Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction: Scope of the Book -- 1.1 Introduction: Green Chemistry, Solvent‐free Synthesis, and Nanocatalysts -- 1.2 Topics Covered in this Book -- 1.3 Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Nanocatalysts -- 1.4 Solvent and Catalyst‐Free Organic Transformations -- 1.5 Solvent‐Free Reactions Using NCs -- 1.5.1 Different Metal Oxides as a Catalyst/Support in Solvent‐Free Reaction -- 1.5.1.1 Titanium Oxide -- 1.5.1.2 Tin Oxide -- 1.5.1.3 Manganese Oxide (MnOx) -- 1.5.1.4 Zinc Oxide -- 1.5.1.5 Aluminum Oxide -- 1.5.1.6 Iron Oxide -- 1.5.2 Silica‐Based Materials as Catalysts/Supports in Solvent‐Free Organic Reactions -- 1.5.3 Carbon‐Based Materials as Catalysts/Supports in Solvent‐Free Organic Reactions -- 1.5.4 Nitride‐Based Materials as Catalysts/Supports in Solvent‐Free Organic Reactions -- 1.5.5 Ionic Liquid‐Based Materials as Catalysts/Supports in Solvent‐Free Organic Reactions -- 1.6 Present Status and Future Direction -- References -- Chapter 2 Strategies for the Preparation of Nanocatalysts and Supports Under Solvent‐Free Conditions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Mechanochemistry -- 2.2.1 Ball Milling -- 2.2.2 Mortar and Pestle -- 2.3 Thermal Treatment -- 2.3.1 Simple Thermal Treatment -- 2.3.2 Thermal Decomposition -- 2.3.3 Microwave Heating Energy -- 2.4 Plasma‐Assisted Methods -- 2.4.1 Thermal Plasma Method -- 2.4.2 Cold Thermal Plasma Method -- 2.5 Deposition Method -- 2.5.1 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Method -- 2.5.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method -- 2.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Solvent‐ and Catalyst‐Free Organic Transformation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Solvent‐ and Catalyst‐Free Organic Transformations -- 3.2.1 Mechanochemistry -- 3.2.2 Microwave Irradiation -- 3.2.3 Classical Heating -- 3.2.4 Ultrasound Irradiation. , 3.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Metal Oxides as Catalysts/Supports in Solvent‐Free Organic Reactions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Different Metal Oxides as a Catalyst/Support in Solvent‐Free Reactions -- 4.2.1 Titanium Dioxide‐Based Catalysts -- 4.2.2 Tin Oxide‐Based Catalysts -- 4.2.3 Manganese Oxide‐Based Catalysts -- 4.2.4 Zinc Oxide‐Based Catalysts -- 4.2.5 Aluminum Oxide‐Based Catalysts -- 4.2.6 Iron Oxide‐Based Catalysts -- 4.2.6.1 Fe3O4‐Based Catalyst/Support -- 4.2.6.2 Fe2O3‐Based Catalyst/Support -- 4.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Silica‐Based Materials as Catalysts or Supports in Solvent‐Free Organic Reactions -- 5.1 Solvent‐Free Reactions Over Silica Gel -- 5.2 Silica Nanoparticles and its Applications -- 5.3 Zeolites and Hierarchical Zeolite Structures -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Carbon‐Based Materials as Catalysts/Supports in Solvent‐Free Organic Reactions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Solvent‐Free Catalysis Using Carbon‐Based Materials -- 6.2.1 Activated Carbons (ACs) -- 6.2.1.1 Acetylation Reactions -- 6.2.1.2 Oxidation of Cyclohexane -- 6.2.2 Carbon‐Based Solid Acid (CBSA) Catalysts -- 6.2.2.1 Cross‐Aldol Condensation of Ketones with Aromatic Aldehydes -- 6.2.2.2 Substituted Imidazoles -- 6.2.2.3 Amidoalkyl Naphthols -- 6.2.2.4 Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones -- 6.2.2.5 Xanthenes and Dibenzoxanthenes -- 6.2.2.6 Dihydropyrimidinone Compounds (Biginelli Reaction) -- 6.2.2.7 Acylation, Acetalization, Thioacetalization of Aldehydes -- 6.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) -- 6.2.3.1 Esterification of Alcohols -- 6.2.3.2 Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation -- 6.2.3.3 Phenol Derivatives Antioxidants -- 6.2.3.4 Acrylonitrile Derivatives -- 6.2.4 Graphene Oxide (GO) -- 6.2.4.1 Alkylaminophenols Derivatives -- 6.2.4.2 N‐Arylation Reactions -- 6.2.4.3 Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols. , 6.2.4.4 Aldol and Konevenagel Condensation Reaction -- 6.2.4.5 Oxidation of Cyclohexene -- 6.2.4.6 Oxidation of Hydrazide and Pyrazole Derivatives -- 6.2.5 Porous Carbon Materials -- 6.2.5.1 Oxidation of Alcohol and Hydrocarbons -- 6.2.5.2 Coupling of Amines -- 6.3 Summary and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7 Nitride‐Based Nanostructures for Solvent‐Free Catalysis -- 7.1 Carbon Nitride -- 7.1.1 Introduction -- 7.1.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nitride -- 7.1.3 Modification of Carbon Nitrides -- 7.1.4 Solvent‐Free Catalysis with Carbon Nitrides -- 7.2 Boron Nitride -- 7.2.1 Introduction -- 7.2.2 Synthesis and Modification of Boron Nitride -- 7.3 Molybdenum Nitride -- 7.3.1 Introduction -- 7.3.2 Synthesis of Molybdenum Nitride -- 7.3.3 Solvent‐Free Catalytic Application of Molybdenum Nitride -- 7.4 Aluminum Nitride -- 7.4.1 Introduction -- 7.4.2 Synthesis of Aluminum Nitride -- 7.4.2.1 Solvent‐Free Synthesis -- 7.4.3 Solvent‐Free Application of Aluminum Nitride -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Supported Ionic Liquids for Solvent‐Free Catalysis -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Supported Ionic Liquids -- 8.3 Building Blocks of SILs -- 8.3.1 Ionic Segment -- 8.3.2 Solid‐Support Segment -- 8.3.2.1 Silica Gels -- 8.3.2.2 Ordered Mesoporous Silicas -- 8.3.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) -- 8.3.2.4 Silica‐Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles (SMNPs) -- 8.4 SIL Catalytic Systems -- 8.5 Supported IL Solvent‐Free Catalysis -- 8.6 Solvent‐Free Hydrogenation of Olefins -- 8.7 Solvent‐Free Heck Reaction -- 8.8 Solvent‐Free Multicomponent Reactions -- 8.8.1 Synthesis of Pyran‐Based Heterocycles -- 8.8.2 Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyridine (Hantzsch Reaction) -- 8.8.3 Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidine‐2(1H)‐One/Thiones (Biginelli Reaction) -- 8.8.4 Synthesis of 1‐Amidoalkyl Naphthol -- 8.8.5 Miscellaneous Solvent‐Free Multicomponent Reactions. , 8.9 Solvent‐Free Condensation Reactions -- 8.9.1 Solvent‐Free Friedländer Condensation -- 8.9.2 Solvent‐Free Knoevenagel Condensation -- 8.9.3 Esterification -- 8.10 Solvent‐Free CO2 Conversion Reactions -- 8.11 Solvent‐Free Oxidation Reactions -- 8.12 Miscellaneous Solvent‐Free Organic Reactions -- 8.13 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Present Status and Future Outlook -- 9.1 Summary -- 9.2 Future Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- EULA.