Note: Front Cover -- Global Change in Multispecies Systems: Part 3 -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface: Editorial Commentary: Monitoring, Manipulation and Modelling of Ecological Responses to Global Change in Multispec ... -- References -- Chapter 1: Ecosystems and Their Services in a Changing World: An Ecological Perspective -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Changing Concept of the Ecosystem -- 2.1. The biophysical ecosystem -- 2.2. The rise of ecosystem services -- 2.3. Exploring the linkages between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning -- 3. Putting the System Back in Ecosystem: Systems Analysis, Stocks and Flows -- 3.1. Systems analysis and systems ecology -- 3.2. Related concepts of natural capital -- 3.3. A mass-balance approach to biodiversity-ecosystem service relationships -- 3.4. Linking flows of services to the spatial extent of stocks -- 3.5. Stocks and flows: An ecosystem health perspective -- 3.6. An alternative approach: Emergy -- 4. Issues of Scale -- 4.1. Constraint 1. A need to achieve maximum plot replication over a restricted spatial extent -- 4.2. Constraint 2. Practical difficulties in measuring all variables at the appropriate scale -- 4.3. Constraint 3. Time issues: Difficulties in maintaining larger plots for longer periods -- 5. Extending Ecosystem Science -- 5.1. The policy-appraisal arena -- 5.2. Ecosystem science and economic analysis -- 5.3. Ecosystem science and the qualitative social sciences -- 5.4. Ecological science and interdisciplinarity -- 5.5. Monitoring and evaluation of ecosystems in an interdisciplinary context -- 5.6. Moving towards an integrated approach -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 1: Mesocosm Experiments as a Tool for Ecological Climate-Change Research -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Placing mesocosms in the context of ecological climate-change research. , 1.2. Balancing control, replication, and realism in mesocosm experiments -- 1.3. Development of the mesocosm approach in climate-change research -- 2. Mesocosm Approaches in Different Habitats -- 2.1. Marine, coastal, and estuarine ecosystems -- 2.2. Freshwater mesocosms in lentic and lotic ecosystems -- 2.3. Terrestrial mesocosms and Ecotrons -- 3. What Do We Know So Far: Generalities or Idiosyncratic Effects? -- 4. Future Directions -- 4.1. New drivers and experimental designs -- 4.2. Future directions: New responses -- 4.3. Future directions: Implementing a more strategic approach to experimental climate-change research -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix1. Photographic Credits for Fig.1 -- Appendix2. Literature Search for Database Construction -- Appendix3. Construction of the Database -- Appendix4. Analysis of the Database -- Appendix5. Database -- Appendix6. List of Papers Used to Construct the Database -- References (Note: see Appendix6 for publications that are included in the database) -- Chapter 3: Quantifying the Biodiversity Value of Repeatedly Logged Rainforests: Gradient and Comparative Approaches f ... -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The value of degraded forests for tropical biodiversity -- 1.2. Logging impacts on biodiversity: taxonomic variation and confounding factors -- 1.3. Viewing logged landscapes as gradients -- 1.4. Gradient and comparative approaches: a logging case study of Borneos bats -- 2. Materials and Methods -- 2.1. Study area -- 2.2. Animal sampling -- 2.3. Forest structure and microhabitat -- 2.4. Statistical analyses -- 2.4.1. Site-level species diversity -- 2.4.2. Site-level species composition and habitat association -- 2.4.3. Trap-level responses to forest disturbance -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Forest-structure gradient -- 3.2. Species richness -- 3.3. Patterns of abundance. , 3.4. Assemblage composition and structure -- 3.5. Trap-level responses to forest disturbance -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1. Addressing methodological shortcomings of logging-impact research -- 4.2. Differences in bat assemblages between degraded forest sites/habitats -- 4.3. Abundance responses of bats to forest degradation -- 4.4. The importance of tree cavities for logged forest wildlife -- 4.5. Applications to tropical forest management -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4: Habitat Isolation Reduces the Temporal Stability of Island Ecosystems