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  • Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures  (29)
  • Press releases  (13)
  • Allergy, asthma, Respiratory, Other exposures  (3)
  • Hearing-related  (3)
Publikationsart
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  • 11
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    Domestic use of bleach and infections in children: a multicentre cross-sectional study (2015)
    BMJ Publishing Group
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-07-17
    Beschreibung: Objective To report the effects of bleach use at home on the frequency of infections in 9102 school-age children participating in the HITEA project. Methods Parents of pupils aged 6–12 years from schools in Barcelona province (Spain), Utrecht province (the Netherlands) and Eastern and Central Finland were administered a questionnaire including questions on the frequency of infections (influenza, tonsillitis, sinusitis, otitis, bronchitis and pneumonia) in the past 12 months and bleach use at home. We developed multivariable mixed-effects multilogistic regression models to obtain relative risk ratios (RRR) and their 95% CI per country, and combined the RRR using random-effects meta-analyses. Results Bleach use was common in Spain (72%, n=1945) and uncommon in Finland (7%, n=279). Overall, the prevalence of infections (recurrent or once) was higher among children of bleach users. Significant combined associations were shown for influenza only once (RRR=1.20, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.38), recurrent tonsillitis (RRR=1.35, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.71) and any infection (RRR=1.18, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.38). Conclusions Passive exposure to cleaning bleach in the home may have adverse effects on school-age children's health by increasing the risk of respiratory and other infections. The high frequency of use of disinfecting irritant cleaning products may be of public health concern, also when exposure occurs during childhood.
    Schlagwort(e): Press releases
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Digitale ISSN: 1470-7926
    Thema: Medizin
    Publiziert von BMJ Publishing Group
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 12
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    Factors associated with the length of fit note-certified sickness episodes in the UK (2015)
    BMJ Publishing Group
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-06-17
    Beschreibung: Objectives To identify diagnostic, patient/employee, general practitioner (GP) and practice factors associated with length of certified sickness episodes. Methods Twelve-month collection of fit note data at 68 general practices in eight regions of England, Wales and Scotland between 2011 and 2013. Secondary analysis of sick note data collected at seven general practices in 2001/2002. All employed patients receiving at least one fit note at practices within the collection period were included in the study. Main study outcomes were certified sickness episodes lasting longer than 3, 6 and 12 weeks. Results The data from seven practices contributing in 2013, and a decade previously, suggest that periods of long-term sickness absence may be falling overall (risk 〉12 weeks absence, OR=0.65) but the proportion of mild–moderate mental disorder-related (M-MMD) episodes is rising (26% to 38%). Over 32% (8064/25 078) of fit notes issued to working patients in the 68 practices were for a M-MMD. A total of 13 994 patient sickness ‘episodes’ were identified. Diagnostic category of episode, male patients, older patient age and higher social deprivation were significantly associated with the 〉3 week, 〉6 week and long-term (〉12 week) outcomes, and GP partner status with the long-term outcome only. Conclusions In the context of a rapidly changing legislative environment, the study used the largest sickness certification database constructed in the UK to enhance the evidence base relating to factors contributing to long-term work incapacity.
