Description: In this work the management effectiveness of a Cuban MPA is assessed using an interdisciplinary approach. A series of three hypotheses are tested to determine how effective the Punta Frances Marine Protected Area (PFMPA) has been in meeting the multiple objectives of conserving biological diversity and ecological integrity, while allowing for the development of economic opportunities for tourism, and satisfying the needs of local and distant human populations. A new typology of benefits derived from MPAs was produced to provide managers with a practical tool that enable them to: 1) identify the benefits at the early stages of MPA creation, 2) state MPA objectives in a clear and measurable way, 3) assess the effectiveness of their MPA in meeting their management objectives. A new methodology was also developed to assess MPA effectiveness. This methodology constitutes an advancement from previous work, and it is based on qualitative and quantitative measurements of benefits depicted in the proposed typology. It has several advantages over previous methods. One of the main advantages is that it can be applied to assess one single MPA or a group of MPAs in a comparative fashion. The case study analyzed showed that to date, the PFMPA shows little signs of being negatively affected by the recreational SCUBA diving activities for which it was intended, given that no significant differences were found between intensively used diving areas and unused diving areas in terms of fish abundance, coral cover and macroalgae cover. Despite this, the PFMPA is not currently providing the full set of benefits to humans and the rest of nature, due mainly to administrative issues. If the PFMPA eventually becomes a National Marine Park (i.e. is fully protected from extractive activities), and management is correctly implemented, an annual economic value of almost USD $127,164,116.37 is forecast. At present the PFMPA does not provide any social or economic benefit to the nearby coastal community of Cocodrilo, thereby maintaining a divorce between local people and the users and managers of the MPA. Conversely, foreigners are receiving most of the benefits associated with recreation in a pristine tropical coastal ecosystem situated on the edge of the Caribbean Sea basin. The interdisciplinary methodologies for assessing effectiveness of MPAs developed in this study provided quantitative and qualitative evidence of a poor level of success in meeting the multiple management objectives of the PFMPA. This situation is apparently the result of several factors, both objective and subjective, especially the restrictive nature of the PFMPA relative to local inhabitants. 268 Aronson RB, Precht WF (2000) Herbivory and algal dynamics on the coral reef at Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45(1): 251-255. Azzoni CR, Isai JY (1994) Estimating the cost of environmental protection in Brazil. Ecological Economics 11: 127-133. Babbie E, Benaquisto L (2002) The basics of social research. Thomson Canada Limited. Canadian Edition. Badalamenti F, Ramos A, Voultsiadou E, Sanchez-Lizaso J, D’Anna G, Pipitone C, Mas J, Ruiz-Fernandez J, Whitmarsh D, Rigió S (2000) Cultural and socio-economic impacts of Mediterranean marine protected areas. Environmental Conservation 27(2): 110-125. Baisre J (2004) La pesca marítima en Cuba. Editorial Científico Técnica, La Habana, Cuba. Ballantine WJ (1995) Networks of “No-take” marine reserves are practical and necessary. In Shackell NL and Willison JHM. Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. SAMPAA, Wolfwille, Canada, pp. 13-20. Beekhuis JV (1981) Tourism in the Caribbean: impacts on the economic, social and natural environments. AMBIO 10, 325-331. Boersma PD, Parrish JK (1999) Limiting abuse: marine protected areas, a limited solution. Ecological Economics 31: 287-304. Bohnsack JA (1993) Marine Reserves: they enhance fisheries, reduce conflicts, and protect resources. Oceanus 36: 63-71. Bohnsack JA (1998) Application of marine reserves to reef fisheries management. Australian Journal of Ecology 23: 298-304. Bohnsack JA, Ault JS (1996) Management strategies to conserve marine biodiversity. Oceanography 9(1): 73-82. Bohnsack JA, Bannerot SP (1986) A stationary visual census technique for quantitatively assessing community structure of coral reef fishes, NOAA tech. Rep. NMFS-41: 15. Bunce L, Gustavson K, Williams J and Miller M (1999) The human side of reef management: a case study analysis of the socioeconomic framework of Montego Bay Marine Park. Coral Reefs 18: 369-380. Caribbean Tourism Research and Development Center (1988) Caribbean tourism- economic development. Tourism Management. June 1988, 155-161. Ceballos-Lascurain H (1996) Tourism, ecotourism and protected areas: The state of nature-based tourism around the world and guidelines for its development. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK. Centro de Gestion y Servicios Ambientales y Tecnologicos (2001) Informe de monitoreo, Estacion Ecologica del PNMPF. CITMA Isla de la Juventud. Cuba. Centro Nacional de Areas Protegidas (CNAP) (2001) Desarrollo sostenible y autosostenimiento económico de la comunidad Cocodrilo en el área protegida Sur de la Isla de la Juventud, Cuba. La Habana, Cuba. Centro Nacional de Areas Protegidas (CNAP) (2002) Sistema Nacional de Areas Protegidas. Cuba. Plan del 2003-2008. Escandon Impresores Sevilla. España. Cesar HSJ (2000) Coral reefs; their functions, threats and economic value. In Cesar HSJ Collected Essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Kalamar, Sweden, pp. 14-39. Chadwick-Furman NE (1997) Effects of SCUBA diving on coral reef invertebrates in the US Virgin Island: Implications for management of diving tourism. Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Coelent. Biol. 1995: 91-100. Charles AT (2001) Sustainable Fishery Systems. Blackwell Science, Oxford UK. Chircop A (1997)Taxonomy of Ocean Uses. As delivered in Contemporary Issues in Ocean Management and Development Course (1997). Chircop A (2000) Human uses at the coastal zone. Training course in Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Santiago de Cuba, February-March 2000. Cuba. Christiansen S, Andersson A, Luther S (2002) Making space for North Sea wildlife. Available at: http://www.ngo.grida.no/wwfneap/Publication/briefings/MPASpatialPlanning.pdf Data accessed on January, 2003. Daily GC (1997) Nature's services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington DC. Daily GC, Söderqvist T, Aniyar S, Arrow K, Dasgupta P, Ehrlich PR, Folke C, Jansson A, Jansson B, Kautsky N, Levin S, Lubchenco J, Mäler K, Simpson D, Starret D, Tilman D, Walker B (2000) The value of nature and the nature of value. Science 289: 395-396. Davis GE (1977) Anchor damage to a coral reef on the coast of Florida. Biological Conservation. 11: 29-34. Davis D, Tisdell C (1995a) Economic management of recreational SCUBA diving and the environment. Journal of Environmental Management 48: 229-248. Davis D, Tisdell C (1995b) Recreational SCUBA-diving carrying capacity in marine protected areas. Ocean and Coastal Management 26(1): 19-40. de Groot RS (1992) Functions of nature: Evaluation of nature in environmental planning, management, and decision making. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen. de Groot RS (1994) Functions and values of protected areas: a comprehensive framework for assessing the benefits of protected areas to human society. In: Munasinghe M, McNeely J (Eds). Protected areas economics and policy: linking conservation and sustainable development. World Conservation Union and the World Bank, Washington, DC, pp. 159-169. de Groot R, Wilson M, Boumans R (2002) A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics 41: 393-408. de la Guardia E, Angulo J, González-Sansón G, Aguilar C, González-Díaz P (2004ª) Biodiversidad en la zona de buceo del Parque Nacional de Punta Francés, Isla de la Juventud, Cuba. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas 25(2):91-102. de la Guardia E, González-Díaz P, Castellanos S (2004b) Estructura de la comunidad de grupos bentónicos sésiles en la zona de buceo de Punta Francés, Cuba. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas 25(2): 81-90. Delegación Territorial CITMA Isla de la Juventud (2004ª) Plan Operativo de Manejo Parque Nacional Marino Punta Francés. Delegación Territorial Isla de la Juventud. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Cuba. Delegación Territorial CITMA Isla de la Juventud (2004b) Políticas, Directrices y Regulaciones para el manejo del Área Protegida de Recursos Manejados “El Sur” en la Isla de la Juventud. Delegación Territorial Isla de la Juventud. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Cuba. DeMartini E (1993) Modeling the potential of fishery reserves for managing Pacific coral reef fishes. Fisheries Bulletin 91: 414-427. 272 de Silva ME, Gately EM, Desilvestre I (1986) A bibliographic listing of coastal and marine protected areas: a global survey. Woods Hole Oceanog. Inst. Tech. Rept. WHOI-86-11. (cited by Kelleher and Kenchington, 1991). Dignam D (1990) SCUBA gaining among mainstream travelers. Tour and Travel News 26: 44-45. Dirección de Medio Ambiente (2003) Las Costas Cubanas: Información para una Gestión Integrada. Reporte Preliminar. Dirección de Medio Ambiente, CITMA, La Habana, Cuba. Dixon JA (1993) Economic benefits of marine protected areas. Oceanus 36: 35-40. Dixon JA, Scura LF, Vant-Hof T (1993) Meeting ecological and economic goals: marine parks in the Caribbean. AMBIO 22(2-3): 117-125. Dixon JA, Scura LF, Vant-Hof T (2000) An economic and ecological analysis of the Bonaire Marine Park. In Cesar HSJ Collected Essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Kalamar, Sweden, pp. 158-165. Dixon JA, Sherman PB (1990) Economics of protected areas: a new look at benefits and costs. Earthscan Publications Ltd, London. Dunlap RE, Gallup Jr GH, Gallup AM (1993) Of global concern: Results of the health of the planet survey. Environment 35(9): 7-15. Edinger EN, Risk MJ (2000) Reef classification by coral morphology predicts coral reef conservation value. Biological Conservation 92: 1-13. Eklund AM, McClellan DB, Harper DE (2000) Black grouper aggregations in relation to protected areas within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Bulletin of Marine Science 66(3): 721-728. English S, Wilkinson C, Baker V (1997) Survey manual for tropical marine resources. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Australia. Estrada R, Hernández A, Gerhartz J, Martínez A, Melero M, Bliemsrieder M, Lindeman K (2003) El Sistema Nacional de Áreas Marinas Protegidas de Cuba. WWF, Environmental Defense and Centro Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, Cuba. Faber M, Manstetten R, Proops J (1996) Ecological Economics. Concepts and Methods, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, Brookfield. Farber SC, Costanza R, Wilson MA (2002) Economic and ecological concepts for valuing ecosystem services. Ecological Economics 41: 375-392. Faul F, Erdfelder E (1992) GPOWER: a priori, post-hoc, and compromise power analysis for MS-DOS (Computer Program). Bonn, FRG: Bonn University, Dep. of Psychology. Field JG, Hempel G, Summerhayes CP (2002) Oceans 2020: science, trends, and the challenge of sustainability. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA. Font M (1997) Advancing Democracy in Cuba: The International Context.” Paper presented at Symposium Economic Integration and Democracy: Latin America

