Abstract
Purpose
Erlotinib, an epidermal-growth-factor receptor inhibitor, belongs to a new generation of targeted cancer therapeutics. Gastrointestinal side-effects are common and have been markedly aggravated when erlotinib is combined with cytostatics. We examined the effects of erlotinib alone and combined with the cytostatic, cisplatin, on the gastrointestinal tract and examined whether glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), an intestinal hormone with potent intestinotrophic properties, might counteract the possible damaging effects of the treatments.
Experimental Design
Groups of ten mice were treated for 10 days with increasing doses of erlotinib alone or in combination with cisplatin and/or GLP-2. Weight and length of the gastrointestinal organs were determined and histological sections were analyzed with morphometric methods as well as BrdU- and ApopTag-staining to determine mitotic and apoptotic activity.
Results
Erlotinib was found to induce small-intestinal and colonic growth inhibition through an increased apoptotic activity but had no effect on mitotic activity. The combined treatment with cisplatin synergistically aggravated the intestinal growth inhibition. Erlotinib, and especially the combination therapy, increased the weight of the stomach contents considerably. Concomitant treatment with GLP-2 counteracted the intestinal mucosal atrophy induced both by erlotinib alone and combined with cisplatin through a reduction of the apoptotic activity. There was no influence on the mitotic activity.
Conclusions
The findings demonstrate that the intestinal mucosal damage induced by erlotinib alone and in combination with cisplatin can be counteracted by GLP-2 treatment, which might suggest a role for GLP-2 in the treatment of the gastrointestinal side-effects caused by these cancer therapeutics.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Woodburn JR. The epidermal growth factor receptor and its inhibition in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther. 1999;82(2–3):241–250.
Normanno N, De Luca A, Bianco C, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in cancer. Gene. 2006;366(1):2–16.
Siegel-Lakhai WS, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH. Current knowledge and future directions of the selective epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors erlotinib (Tarceva) and gefitinib (Iressa). Oncologist. 2005;10(8):579–589.
Brabender J, Danenberg KD, Metzger R, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor and HER2-neu mRNA expression in non-small cell lung cancer Is correlated with survival. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7(7):1850–1855.
Cohen MH, Johnson JR, Chen YF, Sridhara R, Pazdur R. FDA drug approval summary: erlotinib (Tarceva) tablets. Oncologist. 2005;10(7):461–466.
European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA). Tarceva® [European product information]. Available at http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/tarceva/H-618-PI-en.pdf. Accessed March 4, 2008.
Ref Type: Generic
Bareschino MA, Schettino C, Troiani T, Martinelli E, Morgillo F, Ciardiello F. Erlotinib in cancer treatment. Ann Oncol. 2007;18 (Suppl 6):vi35–vi41.
Barnard JA, Beauchamp RD, Russell WE, Dubois RN, Coffey RJ. Epidermal growth factor-related peptides and their relevance to gastrointestinal pathophysiology. Gastroenterology. 1995;108(2):564–580.
Dignass AU, Sturm A. Peptide growth factors in the intestine. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;13(7):763–770.
Playford RJ. Peptides and gastrointestinal mucosal integrity. Gut. 1995;37(5):595–597.
Berlanga-Acosta J, Playford RJ, Mandir N, Goodlad RA. Gastrointestinal cell proliferation and crypt fission are separate but complementary means of increasing tissue mass following infusion of epidermal growth factor in rats. Gut. 2001;48(6):803–807.
Kitchen PA, Goodlad RA, FitzGerald AJ, et al. Intestinal growth in parenterally-fed rats induced by the combined effects of glucagon-like peptide 2 and epidermal growth factor. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2005;29(4):248–254.
Kurokowa M, Lynch K, Podolsky DK. Effects of growth factors on an intestinal epithelial cell line: transforming growth factor beta inhibits proliferation and stimulates differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987;142(3):775–782.
Matsuda K, Sakamoto C, Konda Y, et al. Effects of growth factors and gut hormones on proliferation of primary cultured gastric mucous cells of guinea pig. J Gastroenterol. 1996;31(4):498–504.
Opleta-Madsen K, Hardin J, Gall DG. Epidermal growth factor upregulates intestinal electrolyte and nutrient transport. Am J Physiol. 1991;260(Pt 1 6):G807–G814.
Goodlad RA, Raja KB, Peters TJ, Wright NA. Effects of urogastrone-epidermal growth factor on intestinal brush border enzymes and mitotic activity. Gut. 1991;32(9):994–998.
Skov OP. Role of epidermal growth factor in gastroduodenal mucosal protection. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1988;10(Suppl 1):S146–S151.
Itoh M, Imai S, Joh T, et al. Protection of gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced injury by intragastric bolus administration of epidermal growth factor combined with hydroxypropylcellulose. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1992;14(Suppl 1):S127–S130.
Dignass AU, Podolsky DK. Cytokine modulation of intestinal epithelial cell restitution: central role of transforming growth factor beta. Gastroenterology. 1993;105(5):1323–1332.
Itoh M, Matsuo Y. Gastric ulcer treatment with intravenous human epidermal growth factor: a double-blind controlled clinical study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1994;9(Suppl 1):S78–S83.
Messersmith WA, Laheru DA, Senzer NN, et al. Phase I trial of irinotecan, infusional 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFIRI) with erlotinib (OSI-774): early termination due to increased toxicities. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(19):6522–6527.