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Part 1: Advances in Photocatalysts Synthesis -- Chapter 1 Advancement and New Challenges in Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for Industrial Wastewater Treatment in the 21st Century -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Development of Heterogeneous Photocatalysts -- 1.3 Mechanism of Action of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis -- 1.4 Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalyst -- 1.5 Heterostructure Photocatalysts for the Degradation of Organic Pollutants -- 1.6 Photoreactors -- 1.7 Photoreactors for the Degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds -- 1.7.1 Annular Reactors -- 1.7.2 Plate Reactor -- 1.7.3 Packed Bed Reactors -- 1.7.4 Honeycomb Monolith Reactors -- 1.7.5 Fluidized Bed Reactors -- 1.7.6 Batch Reactors -- 1.7.7 Parabolic Trough Photoreactors -- 1.7.8 Inclined Flat Photoreactors -- 1.7.9 Gas Phase Photoreactors -- 1.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis -- 1.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 2 Role of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Advanced Oxidation Process in Wastewater Treatment -- Abbreviations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) -- 2.1.2 AOPs Classification -- 2.1.2.1 Catalytic Oxidation -- 2.1.2.2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidation -- 2.2 Effect of Pollutant -- 2.3 Type of Catalysts -- 2.3.1 Metal Organic Frameworks -- 2.3.1.1 Hydro (Solvo) Thermal Technique -- 2.3.2 Metal Oxides -- 2.3.2.1 Coprecipitation Method -- 2.3.2.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis -- 2.3.2.3 Sol-Gel Process -- 2.3.2.4 Bioreduction Method -- 2.3.2.5 Solvent System-Based Green Synthesis -- 2.3.3 Perovskites -- 2.3.3.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Perovskites -- 2.3.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Perovskites -- 2.3.3.3 Mechanosynthesis of Perovskites -- 2.3.4 Layered Double Hydroxides -- 2.3.4.1 Coprecipitation by the Addition of Base. , 2.3.5 Graphene -- 2.3.5.1 Electrochemical (EC) Processes -- 2.3.5.2 Water Electrolytic Oxidation -- 2.4 Some Recent Heterogeneous Catalysts for Advanced Oxidation Process -- 2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospect -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 3 Green Synthesis of Photocatalysts and its Applications in Wastewater Treatment -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Photocatalysts and Green Chemistry -- 3.2.1 Nanophotocatalysts (NPCs) -- 3.2.2 Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of NPCs -- 3.2.3 Biopolymer-Mediated Synthesis of NPCs -- 3.2.3.1 Alginic Acid -- 3.2.3.2 Carrageenan -- 3.2.3.3 Chitin and Chitosan -- 3.2.3.4 Guar Gum -- 3.2.3.5 Cellulose -- 3.2.3.6 Xanthan Gum -- 3.2.4 Green Synthesis of NPCs Using Bacteria, Algae, and Fungus -- 3.2.5 Characterization of NPCs Using Various Analytical Techniques -- 3.2.5.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy -- 3.2.5.2 XRD -- 3.2.5.3 SEM, HR-TEM, EDX, and AFM -- 3.2.5.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.2.5.5 Dynamic Light Scattering -- 3.2.5.6 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) -- 3.2.5.7 Barrett-Joyner-Halenda -- 3.2.6 Application of Green Synthesized NPCs in Wastewater Treatment -- 3.3 Limitations and Future Aspects -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Green Synthesis of Metal Ferrite Nanoparticles for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes in Wastewater -- Abbreviations -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Metal Ferrite Nanoparticles -- 4.3 General Synthesis Methods of Metal Ferrites and Their Limitations -- 4.4 Biological Synthesis of Metal Ferrite Nanostructures -- 4.4.1 Synthesis of Metal Ferrite Nanostructures Using Bacteria -- 4.4.2 Synthesis of Metal Ferrites Nanostructures Using Fungi -- 4.4.3 Synthesis of Metal Ferrites Nanostructures Using Plant Extracts -- 4.5 Plant-Derived Metal Ferrites as Photocatalysts for Dye Degradation. , 4.5.1 Effect of Depositing Noble and Transition Metal on Metal Ferrites for Photodegradation -- 4.5.2 Effect of Carbon Deposited on Metal Ferrites for Photocatalytic Degradation -- 4.5.3 Effect of Coupling Metal Oxide Semiconductors with Metal Ferrites for Photocatalytic Degradation -- 4.5.4 Biological Applications of Plant-Derived Metal Ferrites -- 4.6 Challenges of these Materials and Photocatalysis -- 4.7 Conclusion: Future Perspectives -- References -- Part 2: Advanced Oxidation Processes -- Chapter 5 Selected Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Remediation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Photocatalysis and Ozonation -- 5.2.1 Photocatalysis -- 5.2.2 Ozonation -- 5.3 Hybrid AOP Technologies -- 5.3.1 Hydrodynamic Cavitation -- 5.3.2 Hybrid AOP Systems Based on Hydrodynamic Cavitation -- 5.3.3 Hybrid AOP Systems Based on Ultrasound Radiation -- 5.3.3.1 Sonoelectrochemical Oxidation -- 5.3.3.2 Sonophotocatalytic Degradation -- 5.4 Membrane-Based AOPs -- 5.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 6 Advanced Oxidation Processes-Mediated Removal of Aqueous Ammonia Nitrogen in Wastewater -- Abbreviations -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Basic Chemistry and Occurrence of Ammonia Nitrogen -- 6.2.1 Basic Chemistry of Ammonia Nitrogen -- 6.2.2 Sources of Ammonia Nitrogen -- 6.2.3 Effects of Ammonia Nitrogen on Aquaculture Species -- 6.3 Photocatalytic Technique for Removal of Aqueous Ammonia Nitrogen From Wastewater -- 6.3.1 TiO2/TiO2-Based Photocatalyst -- 6.3.2 Modified TiO2 Photocatalyst -- 6.4 Ozonation Technique for Removal of Aqueous Ammonia Nitrogen From Wastewater -- 6.4.1 Noncatalytic Ozonation of Ammonia Nitrogen -- 6.4.2 Catalytic Ozonation of Ammonia Nitrogen -- 6.