Description: Unpublished

Description: Cuba

Description: Die globalen Rohstoffmärkte weisen Defizite mit erheblichem Konfliktpotenzial auf. Die Bewältigung von Umweltbelastungen, Ressourcenkonflikten, illegalem Handel und Preissprüngen bedürfen einer institutionellen Ordnung. Eine global nachhaltige Ressourcennutzung erfordert verbesserte und neue Governance-Mechanismen, die sowohl privatwirtschaftliche als auch staatliche Akteure einbeziehen. Mögliche neue Governance-Ansätze wären die Gründung einer International Resource Management Agency, die Schaffung eines internationalen Metall-Covenants und eines Abkommens zum nachhaltigen Ressourcenmanagement.

Description: The article discusses the process and outcomes along the central "building blocks" of the negotiations. According to the Bali Action Plan, the negotiations are proceeding under two tracks. First, the "Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments by Annex I Countries under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP)", which was established at CMP 1 in Montreal in 2005, is negotiating future emission targets for industrialised countries (listed in Annex I of the UNFCCC). Second, while the "Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWG-LCA)" also negotiates commitments for Annex I countries, in practice this was originally deemed to relate in particular to those that have not ratified the Protocol - that is, the USA. In addition, the AWG-LCA negotiates "nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs)" of developing countries, which are to be supported and enabled by industrialised countries through technology, financing and capacity building. Both the NAMAs and the support are to be undertaken in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner. Finally, the AWG-LCA negotiates ways to enhance adaptation efforts of developing countries, which are also to be financially and technologically supported by industrialised countries.

Description: Based on the European Waste Framework Directive and the German Recycling Management Act of 01.06.2012 the objectives for a national waste prevention programme were defined. As main objective, according to art. 1 WFD, the "prevention or reduction of the disadvantageous impacts of waste generation and management on the human health and the environment" is recommended. Indicators for a quantitative and qualitative monitoring are derived for both, the individual measures as well as for a waste prevention programme.

Description: Biomass burning emissions factors are vital to quantifying trace gas release from vegetation fires. Here we evaluate emissions factors for a series of savannah fires in Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa using ground-based open path Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and an IR source separated by 150–250 m distance. Molecular abundances along the extended open path are retrieved using a spectral forward model coupled to a non-linear least squares fitting approach. We demonstrate derivation of trace gas column amounts for horizontal paths transecting the width of the advected plume, and find for example that CO mixing ratio changes of ~0.01 μmol mol−1 [10 ppbv] can be detected across the relatively long optical paths used here. Though FTIR spectroscopy can detect dozens of different chemical species present in vegetation fire smoke, we focus our analysis on five key combustion products released preferentially during the pyrolysis (CH2O), flaming (CO2) and smoldering (CO, CH4, NH3) processes. We demonstrate that well constrained emissions ratios for these gases to both CO2 and CO can be derived for the backfire, headfire and residual smouldering combustion (RSC) stages of these savannah fires, from which stage-specific emission factors can then be calculated. Headfires and backfires often show similar emission ratios and emission factors, but those of the RSC stage can differ substantially. The timing of each fire stage was identified via airborne optical and thermal IR imagery and ground-observer reports, with the airborne IR imagery also used to derive estimates of fire radiative energy (FRE), allowing the relative amount of fuel burned in each stage to be calculated and "fire averaged" emission ratios and emission factors to be determined. These "fire averaged" metrics are dominated by the headfire contribution, since the FRE data indicate that the vast majority of the fuel is burned in this stage. Our fire averaged emission ratios and factors for CO2 and CH4 agree well with those from prior studies conducted in the same area using e.g. airborne plume sampling. We also concur with past suggestions that emission factors for formaldehyde in this environment appear substantially underestimated in widely used databases, but see no evidence to support suggestions by Sinha et al. (2003) of a major overestimation in the emission factor of ammonia in works such as Andreae and Merlet (2001) and Akagi et al. (2011). We also measure somewhat higher CO and NH3 emission ratios and factors than are usually reported for this environment, which is interpreted to result from the OP-FTIR ground-based technique sampling a greater proportion of smoke from smouldering processes than is generally the case with methods such as airborne sampling. Finally, our results suggest that the contribution of burning animal (elephant) dung can be a significant factor in the emissions characteristics of certain KNP fires, and that the ability of remotely sensed fire temperatures to provide information useful in tailoring modified combustion efficiency (MCE) and emissions factor estimates maybe rather limited, at least until the generally available precision of such temperature estimates can be substantially improved. One limitation of the OP-FTIR method is its ability to sample only near-ground level smoke, which may limit application at more intense fires where the majority of smoke is released into a vertically rising convection column. Nevertheless, even in such cases the method potentially enables a much better assessment of the emissions contribution of the RSC stage than is typically conducted currently.