in the Face of Flood Disturbance -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Habitat fragmentation -- 1.2. Flooding and climate change -- 1.3. Fragmentation and island biogeography theory -- 1.4. Spatial dynamics in metacommunities -- 1.5. Linking species traits, stability, and metacommunity dynamics -- 1.6. Hypotheses -- 2. Materials and Methods -- 2.1. Field site description -- 2.2. Flood disturbance in the Gearagh -- 2.3. Sampling protocol -- 2.4. Food web links -- 2.5. Response variables -- 2.6. Statistical analysis -- 3. Results -- 3.1. The Gearagh metacommunity -- 3.2. Individual island food webs -- 3.3. Species turnover -- 3.4. Temporal stability -- 3.5. Community biomass -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1. Habitat isolation in the Gearagh -- 4.2. Flood disturbance in the Gearagh -- 4.3. Isolation effects on food web structure after flooding -- 4.4. Impacts on species turnover -- 4.5. Reduction in temporal stability -- 4.6. Changes in community biomass -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5: Increased Stream Productivity with Warming Supports Higher Trophic Levels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Research site -- 2.2. Field and laboratory methods -- 2.3. Data handling and statistical analysis -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Stream temperature -- 3.2. Stream macrophytes. , 3.3. Macroinvertebrate life cycles and growth rates -- 3.3.1. Eukiefferiella claripennis and Eukiefferiella minor -- 3.3.2. Orthocladius frigidus -- 3.3.3. Orthocladius oblidens -- 3.3.4. Micropsectra atrofasciata -- 3.3.5. Thienemanniella spp -- 3.3.6. Simulium vittatum -- 3.3.7. Radix balthica -- 3.3.8. Potamophylax cingulatus -- 3.4. Macroinvertebrate growth rate, biomass and production -- 3.5. Brown trout biomass -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1. Hengill as a model system -- 4.2. Stream macrophytes -- 4.3. Macroinvertebrate life cycles and growth rates -- 4.4. Macroinvertebrate biomass and production -- 4.5. Brown trout biomass -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix A. Length-Weight Relationships Used to Estimate Dry Mass of Macroinvertebrates -- Appendix B. Head-Width Measurements for Instar Separation in Each Stream -- References -- Chapter 6: Extreme Climatic Events Alter Aquatic Food Webs: A Synthesis of Evidence from a Mesocosm Drought Experiment -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Extreme events and climate change -- 1.2. Drought in river networks -- 1.3. Food webs in climate change research: From qualitative to quantitative approaches -- 1.4. Mesocosm experiments and climate change research -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Stream mesocosms -- 2.2. Experimental design and application -- 2.3. Estimation of abundance, biomass and production of trophic elements -- 2.4. Food web construction: Binary webs -- 2.5. Food web construction: Quantitative webs -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Connectance webs -- 3.2. Drought impact on trophic elements -- 3.3. Quantified food webs -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1. Primary producers -- 4.2. Qualitative webs, size structure and species traits -- 4.3. Secondary production and quantified food webs -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix. Two-Way ANOVA Testing the Effect of Drought Treatment (Results Below) and Mesocosm Block (P0.05, Results Not Sh. , References -- Index -- Advances in Ecological Research Volume 1-48 -- Cumulative List of Titles.

Note: Cover -- Berkshire Essentials Ecosystem Services for Sustainability -- Contents -- About Berkshire Essentials -- Editors, Editorial Advisory Board, and Production Staff -- Introduction: What are Ecosystem Services? -- Air Pollution Indicatorsand Monitoring -- Aquifers -- Biocentrism -- Buffers -- Clean Air Act -- Coastal Management -- Ecosystem Health Indicators -- Externality Valuation -- Fish -- Food Webs -- Forests -- Glaciers -- Global Climate Change -- Grasslands -- Greenhouse Gases -- Insects -- Landscape Architecture -- Medicinal Plants -- Microbial Ecosystem Processes -- Mutualism -- Natural Capital -- Nutrient and Biogeochemical Cycling -- Ocean Resource Management -- Permaculture -- Plant-Animal Interactions -- Recreation, Outdoor -- Resilience -- Rivers -- Soil -- Succession -- True Cost Economics -- Water -- Wetlands -- Index -- Image Credits -- Author Credits -- Back Cover.