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 3: Design and Modelling of Photoreactors. , Chapter 7 Recent Advances in Photoreactors for Water Treatment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Photocatalysis Fundamentals and Mechanism -- 7.3 Configuration of Photoreactor -- 7.3.1 Source of Light Irradiation -- 7.3.2 Geometry of Photoreactor -- 7.3.3 Light Source Placement and Distribution -- 7.3.4 Photoreactor Materials -- 7.4 Types of Photoreactors -- 7.4.1 Slurry Photoreactors -- 7.4.2 Photocatalytic Membrane Photoreactors -- 7.4.3 Rotating Drum Photoreactors -- 7.4.4 Microphotoreactors -- 7.4.5 Annular Photoreactor (APR) -- 7.4.6 Closed-Loop Step Photoreactors -- 7.5 Photocatalytic Water Purification Using Photoreactors -- 7.6 Challenges for Effective Photoreactors -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Design of Photoreactors for Effective Dye Degradation -- Abbreviations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Mechanisms and Theory of AOP -- 8.1.2 Design of Photoreactors -- 8.1.2.1 Source of Irradiation -- 8.1.2.2 Wavelength/Lamp Selection -- 8.1.3 Placement of Light Source and Light Distribution -- 8.2 Different Photoreactors Are Used for Wastewater Treatment -- 8.2.1 Some Typical Photoreactors Used for Wastewater Treatment Are Described Below -- 8.2.2 Homogenous and Heterogenous Systems -- 8.2.3 Heterogenous Photocatalyst Arrangement -- 8.2.4 Amount of Photocatalyst -- 8.3 Photoreactors Designed to Work Under Visible-Light Irradiation Toward Wastewater Treatment -- 8.3.1 Limitations of the Currently Employed Photoreactors and Future Scope -- 8.4 Current and Future Developments -- References -- Chapter 9 Simulation of Photocatalytic Reactors -- Abbreviations -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Modeling of Light Distribution -- 9.2.1 Light Distribution -- 9.2.2 Light Distribution Methods -- 9.2.3 Simulation Parameters -- 9.2.4 Influence of Bubbles on Light Distribution -- 9.2.5 Validation of Light Distribution Models -- 9.3 Photocatalysis Kinetics. , 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 The Development of Self-Powered Nanoelectrocatalytic Reactor for Simultaneous Piezo-Catalytic Degradation of Bacteria and Organic Dyes in Wastewater -- Abbreviations -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Degradation Techniques -- 10.2.1 Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs) -- 10.3 Characteristics and Properties of Piezoelectric Materials -- 10.3.1 Natural Piezoelectric Materials -- 10.3.2 Synthetic Piezoelectric Materials -- 10.4 Synthesis of Piezoelectric Materials -- 10.4.1 Electrospinning Technique -- 10.4.2 Template Synthesis -- 10.4.3 Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO)/Solid State Synthesis -- 10.4.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method -- 10.4.5 Sol-Gel Method -- 10.5 Challenges of Piezoelectric Nanomaterials/Nanogenerators -- 10.6 Application of Piezoelectric Materials for Piezo-Electrocatalytic Degradation of Dyes and Bacteria in Wastewater -- 10.6.1 Piezo-Electrocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes and Bacteria in Wastewater -- 10.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- EULA.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Part I: THz Photonic Sources -- Chapter 1: THz Optical Parametric Generators and Oscillators -- 1.1: Injection-Seeded THz-Wave Parametric Generation Pumped by Subnanosecond Near-Infrared Pulses -- 1.2: Highly Efficient THz-Wave Parametric Wavelength Conversion between Near-Infrared Light and THz Waves -- 1.3: Multi-Wavelength THz Parametric Generator -- 1.4: Rapidly Wavelength-Switchable THz Parametric Generator -- 1.5: Backward THz-Wave Parametric Oscillation -- Chapter 2: Terahertz Wave Emission with Photoconductive Antennas -- 2.1: Operation Principles of Photoconductive Antennas -- 2.2: Design Considerations of Photoconductive Antennas -- 2.2.1: Photoconductive Material -- 2.2.2: Antenna Structure -- 2.2.3: Pump Laser -- 2.2.4: Sub-bandgap excitation of LT-GaAs-based Photoconductive antennas -- 2.3: Plasmonics-Enhanced Photoconductive Antennas -- 2.3.1: PCAs Based on Plasmonic Light Concentrators -- 2.3.2: PCAs Based on Plasmonic Contact Electrodes -- 2.3.3: PCAs Based on Plasmonic Nanoantenna Arrays -- 2.3.4: PCAs Based on Plasmonic Nanocavities -- 2.4: Conclusion and Outlook -- Chapter 3: Optical Rectification-Based Sources -- 3.1: Phase Matching, Velocity Matching, Tilted Pulse Front -- 3.2: Semiconductor-Based Sources -- 3.2.1: Contact Grating -- 3.2.2: Multiphoton Absorption -- 3.3: Organic Crystal-Based Sources -- 3.4: Lithium Niobate-Based Sources -- 3.4.1: Limitations of TPF -- 3.4.2: New Designs -- 3.5: Dispersion of Refractive Index, Absorption and Nonlinear Coefficient -- 3.6: Models for THz Generation -- 3.7: Summary -- Chapter 4: Method of Terahertz Liquid Photonics -- 4.1: Background -- 4.2: Liquid for THz Source -- 4.3: THz Wave Emission under Single-Color Optical Excitation in a Thin Water Film. , 4.4: THz Wave Emission under the Excitation of Asymmetric Optical Fields -- 4.5: THz Emission from Waterlines -- 4.6: Summary of Results of THz Wave Generation from Liquid Water -- 4.6.1: Key Observations -- 4.6.2: Other Confirmations -- 4.7: THz Wave Generation from Liquid Metal -- 4.8: THz Wave Generation from Liquids with Nanoparticles -- 4.9: THz Wave Emission from Liquid Nitrogen -- 4.10: Density Singularity of Water at 4°C -- 4.11: Molecular Orientation and Alignment -- 4.12: Magnetic Fluids -- 4.13: Future Perspective -- 4.14: Summary -- Chapter 5: Photomixing THz Sources -- 5.1: Generation of CW THz Radiation Using Photomixing -- 5.1.1: Devices for Photomixing THz Sources and THz Radiation Powers -- 5.1.2: Generation of THz Radiation Using Superposed Two Single-Mode Laser Beams (Two-Beam Photomixing) -- 5.1.3: Generation of THz Radiation by Photomixing Using a Dual-Mode Laser -- 5.1.4: Generation of THz Radiation by Photomixing Using a Multimode Laser -- 5.2: Photomixing THz Sources Combined with Coherent Detection -- 5.2.1: Coherent Detection System Using Superposed Two Single-Mode Laser Beams -- 5.2.2: Cross-Correlation Spectroscopic System (CCS) -- 5.3: Stable CW THz Wave Generation and Detection Using Laser Chaos -- 5.3.1: Laser Chaos -- 5.3.1.1: Time evolution of variables -- 5.3.1.2: Classification of lasers -- 5.3.1.3: Effects of delayed feedback -- 5.3.2: Application of Laser Chaos to Generation of THz Radiations -- 5.3.2.1: Merits of LDs as an irradiation source for THz radiation generation -- 5.3.2.2: Optical spectra of laser chaos -- 5.3.2.3: Generated THz waves -- 5.3.2.4: Simple stabilization mechanism -- 5.3.2.5: Stability of optical beats in laser chaos -- 5.3.3: Further Challenges -- Chapter 6: Spintronic THz Emitters -- 6.1: Introduction -- 6.2: Spin-to-Charge Conversion Mechanism Responsible for THz Radiation. , 6.3: Experimental Detection of THz Emission -- 6.4: Strategies to Engineer Intensity and Bandwidth of THz Signal -- 6.4.1: Material Dependence -- 6.4.2: Thickness Dependence -- 6.4.3: Wavelength Dependence -- 6.4.4: Interface Dependence -- 6.4.5: Stack Geometry Dependence -- 6.5: Future Perspectives of THz STEs -- 6.6: Conclusion -- Chapter 7: Terahertz Frequency Comb -- 7.1: Introduction -- 7.2: Coherent Link of Frequency Using Frequency Comb -- 7.3: THz-Comb-Referenced Spectrum Analyzer -- 7.4: Optical-Comb-Referenced Frequency Synthesizer -- 7.5: Dual-THz-Comb Spectroscopy -- 7.6: Conclusions and Future Trends -- Part II: THz Solid-State Electronic Sources -- Chapter 8: High-Efficiency THz Oscillators -- 8.1: Introduction -- 8.1.1: Fundamental Oscillators -- 8.1.2: Harmonic Oscillators -- 8.2: Challenges -- 8.3: Design and Optimization Flow -- 8.4: Design Example -- 8.4.1: Optimization Target -- 8.4.2: Core Transistor Optimization -- 8.4.3: Transformer-Based Impedance Optimization -- 8.5: Conclusion -- Chapter 9: Resonant Tunneling Diode (RTD) THz Sources -- 9.1: Introduction -- 9.2: Characteristics of RTD Oscillators -- 9.2.1: Structure and Oscillation Principle -- 9.2.2: Toward High-Frequency and High-Power Oscillation -- 9.2.3: Functionality -- 9.3: Applications of RTD Oscillators -- 9.3.1: Wireless Communication -- 9.3.2: Imaging and Radar -- 9.3.3: Analytics -- 9.4: Summary -- Chapter 10: Plasmon-Based THz Oscillators -- 10.1: Introduction -- 10.2: Theory -- 10.2.1: Hydrodynamics of 2D Plasmons -- 10.2.2: Dyakonov-Shur Doppler-Shift-Type Instability -- 10.2.3: Ryzhii-Satou-Shur Electron-Transit-Type Instability -- 10.2.4: Cherenkov Plasmonic-Boom-Type Instability -- 10.2.5: Coupling between Plasmons and Photons -- 10.3: Experiments -- 10.3.1: AlGaN/GaN Single-Gate HEMT -- 10.3.2: InGaAs/InAlAs/InP Dual-Grating-Gate HEMT. , 10.3.3: Graphene-Channel Dual-Grating-Gate FET -- 10.4: Future Subjects and Prospects -- 10.5: Conclusion -- Chapter 11: Beamforming THz Transmitters -- 11.1: Introduction -- 11.2: THz Phase Shifters -- 11.2.1: Reflective-Type Phase Shifters (RTPS) -- 11.2.2: Switched-Type Phase Shifters (STPS) -- 11.2.3: Vector-Sum Phase Shifters (VSPS) -- 11.3: Integrated Beamforming THz Transmitters -- 11.3.1: 280 GHz CMOS Beamforming Array on Distributed Active Radiators -- 11.3.2: 320 GHz BiCMOS Beamforming Transmitter -- 11.3.3: 370-410 GHz CMOS Beamforming Transmitter -- Chapter 12: Solid-State THz Power Amplifiers -- 12.1: Introduction -- 12.2: THz Power Amplifier Fundamentals -- 12.2.1: Unit Cell Design -- 12.2.2: Power Combining Techniques -- 12.2.3: Power Supply Oscillations and Heat Effect -- 12.2.4: Technology Considerations -- 12.3: Design Examples -- 12.3.1: 140 GHz Power Amplifier -- 12.3.1.1: Unit cell design -- 12.3.1.2: Combiner design -- 12.3.1.3: Measurement results -- 12.3.2: 210 GHz Power Amplifier -- 12.3.3: 270 GHz Power Amplifier -- 12.3.4: 600 GHz Power Amplifier -- 12.3.4.1: Unit gain stage -- 12.3.4.2: Differential gain block -- 12.3.4.3: Measurement results -- Chapter 13: Terahertz Silicon On-Chip Antenna -- 13.1: Introduction -- 13.2: Si IC Technologies for on-Chip Antenna -- 13.3: Topside Radiating Antenna with Frontside Ground -- 13.3.1: Antenna Structure and Design Considerations -- 13.3.2: Design Examples -- 13.3.2.1: On-chip patch antenna -- 13.3.2.2: Slot antenna -- 13.3.2.3: Antenna with AMC -- 13.4: Topside Radiating Antenna with Backside Ground -- 13.4.1: Antenna Structure and Design Considerations -- 13.4.2: Design Examples -- 13.4.2.1: Slot-ring antenna -- 13.4.2.2: Dipole antenna -- 13.4.2.3: Patch antenna with DGS -- 13.4.2.4: Comb-shaped dipole with chip-integrated dielectric resonator. , 13.5: Backside Radiating on-Chip Antenna -- 13.5.1: Antenna Structure and Design Considerations -- 13.5.2: Design Examples -- 13.5.2.1: Backside radiating antenna with a lens -- 13.5.2.2: Backside radiating antenna without lens -- 13.6: Design Rules Related to Antenna Design -- Chapter 14: Package Technologies for THz Devices -- 14.1: Introduction -- 14.2: Issues in Package at THz Frequencies -- 14.2.1: Packaging Materials -- 14.2.2: Interconnections -- 14.2.3: Signal Interfaces -- 14.3: Metallic Waveguide Packages -- 14.4: LTCC Packages at THz Frequencies -- 14.5: Concept of Quasi-Optical THz Package -- Chapter 15: Semiconductor Technologies for THz Applications -- 15.1: Si CMOS Technology -- 15.1.1: Device Operation -- 15.1.2: Structural Variations -- 15.1.2.1: SOI MOSFET -- 15.1.2.2: FinFET and GAA FET -- 15.1.3: Performance Trend -- 15.2: SiGe HBT Technology -- 15.2.1: Device Operation -- 15.2.2: Performance Trend -- 15.3: III-V HEMT Technology -- 15.3.1: Device Operation -- 15.3.2: Performance Trend -- 15.4: III-V HBT Technology -- 15.4.1: Device Operation -- 15.4.2: Performance Trend -- Part III: THz Vacuum Electronic Sources -- Chapter 16: Development and Applications of THz Gyrotrons -- 16.1: Introduction -- 16.2: Development of THz Gyrotrons -- 16.3: THz Gyrotrons: New Concepts, Challenges, and Trends in Their Development -- 16.4: Some of the Most Prominent Applications of THz Gyrotrons -- 16.4.1: Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion -- 16.4.2: Materials Treatment -- 16.4.3: Advanced Spectroscopic Techniques -- 16.4.3.1: DNP-NMR spectroscopy -- 16.4.3.2: ESR spectroscopy -- 16.4.3.3: XDMR spectroscopy -- 16.4.3.4: Measuring the energy levels of positronium -- 16.4.3.5: Radioacoustic spectroscopy using gyrotron radiation -- 16.4.4: Plasma Physics and Localized Gas Discharges -- 16.4.5: Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources. , 16.4.6: Applications in Bioscience and Material Science Areas.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Ophthalmology -- Introduction -- Diseases -- Diagnosis -- Chapter 2: Vision Fundamentals -- Parts of the Eye That Aid in Vision -- Conditions and Disorders -- Keeping the Vision Healthy -- Frequently Asked Questions -- Eye Anatomy -- How Do We See? -- Eye Conditions -- Eye Tests -- Eye Treatments -- Chapter 3: Intraocular Robotic Surgical System -- Introduction to Ophthalmic Surgery -- Robot-Assisted Intraocular Surgery -- Proposed Robotic Surgical System for Use in Ophthalmology -- Chapter 4: Surgical Correction of Human Eye Refractive Errors by Active Composite Artificial Muscle Implants -- Background of the Chapter -- Summary of the Chapter -- Brief Description of the Drawings -- Description of the Preferred Embodiments -- What Are Designed and Developed ? -- Chapter 5: Implantable Micropump Assembly -- Background of the Chapter -- Summary of the Chapter -- Brief Description of the Drawings -- Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments -- New Devices -- Chapter 6: Diaphragm Pump Apparatuses Based on Synthetic Muscles -- Background of the Chapter -- Summary of the Chapter -- Brief Description of the Drawings -- Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments -- Proposed Assemblies -- Chapter 7: Accommodating Zonular Mini-Bridge Implants -- Background of the Chapter -- Summary of the Chapter -- Brief Description of the Drawings -- Description of the Preferred Embodiments -- Designed Assemblies -- Chapter 8: Surgical Correction of Human Eye Refractive Errors by Active Composite Artificial Muscle Implants -- Cross-Reference to Related Applications -- Background of the Chapter -- Summary of