Note: Intro -- Adaptation and Evolution in Marine Environments,Volume 2 -- Preface -- Letter from the Editorial Team -- Editorial Introduction -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Biodiversity Evolution and DataManagement -- 1 The Census of Antarctic Marine Life: The First Available Baseline for Antarctic Marine Biodiversity -- 1.1…History of the Project -- 1.1.1 The IPY Proposal -- 1.1.2 CAML Organization -- 1.1.3 CAML Scientific Targets -- 1.2…CAML Coordination Effort -- 1.2.1 CAML Main Expeditions -- 1.3…CAML Main Results -- 1.3.1 Distributional Records -- 1.3.2 Coordination with SCAR-MarBIN -- 1.3.3 DNA Barcoding -- 1.3.4 Published Results and Journal Special Issues -- 1.3.5 Workshop Organisation -- 1.4…The CAML Legacy -- 1.5…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- 2 Connecting Biodiversity Data During the IPY: The Path Towards e-Polar Science -- 2.1…IPY and the Need for Data Sharing -- 2.2…The Antarctic Biodiversity Data Ecosystem -- 2.3…Findings and Motivations -- 2.4…The Biodiversity Data Paper Concept -- 2.5…The Future: Towards True Integration -- 2.6…Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II Evolution: A Molecular Perspective -- 3 Southern Ocean Evolution in a Global Context: A Molecular Viewpoint -- 3.1…A Brief Climatic, Oceanographic and Tectonic History of the Southern Ocean -- 3.2…The Antarctic Circumpolar Current as a Barrier -- 3.3…Connectivity with Other Oceans -- 3.3.1 Southern Ocean: Source and Sink? -- 3.3.2 Difficulties in Dating Evolutionary Events to Relate Them to Climate Change -- 3.3.3 Cosmopolitan Species -- 3.3.4 Bipolar Species -- 3.4…Connectivity within the Southern Ocean -- 3.4.1 The Southern Ocean as a Biodiversity Hotspot -- 3.4.2 Cryptic Species -- 3.4.3 Eurybathy and Circumpolarity -- 3.5…Summary and Future Directions for Molecular Work -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 4 Pole-to-Pole Gene Flow in Protozoan Ciliates -- 4.1…Backgrounds -- 4.2…Ciliate Biodiversity at the Poles -- 4.3…Ciliate Mating Systems -- 4.4…Collection Sites and Polar Euplotes Species -- 4.5…Phylogenetic Relationships -- 4.6…Mating and Breeding Interactions -- 4.7…Preliminary Evidence of Pole-to-Pole Gene Flow in Nature -- 4.8…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Excess Oxygen in Polar Evolution: A Whole Organism Perspective -- 5.1…Living Conditions in Antarctic Marine Waters -- 5.2…A Unifying Concept: Oxygen and Capacity Limitation of Thermal Tolerance -- 5.3…Antarctic Challenges: Physiological Pathways of Adapting to Cold -- 5.3.1 Marine Crustaceans -- 5.3.2 At the Doorstep to Antarctica: Sub-Antarctic Stone Crabs -- 5.4…Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Catalysis and Protein Folding in Extreme Temperature Environments -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…The Thermophiles -- 6.2.1 The Stability Problem -- 6.2.2 Activity and Stability -- 6.2.3 Folding at High Temperature -- 6.2.3.1 GroEL/GroES -- 6.2.3.2 DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE -- 6.2.3.3 The Trigger Factor -- 6.2.4 Partial Conclusion -- 6.3…The Psychrophiles -- 6.3.1 Enzyme Activity at Low Temperatures -- 6.3.2 Folding at Low Temperatures -- 6.4…Conclusions -- References -- Part III Monitoring and Management -- 7 Changing the Look on Seals from Pole to Pole with Satellite Technology -- 7.1…Satellites in Seal Research -- 7.2…Antarctic Seals -- 7.2.1 Crabeater Seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) -- 7.2.2 Ross Seal (Ommatophoca rossii) -- 7.2.3 Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) -- 7.2.4 Spatial Segregation of Antarctic Phocid Seals -- 7.3…Arctic Seals -- 7.3.1 Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) -- 7.3.1.1 Greenland Sea -- 7.3.1.2 White Sea -- 7.3.2 Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata) -- 7.4…Adaptations to Diving -- References. , 8 Environmental Processes, Biodiversity and Changes in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…Environmental Processes -- 8.2.1 Atmosphere -- 8.2.2 Terrestrial