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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Scientific Culture of the Baltic Mathematician, Physician, and Calendar-Maker Laurentius Eichstadt (1596–1660)
    SAGE Publications ; 2017
    In:  Journal for the History of Astronomy Vol. 48, No. 2 ( 2017-05), p. 135-159
    Details
    In: Journal for the History of Astronomy, SAGE Publications, Vol. 48, No. 2 ( 2017-05), p. 135-159
    Abstract: This paper is devoted to Laurentius Eichstadt, a Baltic astronomer of the generation between Tycho and Hevelius. As a calendar-maker, Eichstadt used and tested the astronomical tables and the planetary theories of his elder contemporaries, Longomontanus and Kepler; as a town physician and gymnasium professor, he taught mathematics and astronomy alongside medicine and natural philosophy in Stettin and Gdańsk. Eichstadt’s indefatigable engagement with theory, practice, and teaching is marked by his continuous reassessment, adjustment, and revision of views in astronomy, physics, and metaphysics, aimed at bringing these fields in better agreement with each other and with empirical observation. Eichstadt’s critical attitude did not prevent him from remaining committed to his scholastic legacy. As a matter of fact, his creative reworking and teaching of astronomy and philosophy bear witness to the long vitality of the northern European scientific tradition rooted in Melanchthonian literacy and Aristotelian philosophy. The work and conceptions of this participant in the astronomical debates of the early seventeenth century offers us an insight into the complex interplay of technical astronomy and metaphysical discourse in a time of transition from a geometrical approach to planetary theory resting on Aristotelian metaphysics to a post-Keplerian physical–mathematical science unifying heavens and earth.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8286 , 1753-8556
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0021828617703847
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 2
    Online Resource
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    Trains, bodies, landscapes. Experiencing distance in the long nineteenth century
    SAGE Publications ; 2019
    In:  The Journal of Transport History Vol. 40, No. 2 ( 2019-08), p. 165-188
    Details
    In: The Journal of Transport History, SAGE Publications, Vol. 40, No. 2 ( 2019-08), p. 165-188
    Abstract: The arrival of the railways has led scholars of nineteenth-century Europe to posit the thesis of a shrinking world, in which distances were annihilated and travel became a decorporealised and delocalised experience. This article uses travellers’ own writings to empirically complicate this thesis by looking at which journeys were characterised as near or far, and why. Building on Massey’s and Wenzlhuemer’s work on the multiplicity of space and spatial power, the seemingly contradictory findings are explained by suggesting the coexistence of a number of different types of lived distance. The article thus offers a taxonomy of sorts, outlining those distance types that were experienced most often by western-European travellers – grounded in physical effort, landscape elements and other often highly specific, material characteristics of their journeys. Together, they suggest that distances remained a tangible reality to travellers, firmly anchored in their bodies and the physical spaces they occupied and traversed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-5266 , 1759-3999
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0022526618820877
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008106-6
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  • 3
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    A British national observatory: the building of the New Physical Observatory at Greenwich, 1889–1898
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2014
    In:  The British Journal for the History of Science Vol. 47, No. 4 ( 2014-12), p. 609-635
    Details
    In: The British Journal for the History of Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 47, No. 4 ( 2014-12), p. 609-635
    Abstract: Over its long history, the buildings of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich were enlarged and altered many times, reflecting changing needs and expectations of astronomers and funders, but also the constraints of a limited site and small budgets. The most significant expansion took place in the late nineteenth century, overseen by the eighth Astronomer Royal, William Christie, a programme that is put in the context of changing attitudes toward scientific funding, Christie's ambitious plans for the work and staffing of the Observatory and his desire to develop a national institution that could stand with more recently founded European and American rivals. Examination of the archives reveals the range of strategies Christie was required to use to acquire consent and financial backing from the Admiralty, as well as his opportunistic approach. While hindsight might lead to criticism of his decisions, Christie eventually succeeded in completing a large building – the New Physical Observatory – that, in its decoration, celebrated Greenwich's past while, in its name, style, structure and contents, it was intended to signal the institution's modernization and future promise.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-0874 , 1474-001X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0007087413000678
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 4
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    ‘An attempt to trace illusions to their physical causes’: atmospheric mirages and the performance of their demystification in the 1820s and 1830s
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2020
    In:  The British Journal for the History of Science Vol. 53, No. 4 ( 2020-12), p. 443-467
    Details
    In: The British Journal for the History of Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 53, No. 4 ( 2020-12), p. 443-467