the Chapter -- Brief Description of the Drawings -- Description of the Preferred Embodiments -- Discoveries. , Chapter 9: Surgical Correction of Ptosis by Polymeric Artificial Muscles -- Background of the Chapter -- Summary of the Chapter -- Brief Description of the Drawings -- Detailed Description of the Chapter -- Designed Assemblies -- Chapter 10: Synthetic Muscle-Based Multi-Powered Active Contact Lens -- Background of the Chapter -- Summary of the Chapter -- Brief Description of the Drawings -- Detailed Description of the Chapter -- Detailed Description of Figures -- What Are Designed Assemblies? -- Chapter 11: System and Device for Correcting Hyperopia and Presbyopia -- Technical Field -- Background of the Related Art -- Summary of the Present Chapter -- Detailed Description of the Example Embodiments -- Discoveries -- Chapter 12: Surgical Correction of Ptosis by Polymeric Artificial Muscles: Recent Advances -- Cross-Reference to Related Applications -- Technical Field -- Background of the Chapter -- Summary of the Chapter -- Brief Description of the Drawings -- Detailed Description of the Chapter and Figures -- What Are Designed and Developed? -- Chapter 13: Double-Accommodating Intraocular Accordion Lens -- Background of the Chapter -- Background Art -- Summary of the Chapter -- Brief Description of the Drawings -- Description of the Preferred Embodiments -- Discoveries -- Chapter 14: System and Device for Correcting Hyperopia, Myopia, and Presbyopia -- Cross Reference to Related Applications -- Technical Field -- Background -- Summary of the Chapter -- Detailed Description of Designed and Developed Embodiments, and Figures -- Discoveries -- Chapter 15: Surgical Correction of Human Eye Refractive Errors by Active Composite Artificial Muscle Implants -- Cross-Reference to Related Applications -- Background of the Chapter -- Background Art -- Summary of the Chapter -- Brief Description of the Drawings -- Description of the Preferred Embodiments. , Designed and Developed Embodiments -- Chapter 16: Nitric Oxide Donor + cGMP-PDE5 Inhibitor as a Topical Drug for Glaucoma -- Background of Chapter -- Summary of Chapter -- Detailed Description -- Discoveries -- Chapter 17: Surgical Correction of Ptosis by Polymeric Artificial Muscles -- Cross-Reference to Related Application -- Technical Field -- Background of the Chapter -- Summary of the Chapter -- Brief Description of the Drawings -- Detailed Description of the Chapter -- Designed and Developed Embodiments -- Chapter 18: System and Device for Correcting Hyperopia and Presbyopia -- Technical Field -- Background and History of the Related Art -- Summary of the Chapter -- Detailed Description of the Example Embodiments -- Designed and Developed Embodiments -- Chapter 19: Synthetic Muscle-Based Multi-Powered Active Contact Lens -- Technical Field -- Background of the Chapter -- Summary of the Chapter -- Brief Description of the Drawings -- Detailed Description of the Chapter -- Detailed Explanation of Figures -- Designed and Developed Embodiments -- Chapter 20: Implantable Pump Apparatuses -- Cross Reference to Related Applications -- Background of the Chapter -- Description of the Prior Art -- Summary of the Chapter -- Brief Description of the Drawings -- Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments -- Designed and Developed Embodiments -- Chapter 21: Heat-Shrink Scleral Band with Custom-Made Buckle for Retinal Detachment Surgery -- Background of the Embodiment -- Summary of Concept -- Detailed Description -- Designed and Developed Embodiments -- Chapter 22: System and Devices for Correcting Hyperopia and Presbyopia -- Technical Field -- Background and History of Related Art -- Summary of the Present Innovation -- Detailed Description of Example Embodiments -- Designed and Developed Embodiments. , Chapter 23: Surgical Correction of Ptosis by Polymeric Artificial Muscles: Recent Advances -- Cross-Reference to Related Application -- Technical Field -- Background of the Innovation -- Summary of the Innovation -- Brief Description of the Drawings -- Detailed Description of the Innovation and Figures -- Designed and Developed Innovations -- Chapter 24: Double-Accommodating Intraocular Accordion Lens -- Background of the Invention -- Summary of the Innovation -- Brief Description of the Drawings -- Description of the Preferred Embodiments -- Designed and Developed Innovations -- Ophthalmological Patents -- 12C-Patents, Patent Applications, Publications, and Patents Pending -- Index -- Book Review.

Note: Front Cover -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Epigenetic regulation of cancer -- Acknowledgments -- Competing interests -- References -- Chapter One: Epigenetic therapeutic strategies in pancreatic cancerEpigenetic therapeutic strategies in pancreatic cancer -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Epigenetic profiling of PDAC subtypes and therapeutic opportunities for subtype switching -- 2 Epigenetic changes in the PDAC tumor microenvironment and therapeutic implications -- 3 Epigenetic markers for PDAC diagnosis and prognosis -- 4 Epigenetic alterations in pancreatic cancer metastasis -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter Two: Genetic and epigenetic features of neuroendocrine prostate cancer and their emerging applicationsGenetic and epigenetic featu -- 1 Introduction -- 2 NEPC development as a mechanism of treatment resistance -- 3 Current approach to NEPC diagnosis and management -- 4 Genetic and epigenetic landscape of NEPC -- 4.1 Genetic mutations in NEPC -- 4.2 Epigenetic alterations in NEPC -- 4.2.1 Aberrant DNA methylation patterning in NEPC -- 4.2.2 Post-translational histone modification in NEPC -- 4.2.3 Expression of non-coding RNAs in NEPC -- 5 Emerging treatment options in NEPC -- 6 Circulating tumour cells in NEPC -- 7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter Three: Epigenetic control of cell signalling in cancer stem cellsEpigenetic control of cell signalling in cancer stem cells -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway -- 3 Hedgehog signalling pathway -- 4 Notch signalling pathway -- 5 TGFβ/BMP signalling pathway -- 6 Therapeutic interventions targeting epigenetic regulators in CSCs -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter Four: Epigenetic inhibitors for cancer treatmentEpigenetic inhibitors for cancer treatment -- 1 Introduction. , 2 The molecular cascade of epigenetic modifications (summarized as Fig. 1) -- 2.1 DNA modifications -- 2.2 RNA modifications -- 2.3 Histone modifications -- 2.4 Non-coding RNAs -- 2.5 Other epigenetic regulations -- 3 