    Schlagwort(e): Press releases
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Digitale ISSN: 1470-7926
    Thema: Medizin
    Publiziert von BMJ Publishing Group
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 13
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    A comparison between standard methods and structural nested modelling when bias from a healthy worker survivor effect is suspected: an iron-ore mining cohort study (2015)
    BMJ Publishing Group
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-06-17
    Beschreibung: Objectives Iron-ore miners are exposed to extremely dusty and physically arduous work environments. The demanding activities of mining select healthier workers with longer work histories (ie, the Healthy Worker Survivor Effect (HWSE)), and could have a reversing effect on the exposure–response association. The objective of this study was to evaluate an iron-ore mining cohort to determine whether the effect of respirable dust was confounded by the presence of an HWSE. Methods When an HWSE exists, standard modelling methods, such as Cox regression analysis, produce biased results. We compared results from g-estimation of accelerated failure-time modelling adjusted for HWSE with corresponding unadjusted Cox regression modelling results. Results For all-cause mortality when adjusting for the HWSE, cumulative exposure from respirable dust was associated with a 6% decrease of life expectancy if exposed ≥15 years, compared with never being exposed. Respirable dust continued to be associated with mortality after censoring outcomes known to be associated with dust when adjusting for the HWSE. In contrast, results based on Cox regression analysis did not support that an association was present. Conclusions The adjustment for the HWSE made a difference when estimating the risk of mortality from respirable dust. The results of this study, therefore, support the recommendation that standard methods of analysis should be complemented with structural modelling analysis techniques, such as g-estimation of accelerated failure-time modelling, to adjust for the HWSE.
    Schlagwort(e): Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Digitale ISSN: 1470-7926
    Thema: Medizin
    Publiziert von BMJ Publishing Group
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 14
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    The impacts of traffic-related and woodsmoke particulate matter on measures of cardiovascular health: a HEPA filter intervention study (2015)
    BMJ Publishing Group
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-05-16
    Beschreibung: Background Combustion-generated fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) is associated with cardiovascular morbidity. Both traffic-related air pollution and residential wood combustion may be important, but few studies have compared their impacts. Objectives To assess and compare effects of traffic-related and woodsmoke PM 2.5 on endothelial function and systemic inflammation (C reactive protein, interleukin-6 and band cells) among healthy adults in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, using high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration to introduce indoor PM 2.5 exposure gradients. Methods We recruited 83 healthy adults from 44 homes in traffic-impacted or woodsmoke-impacted areas to participate in this randomised, single-blind cross-over intervention study. PM 2.5 concentrations were measured during two consecutive 7-day periods, one with filtration and the other with ‘placebo filtration’. Endothelial function and biomarkers of systematic inflammation were measured at the end of each 7-day period. Results HEPA filtration was associated with a 40% decrease in indoor PM 2.5 concentrations. There was no relationship between PM 2.5 exposure and endothelial function. There was evidence of an association between indoor PM 2.5 and C reactive protein among those in traffic-impacted locations (42.1% increase in C reactive protein per IQR increase in indoor PM 2.5 , 95% CI 1.2% to 99.5%), but not among those in woodsmoke-impacted locations. There were no associations with interleukin-6 or band cells. Conclusions Evidence of an association between C reactive protein and indoor PM 2.5 among healthy adults in traffic-impacted areas is consistent with the hypothesis that traffic-related particles, even at relatively low concentrations, play an important role in the cardiovascular effects of the urban PM mixture. Trial registration number http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01570062).
    Schlagwort(e): Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Digitale ISSN: 1470-7926
    Thema: Medizin
    Publiziert von BMJ Publishing Group
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 15
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    Chronic effects of shift work on cognition: findings from the VISAT longitudinal study (2015)
    BMJ Publishing Group
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-03-17
    Beschreibung: Objectives Shift work, like chronic jet lag, is known to disrupt workers’ normal circadian rhythms and social life, and to be associated with increased health problems (eg, ulcers, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, breast cancer, reproductive difficulties) and with acute effects on safety and productivity. However, very little is known about the long-term consequences of shift work on cognitive abilities. The aim of this study was to assess the chronicity and reversibility of the effects of shift work on cognition. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of 3232 employed and retired workers (participation rate: 76%) who were 32, 42, 52 and 62 years old at the time of the first measurement (t1, 1996), and who were seen again 5 (t2) and 10 (t3) years later. 1484 of them had shift work experience at baseline (current or past) and 1635 had not. The main outcome measures were tests of speed and memory, assessed at all three measurement times. Results Shift work was associated with impaired cognition. The association was stronger for exposure durations exceeding 10 years (dose effect; cognitive loss equivalent to 6.5 years of age-related decline in the current cohort). The recovery of cognitive functioning after having left shift work took at least 5 years (reversibility). Conclusions Shift work chronically impairs cognition, with potentially important safety consequences not only for the individuals concerned, but also for society.