    Abstract: This article suggests that, during the 1820s and 1830s, Britain experienced a mirage moment. A greater volume of material was published on the mirage in scientific journals, treatises, travel literature and novels during these two decades than had occurred before in British history. The phenomenon was examined at the confluence of discussions about the cultural importance of illusions, the nature of the eye and the imperial project to investigate the extra-European natural world. Explanations of the mirage were put forward by such scientists and explorers as Sir David Brewster, William Wollaston and General Sir James Abbott. Their demystification paralleled the performance of unmasking scientific and magical secrets in the gallery shows of London during the period. The practice of seeing involved in viewing unfathomable phenomena whilst simultaneously considering their rational basis underwrote these different circumstances. I use this unusual mode of visuality to explore the ways the mirage and other illusions were viewed and understood in the 1820s and 1830s. Ultimately, this paper argues that the mirage exhibited the fallibility of the eyes as a tool for veridical perception in a marvellous and striking way, with consequences for the perceived trustworthiness of ocular knowledge in the period.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-0874 , 1474-001X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0007087420000369
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 5
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    Locke's review of the Principia
    The Royal Society ; 1965
    In:  Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London Vol. 20, No. 2 ( 1965-12-31), p. 152-161
    Details
    In: Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, The Royal Society, Vol. 20, No. 2 ( 1965-12-31), p. 152-161
    Abstract: The publication in July 1687 of Newton’s Principia mathematica gave rise to only four reviews in the European periodical press. The first was Edmond Halley’s pre-publication notice in the Philosophical Transactions (1). Then a year elapsed before the Bibliothèque Universelle (2), the Acta Eruditorum (3), and the Journal des Sçavans (4), approached the book. Of these reviews that which appeared in Jean Leclerc’s widely read Bibliothèque Universelle has received least attention from historians. This is unfortunate because, of several merits, two in particular are important for the intellectual history of the period: it was written specifically for the large and growing intellectual class (5) of western Europe who for the most part were interested in the new physical sciences, but were untrained in the mathematics necessary to understand many of the newest advances in them. And the author of this review, which was the first independent account of Newton’s book to reach this Continental (largely French-speaking) audience, was John Locke, then a voluntary political exile in Holland (6).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0035-9149
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.1965.0013
    RVK:
    AX 30030
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 1965
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  • 6
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    Swords into ploughshares: John Herschel's progressive view of astronomical and imperial governance
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1998
    In:  The British Journal for the History of Science Vol. 31, No. 4 ( 1998-12), p. 419-435
    Details
    In: The British Journal for the History of Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 31, No. 4 ( 1998-12), p. 419-435
    Abstract: Stargazing Knight Errant, beware of the day When the Hottentots catch thee observing away! Be sure they will pluck thy eyes out of their sockets To prevent thee from stuffing the stars in thy pockets If Herschel should find a new star at the Cape, His perils no longer would pain us He will salt the star's tail to prevent its escape And call it ‘The Hottentot Venus’. Astronomy has long been recognized as a tool of empire. Its service to navigation and geography have made it indispensable to European expansion. Britain in particular excelled at this brand of control; each day when the sun set on the British empire, its telescopes continued to enhance imperial power. While the above claims are no longer controversial, we have hardly begun to understand the extent to which imperialism subsequently changed the nature of the physical sciences.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-0874 , 1474-001X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0007087498003380
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1998
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  • 7
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    The ‘system of the world’ and the scientific culture of early modern France
    The Royal Society ; 2023
    In:  Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science
    Details
    In: Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science, The Royal Society
    Abstract: Historians have long debated the origins of modern science in early modern Europe. Recently, however, scholars pointed to our need to understand how the ‘new philosophy’ became a sustained movement, which did not dissipate over the course of a few generations, as had previous scientific renaissances in other civilizations. This article suggests that the mediations of the printed book allowed a broader public to engage with the astronomical ideas at the core of scientific transformations. This article examines the interactions that the world of the book generated between authors at the ‘core’ of early modern science and ‘amateurs’ who were interested in recent cosmological discussion around the notion of the ‘system of the world’. It argues that this concept served simultaneously to discuss mathematico-physical problems, to make claims for authorship and to provide cultural orientation, which made it amenable to appropriation and dialogue across a range of genres. The new social interactions around the ‘system of the world’ allowed a heavily mathematical science to become a viable and sustainable cultural phenomenon, a veritable building-block of a new scientific culture at the heart of European modernity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0035-9149 , 1743-0178
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2022.0042
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    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 8
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    Cécile Morette and the Les Houches summer school for theoretical physics; or, how Girl Scouts, the 1944 Caen bombing and a marriage proposal helped rebuild French physics (1951–1972)
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2019
    In:  The British Journal for the History of Science Vol. 52, No. 4 ( 2019-12), p. 595-616
    Details