The role of epigenetic regulation in cancers -- 3.1 Cancer progression -- 3.2 Cancer metastasis -- 3.3 Resistance to therapeutics -- 4 Current development of epigenetic inhibitors for cancer treatment -- 4.1 First generation -- 4.2 Second generation -- 4.3 Third generation -- 4.4 Fourth generation -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 State-of-quo in the clinical trials -- 5.2 New strategy in the clinical use of epigenetic inhibitors in cancer: Combination therapy -- 5.3 New strategy in the development of novel epigenetic inhibitors for cancer treatment -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter Five: Epigenetics as a determinant of radiation response in cancerEpigenetics as a determinant of radiation response in cancer -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Epigenetic code -- 3 DNA methylation -- 4 Histone modifications and chromatin remodeling -- 5 RNA methylation -- 6 Radiotherapy resistance pathways and epigenetic mechanisms in cancer -- 6.1 DNA repair and cell cycle -- 6.2 Cell survival pathways -- 6.3 Epigenetics regulation of cell death induced by radiotherapy -- 7 Cancer stem cells -- 8 Tumor microenvironment and radioresistance -- 9 Epigenetic mechanisms in tumor immunology and radiation resistance -- 10 Stroma cells and tumor communication -- 11 Conclusion and future perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Six: Epigenome editing in cancer: Advances and challenges for potential therapeutic options -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Dysregulation of epigenetic components in cancer -- 2.1 DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and ten-eleven translocation (TET) methylcytosine dioxygenases in cancer. , 2.2 Histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and histone demethylases in cancer -- 2.3 Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) in cancer -- 2.4 Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer -- 2.5 Pioneer factors in cancer -- 2.6 Chromatin architecture in cancer -- 3 Technology modulating cancer epigenomes -- 3.1 Gene-level editing tools -- 3.2 Transcriptional level editing tools -- 3.2.1 CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR-mediated gene activation -- 3.2.2 RNA interference (RNAi) -- 3.2.2.1 siRNA -- 3.2.2.2 Micro RNA (miRNA) -- 3.2.2.3 short hairpin or small hairpin RNA (shRNA) -- 3.3 Protein-level editing tools -- 3.3.1 Auxin-inducible degron (AID) -- 3.3.2 Proteolysis-targeting chimera molecules (PROTACs) -- 3.4 Small molecules targeting epigenomes -- 3.5 Cell-level editing tools (perspective) -- 3.5.1 Transdifferentiation/cellular reprogramming with pioneer factors -- 4 Challenges and future directions of current epigenome modulating tools for cancer therapeutic options -- 4.1 Small molecules, RNAi, and PROTACs -- 4.2 Gene targeting such as CRISPR-Cas9, CRISPRi or CRISPRa -- 4.3 Targeting pioneer factors and transdifferentiation through master TFs -- 5 Closing remarks -- Funding -- References -- Back Cover.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. The Environmental Impact of the Contemporary Economic Model -- 1.1. The negative effects of the economic model on the environment -- 1.1.1. Disasters of economic activity accelerated by the First Industrial Revolution -- 1.1.2. Questions about the capitalist system -- 1.2. A society that pollutes -- 1.2.1. Waste: elements of definition -- 1.2.2. Pollution in the world: an inevitable growth? -- 1.2.3. Public policies to reduce pollution -- 1.3. A sustainable economic model? -- 1.3.1. The sustainability approach -- 1.3.2. Ecological footprint -- 1.4. Conclusion -- Chapter 2. Eco-design: Definitions and Theoretical Outlines -- 2.1. Eco-design: a plural concept -- 2.1.1. The pioneers of eco-design -- 2.1.2. Technocentric eco-design -- 2.1.3. Sustainable design -- 2.2. Technocentric eco-design: a dominant approach -- 2.2.1. The diversity of available methods -- 2.2.2. The most commonly used method: life cycle analysis -- 2.2.3. Some examples of technocentric eco-design -- 2.3. The contribution of eco-design to environmental innovations -- 2.3.1. Innovation, environmental innovation and sustainable innovation -- 2.3.2. The circular economy and the functional economy: practices that are sources of environmental innovations -- 2.3.3. Frugal innovation: a form of sustainable design -- 2.4. Conclusion -- Chapter 3. Eco-design in Companies: Practices and Decisive Actions -- 3.1. A systemic approach to innovation -- 3.1.1. Socio-technical systems -- 3.1.2. Institutions -- 3.2. Eco-design in socio-technical systems -- 3.2.1. The elements of the system -- 3.2.2. The relationships between the elements of the socio-technical systems -- 3.2.3. Coordination by institutions -- 3.3. Visible aspects of eco-design practices in socio-technical systems. , 3.3.1. The economic results of companies: is it essential to "get" eco-design approaches accepted? -- 3.3.2. Communication: a tool to support the diffusion of eco-design practices -- 3.4. Conclusion -- Chapter 4. Questions and Perspectives on Eco-design -- 4.1. Technocentric eco-design: an insufficient solution to the ecological transition -- 4.1.1. The difficulty of leaving the dominant socio-technical regime -- 4.1.2. Limitations due to eco-efficiency and the rebound effect -- 4.2. The contribution of eco-design to the circular economy -- 4.2.1. Circular economy business models and the diffusion of eco-design -- 4.2.2. Technocentric eco-design and the circular economy: complementary approaches -- 4.2.3. Circular economy business models and relationships between actors in socio-technical systems -- 4.2.4. The limits of the circular economy -- 4.3. The solutions enabled by sustainable design in the ecological transition perspective -- 4.3.1. New possible uses for a new relationship between the human species and its environment -- 4.3.2. The advantages of frugal innovation -- 4.4. Perspectives -- 4.4.1. Going further by involving stakeholders in innovation -- 4.4.2. Considering the environment as a common good -- 4.4.3. Profound changes are needed in the socio-technical systems -- 4.5. Conclusion -- Conclusion -- References -- Index -- EULA.