Environment -- 8.2.3 Marine Environment -- 8.2.3.1 Physical Setting -- 8.2.3.2 Hydrochemistry -- 8.2.3.3 Geophysics and Geochemistry -- 8.2.3.4 Marine Life -- 8.3…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Environmental Assessment of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.2…Study Area -- 9.3…Environmental Assessment -- 9.3.1 Atmospheric Environment -- 9.3.2 Terrestrial Environment -- 9.3.3 Marine Environment -- 9.4…Monitoring Strategy Proposal -- 9.4.1 Terrestrial Environment Indicators -- 9.4.2 Marine Environment Indicators -- 9.5…Final Considerations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Anthropogenic Impacts on Sub-Antarctic and Antarctic Islands and the Adjacent Marine Environments -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…Southern Ocean: Anthropogenic Pressures -- 10.2.1 Climate Change -- 10.2.2 Human Activity in Antarctica -- 10.2.3 Sealing, Whaling and Fisheries -- 10.2.4 Tourism -- 10.2.5 Invasive Species -- 10.2.6 Offshore Exploration, Military and Scientific Activities -- 10.3…Marine Environmental Management -- 10.4…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Polar Monitoring: Seabirds as Sentinels of Marine Ecosystems -- 11.1…The Global Importance of Polar Monitoring -- 11.2…Seabirds as Bio-Indicators -- 11.2.1 High Trophic Level Position -- 11.2.2 Diversity of Species and Food Web Interactions -- 11.2.3 Wide Sampling Range -- 11.2.4 Autonomous Environmental Samplers -- 11.3…Understanding Seabird Responses to Environmental Patterns Can Help Us Gauge the Adaptive Capacities to Future Climate Changes -- 11.3.1 Phenotypic Flexibility and Plasticity -- 11.3.1.1 Phenology -- 11.3.1.2 Foraging Strategies. , 11.3.1.3 Dispersal -- 11.3.2 Microevolutionary Processes -- 11.3.2.1 Selection -- 11.3.2.2 Genetic Drift -- 11.3.2.3 Genetic Flow -- 11.3.3 Integrating Phenotypic and Microevolutionary Approaches -- 11.4…Polar Life Observatories to Track Changes of Polar Ecosystems -- 11.4.1 What are Life Observatories? -- 11.4.1.1 Demographic Monitoring -- 11.4.1.2 Genetic Assessment and Monitoring -- 11.4.1.3 Bio-Monitoring Pollution -- 11.4.1.4 Foraging Monitoring -- 11.4.2 Innovative Technology Development and Ethics -- 11.5…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Conclusions -- Perspectives and Implications.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Editor's Note -- Board of Advisers -- Contributors -- Alphabetical List of Entries -- Thematic List -- Reader's Guide to the History of Science -- A -- Académie des Sciences -- Accademia dei Lincei -- Accademia del Cimento -- Accountability -- Accountancy -- Acoustics -- Acupuncture -- Adler, Alfred -- Aether -- Affinity -- Africa: south of the Sahara -- Africa: health and healing -- Age of the Earth -- Agrícola, Georgius -- Agriculture -- AIDS -- Alchemy -- Algebra -- Alienation -- Almanacs -- Anatomy -- Anthropology -- Anthropometry -- Anti-Vivisection -- Arabic Science -- Archaeology -- Archimedes -- Aristotle -- Arithmetic -- Artificial Intelligence -- Astrolabes -- Astrology -- Astronomical Instruments -- Astronomy: general works -- Astronomy: non-European -- Astrophysics -- Asylums -- Atomic Theory -- Atomic Weapons -- Atomism -- Australia and New Zealand -- Automobiles -- Avogadro, Amedeo -- Axiomatics -- B -- Bacon, Francis -- Bacteriology -- Baer, Karl Ernst von -- Baeyer, Adolf von -- Banks, Joseph -- Bateson, Gregory -- Bauer, Georg -- Behring, Emil von -- Bernard, Claude -- Berthollet, Claude-Louis, Comte de -- Berzelius, Jöns Jacob -- Bichat, Marie François Xavier -- Big Bang Theory -- Big Science -- Biochemistry -- Biometrics, Statistical Biology, and Mathematical Statistics -- Biotechnology -- Birth Control -- Blowpipe -- Boas, Franz -- The Body -- Boerhaave, Herman -- Bohr, Niels -- Boltzmann, Ludwig Eduard -- Botanical and Zoological Gardens -- Botanical Gardens -- Zoological Gardens -- Botany: general works -- Botany: Britain -- Boyle, Robert -- Brahe, Tycho -- Brazil -- British Association for the Advancement of Science -- Buckland, William -- Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclere, Comte de -- C -- Calculating Devices -- Canada -- Cancer -- Cantor, Georg. , Capitalism and Science -- Cardiology -- Cartesianism -- Cartography -- CERN -- Chaos Theory -- Charcot, Jean-Martin -- Chemical Analysis -- Chemical Revolution -- Chemistry -- China: general works -- China: agriculture -- China: astronomy and mathematics -- China: medicine -- China: natural history -- Clinical Science -- Clinical Trials -- Clocks -- Colloid Chemistry -- Colonialism and Science -- Complementary Medicine -- Computing -- Comte, Auguste -- Continental Drift -- Copernicanism -- Copernicus, Nicolaus -- Cosmology -- Court Society -- Cryogenics -- Curie, Marie -- Cuvier, Georges -- D -- Darwin, Charles -- Darwinism -- Darwinism in Germany -- Davy, Humphry -- Dee, John -- Degeneration -- Denmark -- Dentistry -- Descartes, René -- Dialectical Materialism -- Discipline -- Discovery -- DNA -- Doctor-Patient Relationship -- Drugs -- Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie -- Durkheim, Émile -- Dyestuffs -- E -- École Polytechnique -- Ecology -- Edison, Thomas Alva -- Education -- Egypt and Mesopotamia -- Ehrlich, Paul -- Einstein, Albert -- Electrical Engineering -- Electrical Instruments -- Electricity -- Electromagnetism -- Embryology -- Encyclopedias -- Endocrinology -- Energy -- Engineering Schools -- Engines: steam -- Engines: turbo -- Enlightenment -- Environmental Sciences -- Epidemics -- Epidemiology -- Error Theory -- Ethnomathematics -- Ethnoscience -- Ethology and Animal Behaviour -- Euclid -- Eugenics -- Evans-Pritchard, Edward Evan -- Evolution -- Evolutionary Synthesis -- Exhibitions -- Expeditions -- Experimental Physiology -- Experiments -- F -- Fact -- Faraday, Michael -- Fermat, Pierre -- Fermi, Enrico -- Fevers -- Feynman, Richard -- Fischer, Emil -- Fleming, Alexander -- Florey, Howard Walter -- Forensic Sciences -- Foucault, Michel -- France: scientific and technical education -- Franklin, Benjamin -- Fraunhofer, Joseph von. , Freud, Sigmund -- Function -- Functionalism and Structuralism: biological sciences -- G -- Galen -- Galilean School -- Galilei, Galileo -- Galton, Francis -- Galvani, Luigi -- Galvanic Battery -- Gauss, Carl Friedrich -- Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis -- Gender: general works -- Gender and Identity -- Gender and Sex -- Genetic Engineering -- Genetics: general works -- Genetics: post-DNA -- Genius -- Geography of the Sciences -- Geology -- Geometry -- Germanophone Areas -- Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte -- Gilbert, William -- Global Organizations -- Gödel, Kurt -- Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von -- Graphical Method -- Greece: general works -- Greece: medicine -- Group Theory -- Gynaecology -- H -- Haeckel, Ernst -- Hahn, Otto -- Hale, George Ellery -- Halley, Edmond -- Harvey, William -- Hayek, Friedrich August von -- Health, Mortality, and Social Class -- Heat -- Heisenberg, Werner -- Helmholtz, Hermann von -- Herbalism -- Heredity -- Hermeticism -- Herschel, William -- Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf -- Hilbert, David -- Hippocrates -- Histology -- History of Science: general works -- Hodgkin, Dorothy -- Holistic Medicine -- Home Economics -- Homoeopathy -- Hooker, Joseph Dalton -- Horticulture -- Hospitals -- Human Genome Project -- Human Sciences -- Humanism -- Humboldt, Alexander von -- Hungary -- Hunter, John -- Hutton, James -- Huxley, Thomas -- Huygens, Christiaan -- Hysteria -- I -- Ideology -- Immunology -- India: general works -- India: medicine -- Indigenous Knowledge Systems -- Industrial Chemistry -- Information -- Instrument as Embodied Theory -- Instrument Makers -- Internalism versus Externalism -- International Science -- J -- Japan: general works -- Japan: medicine -- Japan: technology -- Jesuits -- Journals -- Jung, Carl Gustav -- K -- Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften -- Kant, Immanuel -- Kepler, Johannes. , Keynes, John Maynard -- Klein, Melanie -- Knowledge and Power -- Koch, Robert -- L -- Latin America -- Laue, Max von -- Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent -- Lawrence, Ernest Orlando -- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm -- Leonardo da Vinci -- Lévi-Strauss, Claude -- Liebig, Justus von -- Linguistics -- Linné, Carl von -- Linnaeus, Carl -- Lister, Joseph -- Literature and Science -- Lorenz, Konrad -- Lyell, Charles -- Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich -- M -- Mach, Ernst -- Madness -- Magnetism -- Malaria -- Malthus, Thomas -- Malthusianism -- Management Sciences -- Marey, Etienne-Jules -- Marshall, Alfred -- Martineau, Harriet -- Marx, Karl -- Marxism and Science -- Materials Science -- Mathematical Instruments -- Mathematical Modernity -- Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de -- Maxwell, James Clerk -- Measurement -- Mechanization -- Medical Ethics -- Medical Instruments -- Medical Specialization -- Medicine and Law -- Medicine, Disease, and Health -- Medieval Science and Medicine -- Meitner, Lise -- Mendel, Gregor -- Mendeleev, Dmitrii Ivanovich -- Mersenne, Marin -- Merton Thesis -- Mesmerism -- Metallurgy -- Metaphor -- Meteorological Instruments -- Meteorology -- Metrology -- Michelson, Albert A. -- Microscopes -- Midwifery -- Mill, John Stuart -- Millikan, Robert Andrews -- Mills and Waterwheels -- The Mind -- Molecular Biology -- Monge, Gaspard -- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle -- Museums -- Music and Science: antiquity to 1700 -- Music and Science: since 1700 -- N -- Napier, John -- National Styles of Reasoning -- Natural Law -- Natural Selection -- Nature -- Navigational Instruments -- Nernst, Walther -- Netherlands: technology -- Neumann, Salomon -- Neurosciences -- Newton, Isaac -- Newtonianism -- Nobel Institution -- Nuclear Physics -- Number Theory -- Nursing -- Nutrition -- O -- Objectivity -- Observation -- Obstetrics and Midwifery -- Occult Sciences. , Oceanography -- Oppenheimer, J. Robert -- Optics -- Organic Chemistry -- Orientalism -- Ornithology -- Ørsted, Hans Christian -- Ostwald, Wilhelm -- P -- Pain -- Paleontology -- Paracelsus -- Paradigm -- Particle Physics -- Pasteur, Louis -- Pathology -- Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich -- Pearson, Karl -- Performance -- Pharmacology -- Pharmacy -- Philosophy of Science -- Photography -- Phrenology -- Physical Chemistry -- Physical and Human Geography -- Physics: 20th century -- Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt -- Physiology: France -- Physiology: Germany -- Piaget, Jean -- Plague -- Planck, Max -- Plastic Surgery -- Plastics and Polymers -- Plato -- Poincaré, Jules Henri -- Polar Science -- Political Economy -- Popularization -- Positivism -- Practice -- Prehistory: archaeology and anthropology -- Priestley, Joseph -- Printing -- Probability -- Professionalization -- Progress -- Psychiatry -- Psychoanalysis: conceptual -- Psychoanalysis: gender -- Psychoanalysis: institutional -- Psychology -- Psychophysics -- Public and the Private -- Public Health -- Pythagoras 6th century BC -- Q -- Quackery -- Quantification -- Quantum Mechanics -- Quantum Theory -- Quételet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques -- R -- Race -- Radioactivity -- Radiology -- Raman, Chandrasekhara Venkata -- Ramón y Cajal, Santiago -- Rationality -- Rational Mechanics -- Reading Culture and Science -- Relativity -- Religion and Science: general works -- Religion and Science: Islam -- Religion and Science: Medieval -- Religion and Science: Renaissance -- Representation -- Reproductive Medicine -- Research and Development -- Respiration -- Rhetoric -- Rittenhouse, David -- Rockefeller Foundation -- Romanticism -- Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad -- Rowland, Henry Augustus -- Royal Institution -- Royal Society of London -- Russia -- Russian Academy of Sciences -- Rutherford, Ernest -- S. , Scheele, Carl Wilhelm.