    Schlagwort(e): Press releases
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Digitale ISSN: 1470-7926
    Thema: Medizin
    Publiziert von BMJ Publishing Group
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    PAPER CURRENT
  • 16
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    Respiratory and inflammatory responses to short-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution with and without moderate physical activity (2015)
    BMJ Publishing Group
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-03-17
    Beschreibung: Objectives Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) has been associated with adverse respiratory and systemic outcomes. Physical activity (PA) in polluted air may increase pollutant uptake and thereby health effects. The authors aimed to determine the short-term health effects of TRAP in healthy participants and any possible modifying effect of PA. Methods Crossover real-world exposure study comparing in 28 healthy participants pulmonary and inflammatory responses to four different exposure scenarios: 2 h exposure in a high and low TRAP environment, each at rest and in combination with intermittent moderate PA, consisting of four 15 min rest and cycling intervals. Data were analysed using mixed effect models for repeated measures. Results Intermittent PA compared to rest, irrespective of the TRAP exposure status, increased statistically significant (p≤0.05) pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (34 mL), forced vital capacity (29 mL), forced expiratory flow (FEF 25–75% ) (91 mL)), lung inflammation (fraction of exhaled nitric oxide, FeNO, (0.89 ppb)), and systemic inflammation markers interleukin-6 (52.3%), leucocytes (9.7%) and neutrophils count (18.8%). Interquartile increases in coarse particulate matter were statistically significantly associated with increased FeNO (0.80 ppb) and neutrophil count (5.7%), while PM 2.5 and PM 10 (particulate matter smaller than 2.5 and 10 µm in diameter, respectively) increased leucocytes (5.1% and 4.0%, respectively). We found no consistent evidence for an interaction between TRAP and PA for any of the outcomes of interest. Conclusions In a healthy population, intermittent moderate PA has beneficial effects on pulmonary function even when performed in a highly polluted environment. This study also suggests that particulate air pollution is inducing pulmonary and systemic inflammatory responses.
    Schlagwort(e): Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Digitale ISSN: 1470-7926
    Thema: Medizin
    Publiziert von BMJ Publishing Group
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 17
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    Early prognosis of noise-induced hearing loss (2015)
    BMJ Publishing Group
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-01-10
    Beschreibung: Objective Occupationally acquired noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is the most prevalent occupational disease in Austria and among the most common in many other countries. Because of the wide variation in hearing loss after equivalent exposures it has long been assumed that some individuals are more vulnerable to occupational NIHL than others. Earlier attempts to define predictors of NIHL before starting occupational noise exposure have largely failed. We present results of a prospective study evaluating the potential of temporary threshold shift (TTS) after a test exposure to predict NIHL. Methods Between 1982 and 1989, overall 311 apprentices were included into a prospective study during their initial health screening visit. At this occasion, a standardised noise exposure was applied (20 min, 200–500 Hz, 100 dBA) and the TTS at 4 kHz was determined during at least 10 min after exposure. Hearing loss was monitored at follow-up visits every 3–5 years. Follow-up was 13 years on average. Results Permanent threshold shift was predicted by duration of noise exposure, frequency of wearing noise protectors and especially by the initial TTS at 4 kHz. Using 14 dB TTS as a cut-off had 82% sensitivity and 53% specificity to predict 20 dB or higher levels of NIHL. Conclusions The TTS model can be successfully applied as a method to detect individuals at greater risk of occupational NIHL. It is recommended to routinely include such a procedure into initial workers’ examinations for suitability to work under occupational noise conditions and for counselling on the use of hearing protectors.
