy systems -- 8.3.3 Solar energy systems -- 8.3.3.1 Solar water heating -- 8.3.3.1.1 Flat-plate collectors -- 8.3.3.1.2 Evacuated tube solar thermal collectors -- 8.3.3.1.3 Choice of solar thermal collectors -- 8.3.3.1.3.1 Cost -- 8.3.3.1.3.2 Performance -- 8.3.3.1.3.3 Installation -- 8.3.4 Building-integrated photovoltaic systems -- 8.4 Solar thermal energy storage. , 8.4.1 Types of thermal energy storage technologies -- 8.4.1.1 Sensible heat storage system -- 8.4.1.1.1 Sensible solid heat storage system -- 8.4.1.1.2 Sensible liquid heat storage system -- 8.4.1.2 Sensible cold storage system -- 8.4.1.3 Latent heat storage system -- 8.4.1.4 Thermochemical storage -- 8.5 Wind energy -- 8.5.1 Brief introduction -- 8.5.2 Wind resource assessment -- 8.5.3 Building-integrated/mounted wind turbine -- 8.5.3.1 Building-integrated wind turbines -- 8.5.3.2 Building-mounted wind turbines -- 8.5.3.3 Building-augmented wind turbines -- 8.5.4 Optimizing building-integrated/mounted wind turbine devices -- 8.5.5 Small/micro wind turbines for building application -- 8.6 Heat pumps -- 8.6.1 Air-source heat pumps -- 8.6.2 Ground-source heat pumps -- 8.6.3 Working principles of heat pumps -- 8.6.3.1 The heating cycle -- 8.6.3.2 The cooling cycle -- 8.6.3.3 The defrost cycle -- 8.6.4 Performance measures -- 8.7 Biomass -- 8.8 Summary -- References -- 4 Energy efficiency in industrial sector -- 9 Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources for industrial sector -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Global energy trends -- 9.3 Energy consumption and emissions in industry -- 9.3.1 General trends -- 9.3.2 Energy and carbon-intensive industrial sectors -- 9.4 Energy efficiency in industry for climate change mitigation -- 9.4.1 The need for innovation -- 9.5 Energy efficiency and renewable sources in industry -- 9.5.1 Bioenergy -- 9.5.2 Solar heat -- 9.6 Case study in Turkey -- 9.6.1 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan -- 9.6.2 General overview -- 9.6.3 Industry and technology -- 9.6.4 Aim of the development plans -- 9.7 Policy options -- 9.7.1 Lessons learned -- 9.7.2 International agreements -- 9.7.3 Procurement -- 9.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 10 Energy efficiency in tourism sector: eco-innovation measures and energy. , 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 State of the arts -- 10.3 Methods and data -- 10.4 Results and discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Energy services markets: development and status quo -- 11 Energy service markets: status quo and development -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The European framework for energy services -- 11.2.1 Legal framework -- 11.2.2 The European Union energy service markets: market volume, offers, and barriers -- 11.3 The German energy service market -- 11.3.1 Legal framework and information sources -- 11.3.2 Market overview -- 11.4 Developments of segments of the service market -- 11.4.1 Advice services -- 11.4.2 Energy management -- 11.4.3 Contracting -- 11.5 Market development -- 11.6 Conclusions: lessons learned from the German case -- References -- 12 Worldwide trends in energy market research -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Data -- 12.3 Results -- 12.3.1 Subjects from worldwide publications -- 12.3.2 Journals metric analysis -- 12.3.3 Countries, affiliations, and their main topics -- 12.3.4 Keywords from worldwide publications -- 12.3.5 Cluster analysis based on keywords -- References -- 13 Which aspects may prevent the development of energy service companies? The impact of barriers and country-specific condi... -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Which are the problems confronted by energy efficiency actions and policy instruments? -- 13.3 Which are the most relevant barriers confronted by energy service companies in different regions? -- 13.4 Removing barriers and promoting energy service companies -- 13.4.1 Actions to remove economic and market barriers -- 13.4.2 Actions to remove funding barriers -- 13.4.3 Enabling frameworks for energy service companies and other energy efficiency actions -- 13.5 Lessons learned and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Land Use Land Cover Changes and Climate Change Impact on the Water Resources: A Study of Uttarakhand State -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Materials and Method -- 1.2.1 Study Area Profile -- 1.2.2 Description of Data Sets -- 1.3 Result and Discussion -- 1.3.1 Uttarakhand Profile -- 1.3.2 Impact of Land Surface Temperature (LST) on Water Resources -- 1.3.3 Impact of Land Use Land Cover (LULC) on Water Resources -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Remote Sensing Monitoring of Water Productivity in Agricultural Crops: A Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- References -- 3 Assessment of Groundwater Quality in South Karanpura Coalfield Region, Jharkhand, India Using WQI and Geospatial Approach -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Study Area -- 3.2.1 Lithology -- 3.2.2 Geomorphology -- 3.2.3 Soil -- 3.3 Methodology and Data Used -- 3.3.1 Collection, Preservation, and Geochemical Analysis of Groundwater Samples -- 3.3.2 Estimation of Water Quality Index (WQI) -- 3.3.3 Spatial Interpolation of Groundwater Quality Parameters and Estimation of WQI -- 3.3.4 Pearson Correlation Analysis -- 3.4 Result and Discussion -- 3.4.1 Geochemical Analysis of Groundwater Samples -- 3.4.2 Estimation of Water Quality Index (WQI) -- 3.4.3 Correlation -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Application of Wastewater in Agriculture: Benefits and Detriments -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The State of Water Scarcity -- 4.2.1 GLOBALLY -- 4.2.2 Regionally -- 4.3 Sources of Water Contamination -- 4.4 Heavy Metals in Wastewater -- 4.5 Sources of Heavy Metal Pollution -- 4.6 Effects of Heavy Metals -- 4.7 The Advantages and Demerits of Wastewater Irrigation in Agriculture -- 4.7.1 Effect of Wastewater Application -- 4.7.2 Advantages of Wastewater Irrigation in Agriculture -- 4.7.3 Demerits of Wastewater Irrigation in Agriculture -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References. , 5 A GIS-Based Flood Risk Assessment and Mapping Using Morphometric Analysis in the Kayadhu River Basin, Maharashtra -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.4 Morphometric Analysis and Input Data -- 5.5 Result and Discussion -- 5.6 Linear Parameters -- 5.6.1 Stream Order (Su) -- 5.6.2 Stream Number (Nu) and Stream Length (Nl) -- 5.6.3 Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) -- 5.7 Areal Parameters -- 5.7.1 Form Factor (Ff) -- 5.7.2 Circularity Ratio (C) -- 5.7.3 Compactness Index (C) -- 5.7.4 Drainage Density (Dd) -- 5.7.5 Drainage Texture (Td) -- 5.7.6 Elongation Ratio (Re) -- 5.7.7 Stream Frequency (Fs) -- 5.7.8 Lemniscate Ratio (K) -- 5.8 Relief Parameters -- 5.8.1 Basin Relief (Hr) -- 5.8.2 Relief Ratio (Rr) -- 5.8.3 Ruggedness Number (Nr) -- 5.9 Development of Flood Risk Assessment Map -- 5.10 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 6 Hydro-Chemical Characterization and Geospatial Analysis of Groundwater for Drinking and Agriculture Usage in Bagh River Basin, Central India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.3 Data Used and Methodology -- 6.3.1 Ground Water Quality -- 6.3.2 Groundwater Sampling and Physico-Chemical Analysis -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Ground Water Quality -- 6.4.2 Chemically Stained Clothing-Immersion in Water -- 6.4.3 Benefits of an Integrated Nutrient Management Approach -- 6.4.4 Application of Organic Fertilizers Improves Soil Texture -- 6.4.5 Safe Water for Drinking -- 6.4.6 Bagh River and Water Resources -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 A Comprehensive Review on the Impact of Climate Change on Streamflow: Current Status and Perspectives -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology -- 7.3 Overview of Important Literature -- 7.4 The Trend of Article Publication and Journals -- 7.5 Country of Origin -- 7.6 Summary of Findings -- 7.7 Future Research -- 7.8 Conclusion -- References. , 8 Soil Erosion Susceptibility in Dima River Basin of Dooars Himalaya Using RUSLE and Geospatial Techniques -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methodology -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 RUSLE Model -- 8.3 Result -- 8.4 Discussion -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Hydro-Geological Investigation and Groundwater Resource Estimation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 About the Study Area -- 9.3 Data Used and Their Sources -- 9.4 Methodology -- 9.5 Results and Discussion -- 9.5.1 Biophysical and Geomorphic Characteristics -- 9.5.2 Hydrological Characteristics -- 9.5.3 Hydro-Geological Characteristics -- 9.5.4 Groundwater Resource Evaluation -- 9.5.5 Projection of Groundwater Reserves -- 9.5.6 Sustainability Management of Groundwater Reserves -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Myths, Architecture, and Rites: The Concept of Conservation of the Tri Danu Area in Bali in the Contemporary Struggle -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Method -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.3.1 Tri Danu Myth -- 10.3.2 Temple Architecture, Sites, and Rites -- 10.3.3 Present Struggle -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Impact of Land Use and Land Cover in Water Resources -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Methods Used to Assess Water Resources -- 11.2 Results and Discussions -- 11.2.1 Effects on Catchment Yield -- 11.2.2 Effects on Infiltration -- 11.2.3 Effects on Dissolved Organic Carbon and Water Color in Upland Drainage Waters -- 11.2.4 Effects on Nutrient Transfer to Rivers and Groundwaters -- 11.3 Future Water Demands -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- 12 An Assessment and Management of Ecotourism Based on Water and LULC: A Geospatial Approach of Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Objectives of the Study -- 12.3 Study Area Description -- 12.4 Travel Link -- 12.5 Tourist Frequency -- 12.6 Identified Tourist Spots -- 12.6.1 Umaid Bhawan Palace/Hotels. , 12.6.2 Mehrangarh Fort -- 12.6.3 Jaswant Thada -- 12.6.4 Kaylana Lake -- 12.6.5 Balsamand Lake -- 12.6.6 Mahamandaleshwar Mahadev -- 12.6.7 Other Tourist Spots -- 12.7 Major Water Bodies of Jodhpur -- 12.8 Data and Methodology -- 12.8.1 Land Use and Land Cover -- 12.9 Impact of Tourism on Water -- 12.10 Steps to be Taken to Reduce the Impact on Water -- 12.11 Conclusion -- References -- 13 A Spatiotemporal Study of Agriculture in the Chars of Brahmaputra Basin, Dhubri, Assam -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area -- 13.3 Data Sources and Methods -- 13.4 Results and Discussions -- 13.4.1 Land Use and Land Cover Status from 1992 to 2022 -- 13.4.2 Changing Pattern of Agriculture on Chars in Dhubri from 1992 to 2022 -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- 14 GIS-Based Novel Ensemble MCDM-AHP Modeling for Flash Flood Susceptibility Mapping of Luni River Basin, Rajasthan -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Flash Flood Susceptibility -- 14.1.2 What Is Flood? -- 14.1.3 Causes of Flood -- 14.1.4 Types of Flood -- 14.1.5 Floods in India and Rajasthan -- 14.1.6 Flash Flood in Luni River -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.2.1 Topography -- 14.2.2 Climatological Features -- 14.2.3 Drainage -- 14.3 Materials and Methodology -- 14.3.1 Data Used -- 14.3.2 Software -- 14.3.3 Layer Stack -- 14.3.4 Methodology -- 14.4 Result and Discussion -- 14.4.1 Flash Flood Susceptibility Mapping -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Geospatial Modelling for Identification of Ground Water Potential Zones in Luni River Basin, Rajasthan -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Groundwater Potential Zone -- 15.1.2 Groundwater Potential -- 15.2 Study Area-Luni Basin -- 15.2.1 Climatological Features -- 15.2.2 Drainage -- 15.2.3 Geology -- 15.2.4 Hydrogeology -- 15.3 Materials and Methodology -- 15.3.1 Data Used -- 15.3.2 Methodology -- 15.4 Result and Discussion -- 15.4.1 Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping. , 15.5 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Hydrological Drought Analysis of Bearma Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Drought and Climate Change -- 16.1.2 Drought Dimensions -- 16.1.3 Indicators and Hydrological Drought -- 16.2 Methodology -- 16.2.1 Study Area and Data Sources -- 16.2.2 Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) -- 16.2.3 Trend Test -- 16.3 Results and Discussion -- 16.3.1 Trends in Drought Characteristics -- 16.4 Conclusion -- References -- Correction to: Application of Wastewater in Agriculture: Benefits and Detriments -- Correction to: Chapter 4 in: P. K. Rai (ed.), River Conservation and Water Resource Management, Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2605-3_4.