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Building the City of Kings: Environmental Consciousness and the Construction of Colonial Lima, Peru, 1535-1625 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Historiography -- Founding the City of Kings -- Urban Growth -- Building Materials -- Environmental Influences on Architecture and Design -- Conclusion -- References -- Articles in Journals -- Conference Proceedings -- Dissertations -- Books -- Edited Books -- Articles in Edited Books -- Electronic Media -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 2 -- Makers of Waterscapes: Water Abundance, Discourses and the Market in the Ica and Pampas Basins, Peru -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Water Scarcity -- Water Scarcity, Development and Discourses -- Huancavelica and the Pampas Basin -- Water Conflict between Ica and Huancavelica and the State Intervention -- Making up Water Scarcity in Ica -- Ica's Discourse on Water Abundance in the Upper Basin -- Peasant Communities, Alpacas and the Market -- Ecosystem Management and Water Use in the Upstream Basin -- Discussion -- Annex N 1. -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 3 -- The Environmental Aspects of Bioenergy Production in Peru -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. A Global Perspective -- 1.2. Bioenergy Context in Peru -- 2. Methodology -- 2.1. Raw Materials -- 2.2. Processes Description -- 2.2.1. Biodiesel Production -- 2.2.2. Bioethanol Production -- 2.3. Simulation Approach -- 2.4. Environmental Assessment -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Biodiesel Production -- 3.2. Bioethanol Production -- 3.3. Environmental Analysis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Paraguay's Dramatic Land-Use Change in the 20th Century: Concerning Massive Deforestation and Crawling Reforestation -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History of Deforestation -- 2.1. Eastern Paraguay -- 2.2. Western Paraguay. , 3. National Reserves -- 4. Reasons for Tree Planting -- 5. Reforestation Activities in a Historical Overview -- 5.1. National Efforts (1950s/80s) -- 5.2. Social Plantations (1980-Present) -- 5.3. Corporate Efforts (After 1995) -- 5.4. Out-Grower Schemes (After 2000) -- 5.5. Carbon Forestry (After 2007) -- 6. Main Constraints for Forest Plantations -- 6.1. Legal Insecurity -- 6.2. Centralization -- 6.3. Corruption -- 6.4. Political Will -- 6.5. Problems with Long-Term Loans -- 6.6. Weakness of Institutions -- 6.7. Investigation and Information Deficit -- 6.8. Producers' Attitude -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 5 -- Citizen Participation in the Local Governments of Paraguay through Social Networking Sites -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Literature Review, Hypotheses and Research Questions -- Political Ideology -- Citizens' Access to Internet -- Economic Capacity of the Municipality -- Social Networking Activity and Interactivity -- Education Level -- Method -- Phase 1: Sample Selection and Data Collection -- Phase 2: Descriptive Analysis of Citizens' Engagement via Facebook -- Phase 3: Empirical Analysis of Engagement via Facebook -- Results -- Level of Citizens' Engagement Via Local Governments' Facebook Pages in Paraguay -- Factors Influencing Citizens' Engagement Via Local Governments' Facebook Pages -- Conclusion and Discussion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 6 -- Paraguay: Where Corruption and Poverty Hamper Development -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Poverty Permeates Through Paraguayan Families -- Caazapá Struggles with a Chronic Malnutrition Obstacle -- Empty Rhetoric on the War Against Poverty -- Tape Porã Concession: Example of a Broken System -- Grim Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Assessing Paraguay's Possible Futures -- Abstract -- Introduction. , Is Something Different Now? -- Assessing Possible Futures from Today's Perspective -- What Could be the Next Chapter of Paraguay's History? -- Factors Shaping a New Historical Period -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Index -- Blank Page.