    Schlagwort(e): Hearing-related
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Digitale ISSN: 1470-7926
    Thema: Medizin
    Publiziert von BMJ Publishing Group
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
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    Associations between three specific a-cellular measures of the oxidative potential of particulate matter and markers of acute airway and nasal inflammation in healthy volunteers (2014)
    BMJ Publishing Group
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17
    Beschreibung: Introduction We evaluated associations between three a-cellular measures of the oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter (PM) and acute health effects. Methods We exposed 31 volunteers for 5 h to ambient air pollution at five locations: an underground train station, two traffic sites, a farm and an urban background site. Each volunteer visited at least three sites. We conducted health measurements before exposure, 2 h after exposure and the next morning. We measured air pollution on site and characterised the OP of PM 2.5 and PM 10 using three a-cellular assays; dithiotreitol (OP DTT ), electron spin resonance (OP ESR ) and ascorbic acid depletion (OP AA ). Results In single-pollutant models, all measures of OP were significantly associated with increases in fractional exhaled nitric oxide and increases in interleukin-6 in nasal lavage 2 h after exposure. These OP associations remained significant after adjustment for co-pollutants when only the four outdoor sites were included, but lost significance when measurements at the underground site were included. Other health end points including lung function and vascular inflammatory and coagulation parameters in blood were not consistently associated with OP. Conclusions We found significant associations between three a-cellular measures of OP of PM and markers of airway and nasal inflammation. However, consistency of these effects in two-pollutant models depended on how measurements at the underground site were considered. Lung function and vascular inflammatory and coagulation parameters in blood were not consistently associated with OP. Our study, therefore, provides limited support for a role of OP in predicting acute health effects of PM in healthy young adults.
    Schlagwort(e): Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Digitale ISSN: 1470-7926
    Thema: Medizin
    Publiziert von BMJ Publishing Group
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 19
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    Challenges for occupational epidemiology in the 21st century: observations and opportunities (2014)
    BMJ Publishing Group
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-09
    Beschreibung: The 2014 International Epidemiology in Occupational Health (EPICOH) meeting in Chicago, USA, focused on the theme: ‘Challenges for Occupational Epidemiology in the 21st Century’. These are exciting times and with them come no end to challenges faced by occupational epidemiology. And participants eagerly engaged in vigorous discussion on a number of current concerns with both wisdom and wit. Ultimately each individual must decide what challenges are most important and how best to address those selected for first order attention. Nonetheless, some overview of challenges could prove worthwhile and so six general areas are provided as a focus for consideration. Concentrating on important problems Acting on what we find Advancing occupational disease and injury surveillance Relying on worker self-reports Looking at data Addressing health disparities Concentrating on the important problems We always run the risk of studying what we know how to study...
    Schlagwort(e): Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Digitale ISSN: 1470-7926
    Thema: Medizin
    Publiziert von BMJ Publishing Group
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
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    Child health and the environment: where next with birth cohort research? (2014)
    BMJ Publishing Group
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-09
    Beschreibung: The fetus and infant are especially vulnerable to the effects of environmental agents that disrupt developmental processes because their organs are rapidly growing and developing, their metabolism is immature and their intakes can be greater relative to their body weight. In utero and early postnatal stressors, including environmental contaminant exposures, can permanently change the body's structure, physiology and metabolism, predisposing individuals to the development of serious chronic pathologies later in life (eg, cardiovascular, respiratory and neurodegenerative disease), a hypothesis grounded in the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) paradigm for which there is a growing evidential basis. Up to relatively recently, good epidemiological evidence for early-life developmental effects was available only for a few pollutants, mostly at high-level exposure, such as lead, mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). 1 The past decade has seen rapid increase in the study of effects of environmental agents at lower doses on...
    Schlagwort(e): Air pollution, air quality, Other exposures
    Print ISSN: 1351-0711
    Digitale ISSN: 1470-7926
    Thema: Medizin
    Publiziert von BMJ Publishing Group
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    PAPER CURRENT
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