Note: Front Cover -- Ecosystem-based Adaptation -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- About the Editors -- Brief Introduction of the Series -- Brief Introduction of the Volume -- Preface -- PART I - INTRODUCTION: CONCEPTUALIZING ECOSYSTEMS -- Chapter 1 Overview of Ecosystem-based Adaptation -- Introduction -- Ecosystem-related Terminologies: Some Common Themes -- Ecosystem-based Adaptation -- About the Book -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity, and the Millennium Development Goals -- Introduction -- Ecosystems and Human Well-being -- Sustaining Biodiversity Through an Ecosystem Approach -- Ecosystems and the Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 The Role of Ecosystems in Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction -- Introduction -- Ecosystems and Disaster Risk Reduction -- Ecosystems and Climate Change Adaptation -- Benefits of Applying an Ecosystem-based Approach to Climate Change Adaptation and DRR -- The Way Forward -- Acknowledgments -- References -- PART II - CASE EXAMPLES: EXEMPLIFYING ECOSYSTEMS -- Chapter 4 Cooperative Management of Mangrove Ecosystems in India -- Introduction -- Role of Mangroves in Climate Change Adaptation -- Mangroves Management in India -- Community-based Mangrove Management at Pichavaram -- Managing the ''Man'' in the Mangroves in the Indian Sundarbans -- Lessons Learnt and Way Forward -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 5 Innovative Approach of Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Coastal Bangladesh -- Introduction -- Climate Change Trend and Adaptation Concerns -- Climate Change Impact and Ecosystem-based Adaptation Approaches -- Country Approach Toward Ecosystem-based Climate-resilient Development -- Coastal Cyclone and Storm Surge Risk Reduction and Adaptation. , Policy and Strategies for Creating Ecosystem-based Adaptation for Livelihood Opportunities -- Concluding Remarks -- Note -- References -- Chapter 6 Watershed Approach to Ecosystem Management -- Introduction -- The Watershed Approach -- Importance of Watersheds to Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction -- Case Studies on Communities and Watershed Management -- Incentive Schemes for Watershed Management -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Understanding Adaptation Practices in Arid Land Ecosystem -- Introduction -- Distribution of Arid Land Ecosystems -- Features of Arid Ecosystems -- Major Challenges of Arid Land Ecosystem -- Good Practices Followed in Arid Ecosystem: Insight from Two Case Studies -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Redefining Urban Ecosystems -- Introduction -- Urban Ecosystem -- Impact of Climate Change on Urban Ecosystem -- Urban Ecosystem Management -- Case Studies: Revive and Regenerate -- Meeting Challenges of Changing Urban Ecosystem -- Acknowledgments -- References -- PART III - TOOLS: MEASURING ECOSYSTEMS -- Chapter 9 Benchmarking Ecosystem Conditions -- Introduction -- Ecological Indicators -- Conceptual Approaches to Ecosystem Assessment -- Case Study on Participatory Ecosystem Resilience Assessment -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Spatial Relationship and Ecosystem Management -- Introduction -- The Georeview Model -- Application of Georeview -- Potentials and Challenges of Georeview -- References -- Chapter 11 Valuing Ecosystem Services -- Background -- The Economics of Ecosystem Services -- Motivations for Economic Valuation -- Economic Valuation Methods -- Challenges to Economic Valuation -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Governance in a Changing Climate: An Ecosystem Perspective. , Introduction -- Key Characteristics of Ecosystem Governance: Adaptive and Collaborative -- Examples of Approaches to Ecosystem Governance -- Ecosystem Governance in a Changing Climate -- Toward Better Ecosystem Governance in a Changing Climate -- Acknowledgments -- References -- PART IV - THE WAY AHEAD: SUSTAINING ECOSYSTEMS -- Chapter 13 Challenges and the Way Ahead in Ecosystem-based Adaptation -- Introduction -- Key Observations from Concepts of EBA -- Summary of Case Examples of EBA -- Potentials and Challenges of EBA Tools -- Future of EBA -- Acknowledgments -- Reference.