Drucker DJ, Erlich P, Asa SL, Brubaker PL. Induction of intestinal epithelial proliferation by glucagon-like peptide 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93(15):7911–7916.
Drucker DJ, Shi Q, Crivici A, et al. Regulation of the biological activity of glucagon-like peptide 2 in vivo by dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Nat Biotechnol. 1997;15(7):673–677.
Hartmann B, Thulesen J, Kissow H, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition enhances the intestinotrophic effect of glucagon-like peptide-2 in rats and mice. Endocrinology. 2000;141(11):4013–4020.
Tsai CH, Hill M, Asa SL, Brubaker PL, Drucker DJ. Intestinal growth-promoting properties of glucagon-like peptide-2 in mice. Am J Physiol. 1997;273(1 Pt 1):E77–E84.
Dube PE, Brubaker PL. Frontiers in glucagon-like peptide-2: multiple actions, multiple mediators. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007;293(2):E460–E465.
Dube PE, Forse CL, Bahrami J, Brubaker PL. The essential role of insulin-like growth factor-1 in the intestinal tropic effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 in mice. Gastroenterology. 2006;131(2):589–605.
Drucker DJ, Yusta B, Boushey RP, DeForest L, Brubaker PL. Human [Gly2]GLP-2 reduces the severity of colonic injury in a murine model of experimental colitis. Am J Physiol. 1999;276(1 Pt 1):G79–G91.
L’Heureux MC, Brubaker PL. Glucagon-like peptide-2 and common therapeutics in a murine model of ulcerative colitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;306(1):347–354.
Orskov C, Hartmann B, Poulsen SS, Thulesen J, Hare KJ, Holst JJ. GLP-2 stimulates colonic growth via KGF, released by subepithelial myofibroblasts with GLP-2 receptors. Regul Pept. 2005;124(1–3):105–112.
Dube PE, Forse CL, Bahrami J, Brubaker PL. The essential role of insulin-like growth factor-1 in the intestinal tropic effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 in mice. Gastroenterology. 2006;131(2):589–605.
Yusta B, Holland D, Koehler JA, et al. ErbB signaling is required for the proliferative actions of GLP-2 in the murine gut. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(3):986–996.
Jeppesen PB, Sanguinetti EL, Buchman A, et al. Teduglutide (ALX-0600), a dipeptidyl peptidase IV resistant glucagon-like peptide 2 analogue, improves intestinal function in short bowel syndrome patients. Gut. 2005;54(9):1224–1231.
Wallis K, Walters JR, Forbes A. Review article: glucagon-like peptide 2–current applications and future directions. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25(4):365–372.
Kjellev S, Lundsgaard D, Poulsen SS, Markholst H. Reconstitution of Scid mice with CD4+. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006;6(8):1341–1354.
Hare KJ, Hartmann B, Kissow H, Holst JJ, Poulsen SS. The intestinotrophic peptide, GLP-2, counteracts intestinal atrophy in mice induced by the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, gefitinib. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(17):5170–5175.
Stringer AM, Gibson RJ, Bowen JM, Logan RM, Yeoh AS, Keefe DM. Chemotherapy-induced mucositis: the role of gastrointestinal microflora and mucins in the luminal environment. J Support Oncol. 2007;5(6):259–267.
Jeppesen PB, Hartmann B, Thulesen J, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 2 improves nutrient absorption and nutritional status in short-bowel patients with no colon. Gastroenterology. 2001;120(4):806–815.
Wojdemann M, Wettergren A, Hartmann B, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide-2 inhibits centrally induced antral motility in pigs. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998;33(8):828–832.
Wojdemann M, Wettergren A, Hartmann B, Hilsted L, Holst JJ. Inhibition of sham feeding-stimulated human gastric acid secretion by glucagon-like peptide-2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(7):2513–2517.
Nagell CF (2004) Glucagon-like peptide-2 inhibits antral emptying in man, but is not as potent as glucagon-like peptide-1.
Boushey RP, Yusta B, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide 2 decreases mortality and reduces the severity of indomethacin-induced murine enteritis. Am J Physiol. 1999;277(5 Pt 1):E937–E947.
Boushey RP, Yusta B, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 reduces chemotherapy-associated mortality and enhances cell survival in cells expressing a transfected GLP-2 receptor. Cancer Res. 2001;61(2):687–693.
Tavakkolizadeh A, Shen R, Abraham P, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 2: a new treatment for chemotherapy-induced enteritis. J Surg Res. 2000;91(1):77–82.
Thulesen J, Hartmann B, Hare KJ, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) accelerates the growth of colonic neoplasms in mice. Gut. 2004;53(8):1145–1150.
Koehler JA, Harper W, Barnard M, Yusta B, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide-2 does not modify the growth or survival of murine or human intestinal tumor cells. Cancer Res. 2008;68(19):7897–7904.
Acknowledgments
Andreas Rosén Rasmussen is the recipient of a scholarship from the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation. The technical assistance of Heidi Paulsen and Jette Schousboe is highly appreciated.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rasmussen, A.R., Viby, NE., Hare, K.J. et al. The Intestinotrophic Peptide, GLP-2, Counteracts the Gastrointestinal Atrophy in Mice Induced by the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor, Erlotinib, and Cisplatin. Dig Dis Sci 55, 2785–2796 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-009-1104-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-009-1104-x