Cold Seep Epifaunal Communities on the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand: Composition, Succession, and Vulnerability to Human Activities
Figure 3
Hikurangi Margin cold seep habitats and fauna (2).
(A) ‘Chemoherm’ habitat at Southwest Moa showing Lamellibrachia sp. tubeworms in association with authigenic carbonates, live Calyptogena sp. clams (yellow outline) and disarticulated shell valves, two spherical Stelletta n. sp. sponges, grey bacterial mats on carbonates (at upper left), and sulphidic sediments; (B) Underside of a carbonate block recovered by grab from chemoherm at North Tower, showing Lamellibrachia sp. tubes rooted in soft, grey, sulphide-rich, anoxic material at the base of the block; (C) Gracilechinus multidentatus sea urchins with Calyptogena sp. shell debris on soft sediments at the periphery of Tui seep; (D) Lithodes aotearoa crabs amongst Calyptogena sp. shell debris at Tui seep. Scale bars show 0.2 m.