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- List of contributors -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- Foreword -- 1 Ecosystem services in the twenty-first century -- Part I Ecosystem services concepts and frameworks - introduction -- 2 Ecosystem services in theory and practice -- 3 Defining and measuring ecosystem services -- Briefing Note 3.1: Ecosystem functions: a critical perspective -- 4 The links between biodiversity and ecosystem services -- Briefing Note 4.1: Service providing units -- 5 Ecosystem structures and processes: characterising natural capital stocks and flows -- 6 The beneficiary perspective: benefits and beyond -- 7 A social-ecological perspective on ecosystem services -- Briefing Note 7.1: Transdisciplinarity -- Briefing Note 7.2: Drivers of change for ecosystem services -- 8 Concepts and methods in ecosystem services valuation -- 9 A critical perspective -- 10 Economics and ecosystem services: a positive contribution to environmental management -- Part II Ecosystem services: methods and techniques for decision support - introduction -- 11 Frameworks for ecosystem assessments -- Briefing Note 11.1: Place-based assessment of small islands' ecosystem services -- 12 Modelling ecosystem services -- 13 Indicators for ecosystem services -- 14 Using futures-thinking to support ecosystem assessments -- 15 Mapping ecosystem services -- 16 A practical approach to mapping of ecosystems and ecosystem services using remote sensing -- Briefing Note 16.1: Remote sensing -- 17 An introduction to ecosystem accounting -- 18 Accounting for ecosystem services in business -- 19 Valuing preferences for ecosystem-related goods and services -- 20 Ecological economics and ecosystem services -- 21 Stakeholder participation in ecosystem service decision-making -- 22 Deliberative and non-monetary valuation. , 23 The 'balance sheet' approach within adaptive management for ecosystem services -- Briefing Note 23.1: Ecosystem services and justice -- Briefing Note 23.2: Ecosystem services and ethics -- 24 Securing nature and people: can we replicate and scale success? -- Part III Ecosystem services in an applied context - introduction -- 25 Ecosystems services: provisioning -- 26 Managing regulating services for sustainability -- 27 Managing cultural ecosystem services for sustainability -- Briefing Note 27.1: Ecosystem services and spirituality -- 28 Towards effective ecosystem services assessment in marine and coastal management -- 29 Freshwater -- 30 Forest-related ecosystem services -- 31 Drylands -- 32 Ecosystem services supplied by Mediterranean Basin ecosystems -- 33 Ecosystem services provided by soil life -- 34 The importance of grasslands in providing ecosystem services: opportunities for poverty alleviation -- Briefing Note 34.1: Ecosystem services and grasslands in America -- Briefing Note 34.2: Ecosystem services and grasslands in Australia -- 35 Cultivated lands -- 36 Ecosystem services provided by urban green infrastructure -- Part IV Ecosystem services: linking and informing agendas - introduction -- 37 A policy perspective on mainstreaming ecosystem services: opportunities and risks -- 38 Ecosystem services and climate change -- 39 Can ecosystem services contribute to food security? -- 40 Ecosystem services and water security -- 41 What are the links between poverty and ecosystem services? -- 42 Ecosystem services and health -- 43 Ecosystem services and the greening of business -- 44 Payments for ecosystem services -- 45 Maximizing biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits in conservation decision-making -- 46 Bridging the gap between ecosystem services and landscape planning. , 47 Spatial and landscape planning: a place for ecosystem services -- Briefing Note 47.1: Including ecosystem services in impact assessment: challenges and opportunities -- 48 An institutional perspective -- 49 The use of ecosystem services knowledge in policy-making: drawing lessons and adjusting expectations -- Part V Conclusion -- 50 On the changing relationship between ecosystem services continuance and sustainability -- 51 Ecosystem services: where is the discipline heading? -- 52 Ecosystem services: never