    In: The British Journal for the History of Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 52, No. 4 ( 2019-12), p. 595-616
    Abstract: The aftermath of the Second World War represented a major turning point in the history of French and European physical sciences. The physicist's profession was profoundly restructured, and in this transition the role of internationalism changed tremendously. Transnational circulation became a major part of research training. This article examines the conditions of possibility for this transformation, by focusing on the case of the summer school for theoretical physics created in 1951 by the young Cécile Morette (1922–2017), just in front of Mont Blanc, at Les Houches. First I show that ultimately it was only thanks to extremely specific and intertwined social positions and dispositions, in terms of class and gender (derived from her socialization as an expected dame de la bourgeoisie ), and through the interactions between such social attributes and a dramatic life event, that Morette managed to gather a network diverse, powerful and transnational enough to create this institution. Then, following the first years of this school, I show how it became an international model, paving the way to new articulations between the local, the national and the global scales, even beyond the Cold War oppositions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-0874 , 1474-001X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0007087419000505
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 9
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    The history of transdisciplinary race classification: methods, politics and institutions, 1840s–1940s
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2018
    In:  The British Journal for the History of Science Vol. 51, No. 1 ( 2018-03), p. 41-67
    Details
    In: The British Journal for the History of Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 51, No. 1 ( 2018-03), p. 41-67
    Abstract: A recently blossoming historiographical literature recognizes that physical anthropologists allied with scholars of diverse aspects of society and history to racially classify European peoples over a period of about a hundred years. They created three successive race classification coalitions – ethnology, from around 1840; anthropology, from the 1850s; and interwar raciology – each of which successively disintegrated. The present genealogical study argues that representing these coalitions as ‘transdisciplinary’ can enrich our understanding of challenges to disciplinary specialization. This is especially the case for the less well-studied nineteenth century, when disciplines and challenges to disciplinary specialization were both gradually emerging. Like Marxism or structuralism, race classification was a holistic interpretive framework, which, at its most ambitious, aimed to structure the human sciences as a whole. It resisted the organization of academia and knowledge into disciplines with separate organizational institutions and research practices. However, the ‘transdisciplinarity’ of this nationalistic project also bridged emerging borderlines between science and politics. I ascribe race classification's simultaneous longevity and instability to its complex and intricately entwined processes of political and interdisciplinary coalition building. Race classification's politically useful conclusions helped secure public support for institutionalizing the coalition's component disciplines. Institutionalization in turn stimulated disciplines to professionalize. They emphasized disciplinary boundaries and insisted on apolitical science, thus ultimately undermining the ‘transdisciplinary’ project.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-0874 , 1474-001X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0007087417001054
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 10
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    ‘Stargazers at the world's end’: telescopes, observatories and ‘views’ of empire in the nineteenth-century British Empire
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2013
    In:  The British Journal for the History of Science Vol. 46, No. 3 ( 2013-09), p. 389-413
    Details
    In: The British Journal for the History of Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 46, No. 3 ( 2013-09), p. 389-413
    Abstract: This article argues that the study of astronomical observing instruments, their transportation around the globe and the personal and professional networks created by such exchanges are useful conceptual tools in exploring the role of science in the nineteenth-century British Empire. The shipping of scientific instruments highlights the physical and material connections that bound the empire together. Large, heavy and fragile objects, such as transit circles, were difficult to transport and repair. As such, the logistical difficulties associated with their movement illustrate the limitations of colonial scientific enterprises and their reliance on European centres. The discussion also examines the impact of the circulation of such objects on observatories and astronomers working in southern Africa, India and St Helena by tracing the connections between these places and British scientific institutions, London-based instrument-makers, and staff at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. It explores the ways in which astronomy generally, and the use of observing instruments in particular, relate to broader themes about the applications of science, the development of colonial identities, and the consolidation of empire in the first half of the nineteenth century. In considering these issues, the article illustrates the symbiotic relationship between science and empire in the period, demonstrating the overlap between political and strategic considerations and purely scientific endeavours. Almost paradoxically, as they trained their sights and their telescopes on the heavens, astronomers and observers helped to draw diverse regions of the earth beneath closer together. By tracing the movement of instruments and the arcs of patronage, cooperation and power that these trajectories inscribe, the role of science and scientific objects in forging global links and influencing the dynamics of the nineteenth-century British Empire is brought into greater focus.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-0874 , 1474-001X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0007087411000616
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2017943-1
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