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  • Journals
  • Articles
  • OceanRep  (9)
  • OceanRep: Report - other report  (9)
  • OceanNETs  (7)
  • Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO)  (2)
  • 2020-2024  (9)
  • 1
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    Working paper published on NETs in strategically interacting regions based on simulation and analysis in an extended ACE model (2023)
    OceanNETs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-31
    Description: Net-zero climate policies foresee deployment of atmospheric carbon dioxide removal wit geological, terrestrial, or marine carbon storage. While terrestrial and geological storage would be governed under the framework of national property rights, marine storage implies that carbon is transferred from one global common, the atmosphere, to another global common, the ocean, in particular if storage exceeds beyond coastal applications. This paper investigates the option of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and storage in different (marine) reservoir types in an analytic climate-economy model, and derives implications for optimal mitigation efforts and CDR deployment. We show that the introduction of CDR lowers net energy input and net emissions over the entire time path. Furthermore, CDR affects the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) via changes in total economic output but leaves the analytic structure of the SCC unchanged. In the first years after CDR becomes available the SCC is lower and in later years it is higher compared to a standard climate-economy model. Carbon dioxide emissions are first higher and then lower relative to a world without CDR. The paper provides the basis for the analysis of decentralized and potentially non-cooperative CDR policies.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
    Format: text
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
  • 2
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    Report on the detailed life cycle analysis results of the two case studies: ocean alkalinity enhancement potential of Spain (2023)
    OceanNETs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-31
    Description: A common challenge in many ocean-based negative emissions technologies (NETs) is the difficulty of developing new global industries and supply chains, which could be necessary for their much needed rapid and large-scale deployment. Therefore, to facilitate roll-out, existing industries and infrastructure should preferably be utilised. For ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) by CaO, i.e., ocean liming (OL), the lime can be produced by calcination of limestone using the spare capacity in the cement industry. For OAE by NaOH, i.e., electrochemical brine splitting (EBS), the NaOH can be produced by electrolysis of waste brines from the desalination sector. In this case study, we investigate the realistic OAE potential of Spain, because of its large availability of limestone, its increasing spare cement kiln capacity, and its large and growing desalination industry. This case study shows Spain has a high potential for alkalinity addition to the oceans. Specifically, the total CDR capacity of Spain via OAE is 24.4 Mt yr.-1 with contributions of 22.6 Mt of CO2 removed by OL and 1.8 Mt of CO2 removed by EBS, assuming these processes are driven solely by renewable energy. Further, this case study provides a realistic estimate of the CO2 removal potential and life cycle emissions for alkalinity enhancement for a given region, in contrast to more general global or continental studies before it. By doing so, Spain’s annual carbon dioxide removal (CDR) capacity by OAE is also identified. Future work will look to include coastal enhanced weathering of olivine to the portfolio of Spain’s OAE approaches.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
  • 3
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    Summary report of workshop II on governance for ocean-based negative emissions technologies (2023)
    OceanNETs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-31
    Description: This deliverable provides a summary of a two-day expert workshop conducted in hybrid format. The workshop’s primary objective was aimed towards identifying future opportunities within the global ocean governance regime to strengthen governance of ocean-based NETs in a comprehensive manner. The workshop was organised by the Research Institute for Sustainability – Helmholtz Centre Potsdam (RIFS) as part of the work of Task 2.2 of the OceanNETs project. This deliverable follows a first online workshop (see Deliverable 2.3) that identified challenges within the current governance framework for ocean-based NETs. The second workshop consisted of breakout groups and plenary discussions designed to explore scenarios that reflect on identified governance challenges within the current and potential future global ocean governance regimes. Participants were asked to reflect on the concept of „good governance” and develop responses to the scenarios presented through specific prompts. They were encouraged to actively contribute to discussions that aimed to advance our understanding of the future governance of ocean-based NETs.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
  • 4
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    Report on appropriateness of accounting schemes to assign carbon credits to ocean NETs (2023)
    OceanNETs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-31
    Description: Carbon accounting is essential for quantifying carbon removal and determining required offsets. The valuation goes beyond mere measurement, taking into account factors such as temporary storage and the social cost of carbon (SCC). These valuations inform the issuance of carbon offsets, but governance frameworks also play a role in their issuance. For ocean-based carbon removal methods, such as ocean iron fertilization and blue carbon projects, cost-benefit accounting supported by SCC assessments is appropriate. Challenges arise for integration compliance systems such as the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). To align compliance systems with carbon accounting, an intermediary institution could facilitate the purchase and resale of international offsets while managing non-permanent storage liabilities. Ocean alkalinity enhancement, among ocean-based CDR methods, may fit into net accounting if monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) challenges are addressed. A proposed MRV approach based on the regulation of nonpoint source pollution can address these concerns.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