waste the opportunity offered by a good crisis -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- Part 1: The Historical and Conceptual Framework -- Chapter 1: The Kruger National Park: A Century of Management and Research -- Chapter 2: Biotic and Abiotic Variability as Key Determinants of Savanna Heterogeneity at Multiple Spatiotemporal Scales -- Chapter 3: Adopting a Heterogeneity Paradigm: Implications for Management of Protected Savannas -- Chapter 4: An Adaptive System to Link Science, Monitoring, and Management in Practice -- Part II: A Template for Savanna Heterogeneity -- Chapter 5: The Abiotic Template and Its Associated Vegetation Pattern -- Chapter 6: Biogeochemistry: The Cycling of Elements -- Chapter 7: Fire as a Driver of Ecosystem Variability -- Chapter 8: Surface Water Availability: Implications for Heterogeneity and Ecosystem Processes -- Chapter 9: River Heterogeneity: Ecosystem Structure, Function, and Management -- Part III: Interactions between Biotic Components -- Chapter 10: Interactions between Species and Ecosystem Characteristics -- Chapter 11: Vegetation Dynamics in the Kruger Ecosystem -- Chapter 12: Insects and Savanna Heterogeneity -- Chapter 13: Birds: Responders and Contributors to Savanna Heterogeneity -- Chapter 14: Large Herbivores and Savanna Heterogeneity -- Chapter 15: Rainfall Influences on Ungulate Population Dynamics -- Chapter 16: Kruger's Elephant Population: Its Size and Consequences for Ecosystem Heterogeneity -- Chapter 17: Wildlife Diseases and Veterinary Controls: A Savanna Ecosystem Perspective -- Chapter 18: Large Carnivores and Savanna Heterogeneity -- Part IV: Humans and Savannas -- Chapter 19: Anthropogenic Influences at the Ecosystem Level -- Chapter 20: Beyond the Fence: People and the Lowveld Landscape -- Chapter 21: Heterogeneity and Management of the Lowveld Rivers. , Chapter 22: Integration of Science: Successes, Challenges, and the Future -- Chaper 23: Reflections on the Kruger Experience and Reaching Forward -- Contributors -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Introduction: Why Resilience? Why Now? Lance H. Gunderson, and Craig P. Allen -- Part One: Concepts and Theory -- Commentary on Part One Articles, Craig R. Allen, Lance H. Gunderson, and C. S. Holling -- Article 1: Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems, C. S. Holling -- Article 2: Engineering Resilience versus Ecological Resilience, C. S. Holling -- Article 3: The Resilience of Terrestrial Ecosystems: Local Surprise and Global Change, C. S. Holling -- Article 4: Regime Shifts, Resilience, and Biodiversity in Ecosystem Management, Carl Folke Steve Carpenter, Brian Walker, Marten Scheffer, Thomas Elmqvist, Lance Gunderson, and C. S. Holling -- Article 5: Biological Diversity, Ecosystems, and the Human Scale, Carl Folke, C. S. Holling, and Carles Perrings -- Article 6: Ecological Resilience, Biodiversity, and Scale, Garry Peterson, Craig R. Allen and C. S. Holling -- Part Two: Ecological Examples -- Commentary on Part Two Articles, Craig R. Allen, Lance H. Gunderson, and C. S. Holling -- Article 7: Catastrophes, Phase Shifts, and Large-Scale Degradation of a Caribbean Coral Reef, Terence P. Hughes -- Article 8: Sea Otters and Kelp Forests in Alaska: Generality and Variation in a Community Ecological Paradigm, James A. Estes and David O. Duggins -- Article 9: Body Mass Patterns Predict Invasions and Extinctions in Transforming Landscapes, Craig R. Allen, Elizabeth A. Forys, and C. S. Holling -- Part Three: Empirics and Models -- Commentary on Part Three Articles, Craig R. Allen, Lance H. Gunderson, and C. S. Holling -- Article 10: Resource Science: The Nurture of an Infant, C. S. Holling and A. D. Chambers -- Article 11: Lessons for Ecological Policy Design: A Case Study of Ecosystem Management, William C. Clark, Dixon D. Jones, and C. S Holling. , Article 12: Qualitative Analysis of Insect Outbreak Systems: The Spruce Budworm and the Forest, D. Ludwig, D. D. Jones, and C. S. Holling -- Conclusion: The Evolution of an Idea-the Past, Present, and Future of Ecological Resilience, Lance H. Gunderson, C. S. Holling, and Craing R. Allen -- Selected Bibliography -- Permissions and Original Sources -- Index.