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Publication -- Members List of Research Subcommittee on Methodology for Dealing with Geomaterials in Hydraulic Model Experiments -- List of Contributors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodology of Model Tests -- 2.1. Purpose of Model Tests -- 2.2. Hydraulic Model Test -- 2.2.1. Model Test Plan -- 2.2.2. Classification and Target of Model Tests -- 2.2.3. Target and Method of Measurement -- 2.2.4. Model Test Procedure -- 2.2.5. Typical Examples of Hydraulic Model Tests -- 2.3. Geotechnical Model Test -- 2.3.1. Planning of Model Test -- 2.3.2. Classification and Target of Model Tests -- 2.3.3. Target and Method of Measurement -- 2.3.4. Model Test Procedure -- 2.3.5. Typical Model Test Example -- 2.4. Review on the Handling of Geomaterials and Organization of Issues in Japan (Published in Japanese) -- 2.4.1. Examples of Past Experiments Dealing with a Movable Bed in Hydraulic Model Tests -- 2.4.2. Extraction and Organization of Issues Related to the Handling of Geomaterials in Hydraulic Model Experiments -- References -- 3. Concept of the Law of Similarity in Model Tests -- 3.1. Role of Law of Similarity -- 3.1.1. Law of Similarity -- 3.1.2. History of Law of Similarity -- 3.2. Law of Similarity for Fluids -- 3.2.1. Derivation of Law of Similarity -- 3.2.2. Model Tests Involving Breaking Waves -- 3.2.3. Model Tests in Earth's Gravity Field -- 3.2.4. Model Tests in Centrifugal Gravity Field -- 3.2.5. Model Tests on Fluid-Structure Interaction -- 3.3. Law of Similarity for Ground -- 3.3.1. Derivation of the Law of Similarity -- 3.3.2. Model Tests in Earth's Gravitational Field -- 3.3.3. Model Tests in Centrifugal Gravity Field -- 3.3.4. Model Tests on Soil-Structure Interaction -- 3.3.5. Law of Similarity for Unsaturated Ground. , 3.4. Law of Similarity in Combined Fluid and Ground Model Tests -- 3.4.1. Sand Drift -- 3.4.2. Seabed Topography Changes -- 3.4.3. Scouring Phenomenon below Permeable Structure -- 3.4.4. Combined Wave and Ground Model Test -- References -- 4. Case Study of Model Experiments -- 4.1. Viewpoint Concerning the Case Study -- 4.2. Case (1) Scouring Phenomenon under Wave-dissipating Blocks -- 4.2.1. Subsidence Phenomena of Wave-dissipating Blocks -- 4.2.2. Method of Reproducing Scouring Phenomenon with Small-to-Medium-Scale Model Experiments -- 4.2.3. Mechanism of Subsidence of Blocks Based on a Large-scale Experiment (1/16 Scale of the Site) -- 4.2.4. Reproduction of Subsidence of Blocks by Super-large-scale Experiment (1/4 Scale of the Site) -- 4.2.5. Small-to-medium-scale Model Experiment (1/14 of Super-large-scale Experiment and 1/55.8. of the Site): Institution A -- 4.2.6. Small-to-medium-scale Model Experiment (1/14 of Super-large-scale Experiment and 1/55.8. of the Site): Institution B -- 4.2.7. Small-to-medium-scale Model Experiment (1/25 of Super-large-scale Experiment and 1/100 of the Site): Institution C -- 4.2.8. Centrifuge Model Tests (1/38 of Super-large-scale Experiment and 1/152 of the Site): Institution D -- 4.2.9. Dean's Law (Dean Number) and Results of Experiments of Each Scale -- 4.2.10. Conclusion -- 4.3. Case (2) Erosion of Beach Nourishment Filling -- 4.3.1. Introduction -- 4.3.2. Existing Knowledge Regarding Recession Mechanism of Sand Dune and Beach Scarp -- 4.3.3. Test Method -- 4.3.4. Test Result -- 4.3.5. Comparison between the Test Result and the Actual Phenomenon -- 4.3.6. Conclusion -- References -- 5. Numerical Calculation Methodology for Wave-Seabed Interaction -- 5.1. Role of Numerical Calculation -- 5.2. Development of Numerical Calculation for Wave-Seabed Interaction -- 5.2.1. Grid Method -- 5.2.2. Particle Method. , 5.2.3. Coupling of Grid Method and Particle Method -- 5.3. Treatment of Interface between Fluid and Porous Domains -- 5.3.1. Role of Interfacial Condition -- 5.3.2. Examples of Numerical Analyses -- 5.4. Bottom Sediment Transport by Particle Method -- 5.4.1. Multiphase Flow Analysis -- 5.4.2. Example of Numerical Analysis -- 5.4.3. Conclusion -- 5.5. Wave-induced Seabed Response by Grid Method -- 5.5.1. Wave Model -- 5.5.2. Seabed Model -- 5.5.3. Coupling of Wave Model and Seabed Model -- 5.5.4. Examples of Numerical Analysis -- References -- 6. Future Challenges -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Hemocompatibility of Biomaterials for Clinical Applications: Blood-Biomaterials Interactions -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part One: Fundamentals and testing methods for the hemocompatiblity of biomaterials -- 1: Contact activation by the intrinsic pathway of blood plasma coagulation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Structural analysis of FXII -- 1.3 Contact activation of blood plasma -- 1.4 Contact activation of FXII in neat-buffer -- 1.4.1 Autoactivation of FXII is a sharp function of solid activator surface energy -- 1.4.2 Surface area dependence of FXII autoactivation -- 1.4.3 Influences of surface charge on FXII autoactivation -- 1.4.4 Relative yields of FXII-derived products in terms of surface energy and surface area -- 1.4.5 Current understanding on molecular events occurring during FXII contact activation -- 1.5 Influences of plasma proteins on FXII autoactivation -- 1.5.1 Effects on FXII autoactivation by plasma proteins not directly related to intrinsic pathway -- 1.5.2 Kallikrein-mediated amplification of FXIIa from surface induced activation -- 1.6 Role of platelets in FXII contact activation -- 1.7 Summary and future perspectives -- References -- 2: Mechanisms of blood coagulation in response to biomaterials: Extrinsic factors -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The blood coagulation cascade and physiological inhibitors -- 2.2.1 The extrinsic clotting pathway -- 2.2.2 The intrinsic (contact) clotting pathway -- 2.2.3 Newly identified prothrombotic biomolecules -- 2.2.3.1 Polyphosphate and cell-free nucleic acids -- 2.2.4 Physiological inhibition of blood clotting -- 2.3 Mechanisms by which clinically used biomaterials induce blood clotting (thrombosis) -- 2.3.1 Role of blood cells and proteins on biomaterial surfaces -- 2.3.1.1 Impact of protein adsorption. , 2.3.1.2 Adhesion and activation of platelets -- 2.3.1.3 Role of endothelium -- 2.3.2 Activation of the complement system -- 2.4 Summary and concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3: Developing standards and test protocols for testing the hemocompatibility of biomaterials -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Requirements for a reproducible and standardized in vitro testing -- 3.2.1 Preparation of materials for in vitro testing -- 3.2.2 Reference materials -- 3.2.3 Anticoagulation -- 3.2.4 Donor selection and stratification -- 3.2.5 Blood collection, preparation, and storage -- 3.3 Test protocols -- 3.3.1 Thrombogenicity -- 3.3.2 Hemocompatibility -- 3.4 Summary -- References -- 4: Test methods for hemocompatibility of biomaterials -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Incubation of whole blood versus blood fractions -- 4.2.1 Use of