  • 5
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    Report on the Future Regulation of Ocean-based NETs (2022)
    OceanNETs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-31
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
    Format: text
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
  • 6
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    Working paper published on forward-looking ecological-economic integrated assessment model (2023)
    OceanNETs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-31
    Description: Limiting global warming to 1.5°C requires a large-scale removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The oceans have been proposed as one possible storage option, however, not without environmental consequences. Adverse impacts on ecosystems are expected to increase in the amount of carbon stored. The question arises whether the removed carbon should be stored in a small area, e.g. a bay, or spread out across the oceans. We study this question in an analytic model with two types of ocean boxes, characterised by their carbon content. Storing a lot of carbon in the small box (a bay) may cause the local ecosystem to cross a tipping point, whereas spreading out in the large box (the rest of the ocean) may avoid this, while still causing ecosystem damages. The model gives rise to two different steady state solutions. A “destroy” steady state, where the tipping point in the small ocean box has been crossed, and a “diffuse” steady state without destruction. We analytically and numerically study the optimal amount of carbon stored, and the optimal distribution of carbon sequestration across the two boxes.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
  • 7
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    Microplastics in food commodities : A food safety review on human exposure through dietary sources (2022)
    Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-29
    Description: The contamination of the environment with whole plastics or pieces thereof (microand nanoplastics) is the subject of extensive discussion nowadays in academia and the media. In addition to environmental matrices, micro- and nanoplastics have been detected in fishery products and other important food commodities, with concerns over their impact on human health. Food consumption is considered one of most significant routes of human exposure to these small plastic particles. Such concerns may arise not only from the exposure to reactive monomers in the otherwise biologically inert polymer structure, but also from their associated contaminants. Many studies have reported neurotoxicity, oxidative stress and immunotoxicity among the main consequences of exposure to micro- and nanoplastics. This document outlines the existing literature on the occurrence of microplastics and their associated contaminants in foods. It estimates the dietary exposure of consumers to these materials, highlights some knowledge gaps with respect to their relevance to public health, and offers some recommendations for future work on microplastic particles to support food safety governance.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.4060/cc2392en
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
  • 8
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    Asia-Pacific roadmap for primary forest conservation : Working paper (2022)
    Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) | Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) | CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-29
    Description: Primary forests and natural landscapes in Asia and the Pacific are under increasing pressure and threats driven by population growth, migration and conflict, globalization and economic growth, urbanization, mining and infrastructure development, agriculture and planted forest expansion, forest fires and invasive species. Many of these threats are increasingly exacerbated by climate change. To address these threats, FAO and the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), lead center of the CGIAR research programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA), have developed a roadmap for the conservation of primary forests in Asia and the Pacific, building upon state-of-the-art knowledge and extensive consultation of key regional stakeholders. This publication uses a remote-sensing methodology to accurately and consistently identify and delineate the remaining ‘intact forests’ and ‘contiguous intact forests’ in the Asia-Pacific region over large areas, over long periods of time, and at reasonable costs. It illustrates the huge diversity of forest formations in Asia and the Pacific and calls for a better understanding of the dynamic at stake in forest ecosystems and surrounding landscapes at finer scale. It proposes a set of recommendations, inviting policymakers and other relevant stakeholders to adopt an integrated landscape perspective and to combine different mechanisms and tools at different scales, including protected areas and other area-based conservation measures, to support effective primary forest conservation.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.17528/cifor/008540
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
  • 9
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    Working paper on the numerical modelling framework to compare different accounting schemes (2023)
    OceanNETs
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-31
    Description: Any integration of extra carbon dioxide removal (CDR) via terrestrial or marine sink enhancement into climate policies requires accounting for their effectiveness in reducing atmospheric carbon concentration. Different accounting methods have been introduced to quantify the impacts of sink enhancements. Here, we provide a manual for the different accounting methods, accompanying the implementation of the accounting methods in a R-file which is free for download. Hence, the material allows applying the different accounting ethods and for demonstration purposes we provide a numerical example.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
    Format: text
    Format: text
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
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