Description: Published

Description: 11591-11615

Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento

Description: JCR Journal

Description: open

Description: In 2008, transport accounted for 27% of the world’s total final energy consumption. Currently, we are facing a rapidly expanding transport sector with continually increasing energy consumption. In the future, emerging and developing countries especially will experience an accelerated growth in transport energy demand due to rapid population growth, urbanisation and rising per capita income. The transport sector’s inefficiency and its dependency on oil will become an economic burden for these countries. They will have to face increasing crude oil prices and uncertainties regarding energy security. Thus, there is a need for an efficient transport system and particularly for decision makers in developing and emerging countries to have access to planning advice in order to identify suitable and effective measures for low-energy urban transport. To meet this demand, existing knowledge and measures about energy efficiency in urban passenger transport was compiled and a structured introduction to energy efficiency in transport is provided. The main determinates of an energy-efficient transport system are explained and strategic approaches to increase energy efficiency are outlined. Success factors and barriers for energy efficiency policies are described. The main element of the paper is an overview of different energy efficiency policies and measures for the key actors in energy-efficient transport on local and national levels. A set of measures is assigned to each actor identified. The compilation was adapted to the circumstances in developing and emerging countries and includes examples for successful implementation of several measures. Thus, the document satisfies the need for a comprehensive introduction to energy efficiency in urban transport in developing and emerging countries.

Description: This paper analyses the results of the climate conference in Lima 2014 in the light of the coming climate summit in Paris by the end of this year (COP21). The authors from the Wuppertal Institute make recommendations for the improvement of the current cooperation in the context of the climate convention and they suggest to complement the existing UN regime with a club of forerunner countries in order to provide new breath for international climate policy.

Description: In recent years, policies to promote renewable energy have become increasingly popular among municipalities in different parts of the world. This article examines the case of Germany. It argues that municipalities, compared to other state and private actors, already have the potential to play a key role in German renewable energy governance. Although both private actors and the European Union have gained importance in the past 20 years, German municipalities still play a crucial role and can apply five distinct and important modes of governance in the field of renewable energy policy. In this regard, the notion of a general development towards a "cooperating and ensuring state", which increasingly delegates its tasks and thus becomes less important, cannot be confirmed in the field of municipal renewable energy governance in Germany.

Description: Climate change and thus low-carbon transitions are global challenges, which require commitment and effort on all political levels. As international climate politics has approached its limits over the last two decades, the role of cities has simultaneously gained in importance. Many cities1 worldwide have committed to ambitious climate protection targets, which often exceed national targets. However, cities cannot act in isolation. Their opportunities for action are embedded in an (inter)national policy framework, which may either support or hinder local actions. This gives rise to the question: which opportunities for climate protection do cities really have in a political system of multi-level governance? This question can be illustrated using the city of Hamburg as an example for the German climate policy regime. The city aims to reduce its annual CO2 emissions by 2 million metric tons and attempts to quantify the impact of local and national policies and actions using a bottom-up monitoring approach. We therefore analyse more than 400 local actions with respect to the induced CO2 emission reductions. We also take a closer look at national and European policies and their impacts on local energy use and emissions. In total, 15 policies and instruments - broadly ranging from instruments to foster energy efficiencyin residential and non-residential buildings, in appliances and in the transport sector, to support renewable energy sources (including biofuels) and to uptake CHP - are considered. Our approach consists in measuring separately the impact of local and national policies and actions on urban CO2 emissions. While the city of Hamburg has implemented many policies and actions, our results show that, a significant proportion of its CO2 reduction is due to national policies, in the context of the German "Energiewende", which cannot or can only indirectly be influenced by the city. The results imply that local commitment and effort is essential in addressing the global challenge, yet ambitious targets can only be met in the presence of a supportive national policy framework. The analysis shows that many policies and measures implemented at national level require supportive structures and activities at local level in order to bridge information and implementation gaps of these measures.