different blood fractions for testing -- 4.2.2 Requirements for valid incubation results with whole blood -- 4.2.3 Blood anticoagulation -- 4.3 Incubation settings -- 4.3.1 Duration of incubation -- 4.3.2 Reference materials -- 4.3.3 Incubation settings-Overview -- 4.3.4 Incubation systems with stagnant blood -- 4.3.5 Closed, agitated systems for incubation -- 4.3.6 Incubation with streaming blood -- 4.3.6.1 Chandler loop -- 4.3.6.2 Parallel plate flow chambers -- 4.3.6.3 Cone-plate-incubation -- 4.3.6.4 Model miniature hemodialyzer -- 4.4 Analytical parameters -- 4.4.1 Global parameters -- 4.4.1.1 Determination of clotting times of blood plasma -- 4.4.1.2 Thromboelastography -- 4.4.1.3 Thrombin formation -- 4.4.1.4 Microscopic and gravimetric analysis of blood clot formation -- 4.4.2 Humoral markers -- 4.4.3 Cellular activation -- 4.4.3.1 Platelets -- 4.4.3.2 Granulocytes/monocytes -- 4.5 Future trends and open problems -- References. , Part Two: Improving the hemocompatibility of biomaterial surfaces -- 5: Analyzing biomaterial surfaces and blood-surface interactions -- 5.1 Flow dynamics -- 5.2 Chandler's loop -- 5.3 Current design -- 5.4 Method and materials -- 5.4.1 Platelet rich plasma preparation -- 5.5 Static hemocompatibility experiment -- 5.6 Dynamic hemocompatibllity experiments -- 5.7 Summary -- References -- 6: Surface analysis technique for assessing hemocompatibility of biomaterials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Biomaterials -- 6.3 Nano-biomaterials -- 6.3.1 Hemocompatibility or blood compatibility -- 6.3.2 Protein adsorption -- 6.3.3 Platelet activation and adhesion -- 6.3.4 Hemocompatibility test for various nano-biomaterials -- 6.3.4.1 Hemocompatibility test for nanoparticles -- 6.3.4.2 Hemocompatibility of nanofibers -- 6.3.4.3 Hemocompatibility of nanotubes -- 6.3.4.4 Hemocompatibility of nanofilms -- 6.4 Surface characterization of biomaterials -- 6.4.1 Surface characterization techniques -- 6.4.2 Ellipsometry -- 6.4.3 Characterization of the swelling behavior using in situ ellipsometry -- 6.4.4 Surface plasmon resonance -- 6.4.5 Quartz crystal microbalance -- 6.4.6 Comparison of the different techniques -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Further reading -- 7: Coatings for biomaterials to improve hemocompatibility -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Main -- 7.2.1 Physicochemical properties -- 7.2.1.1 Wettability -- 7.2.1.2 Specific surface functional groups -- 7.2.1.3 Roughness/topography -- 7.2.1.4 Other factors (air bubbles) -- 7.2.2 Inorganic passive coatings -- 7.2.2.1 Carbon-based inorganic coatings -- 7.2.2.2 Metal-oxides, metal-nitrides -- 7.2.3 Organic passive coatings -- 7.2.3.1 Hydrophilic coatings/polymer brushes -- 7.2.3.2 Zwitterionic materials -- 7.2.3.3 Passivating proteins -- 7.2.4 Bioactive coatings. , 7.2.4.1 Anticoagulants -- Indirect thrombin inhibitors: Heparin -- Direct thrombin inhibitors -- Hirudin and its derivatives -- Small synthetic inhibitors -- Thrombomodulin -- 7.2.4.2 Other pharmaceutics -- Antiplatelet agents -- Nitric oxide -- Antiproliferative agents -- Fibrinolytic agents -- 7.2.4.3 Gene elution -- 7.2.5 Coatings to promote endothelialization -- 7.3 Future trends -- 7.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8: Techniques for modifying biomaterials to improve hemocompatibility -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Blood and its interactions with interfaces -- 8.3 Biomaterials modification techniques -- 8.3.1 Physical methods -- 8.3.2 Chemical methods -- 8.3.2.1 Methods that introduce functional groups -- 8.3.2.2 Methods that uses hemocompatible molecules: Physical immobilization approaches -- 8.3.2.3 Methods that use hemocompatible molecules: Covalent crosslinking approaches -- 8.3.3 Cellular methods -- 8.3.4 Other methods -- 8.4 Summary and future prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part Three: Improving the hemocompatibility of types of biomaterial -- 9: Improving the hemocompatibility of biomedical polymers -- 9.1 Prelude -- 9.2 Usage of blood-contacting devices -- 9.3 Biomaterial surface and blood interaction -- 9.3.1 Platelet activation -- 9.3.2 Complement activation -- 9.4 Biomaterial surface properties and their influence on coagulation -- 9.5 Surface anticoagulation approaches -- 9.5.1 Limitations of approaches -- 9.6 Current state of systemic anticoagulation usage -- 9.7 Keys to achieving totally local surface anticoagulation -- 9.8 Standardization of in vitro and in vivo test protocols -- 9.9 Highlights of promising anticoagulation works -- 9.10 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10: Strategies to improve the hemocompatibility of biodegradable biomaterials. , 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Biomaterial hemocompatibility -- 10.3 Biodegradable polymeric materials -- 10.3.1 Natural polymers -- 10.3.1.1 Alginate -- 10.3.1.2 Chitosan -- 10.3.1.3 Hyaluronic acid -- 10.3.1.4 Silk -- 10.3.1.5 Collagen -- 10.3.2 Synthetic biodegradable polymers -- 10.3.2.1 Polyesters -- Polylactic acid -- Poly lactic-co-glycolide -- Polycaprolactone -- 10.3.2.2 Polyurethane -- 10.3.2.3 Poly (vinyl alcohol) -- 10.4 Hybrid biodegradable biomaterials -- 10.4.1 Substrate materials -- 10.4.1.1 Bioceramics -- Calcium phosphates -- Bioactive glass -- 10.4.2 Inorganic/organic (I/O) hybrid materials -- 10.4.2.1 Nanocomposite materials -- 10.4.3 Polymer hybrids -- 10.5 Hemocompatible surface coatings and modifications -- 10.5.1 Pharmaceutically active materials to improve hemocompatibility -- 10.5.1.1 Heparin and heparin-like molecules -- 10.5.1.2 Heparin binding peptides -- 10.5.1.3 Nitric oxide -- 10.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11: Surface treatment of metallic biomaterials in contact with blood to enhance hemocompatibility -- 11.1 Multiscale interaction of blood and metals -- 11.1.1 Metallic materials used in biomedical devices -- 11.1.2 Immune response and metals -- 11.1.3 Biocorrosion -- 11.2 Evaluation of hemocompatibility of metallic systems -- 11.2.1 Hemo and biocompatibility evaluation of metallic systems -- 11.2.2 Regulation and safety aspects in metallic nanomaterials as biomaterials -- 11.3 Irradiation-driven synthesis and modification to improve the hemo-compatibility behavior of metallic systems -- 11.3.1 Surface properties to improve behavior between blood and metals -- 11.3.1.1 Cell-surface interactions -- 11.3.1.2 Surface free energy and the biointerface -- 11.3.2 Techniques to modify metallic surfaces -- 11.3.2.1 Mechanical modification -- 11.3.2.2 Electropolishing. , 11.3.2.3 Thermal and hydrothermal treatments.