Abstract
In this work, waste cooking palm oil (WCPO)-based carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with encapsulated iron (Fe) nanoparticles have been successfully produced via modified thermal chemical vapor deposition method. Based on several characterizations, the dense WCPO-based CNT was produced with high purity of 89% and high crystallinity proven by low ID/IG ratio (0.43). Moreover, the ferromagnetic response of CNTs showed that the average coercivity and magnetization saturation were found to be 551.5 Oe and 13.4 emu/g, respectively. These produced WCPO-based CNTs were further used as heavy metal ions adsorbent for wastewater treatment application. Some optimizations, such as the effect of different adsorbent dosage, varied initial pH solution, and various heavy metal ions, were investigated. The adsorption studies showed that the optimum adsorbent dosage was 1.8 g/L when it was applied to 100 mg/L Cu (II) solution at neutral pH (pH 7). Further measurement then showed that high Cu (II) ion removal percentage (~80%) was achieved when it was applied at very acidic solution (pH 2). Last measurement confirmed that the produced WCPO-based CNTs successfully removed different heavy metal ions in the following order: Fe (II) > Zn (II) ≈ Cu (II) with the removal percentage in the range of 99.2 to 99.9%. The adsorption isotherm for Cu (II) was better fitted by Langmuir model with a correlation coefficient of 0.82751. WCPO-based CNTs can be a potential material to be applied as adsorbent in heavy metal ion removal.
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The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to legal or ethical reasons. The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to technical or time limitations.
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The authors acknowledge the financial support from the PRGS (grant no. 2013-0097-102-32) grants and UPSI.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design as stated below:
- Conceptualization and supervision: Suriani Abu Bakar
- Methodology: Suriani Abu Bakar and Norhafizah Jusoh
- Formal analysis and investigation: Norhafizah Jusoh
- Writing (original draft preparation): Norhafizah Jusoh
- Writing (review and editing): Suriani Abu Bakar, Azmi Mohamed, Muqoyyanah Muqoyyanah, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Mohamad Hafiz Mamat, Mohd Khairul Ahmad, Mohd Ambri Mohamed, Muhammad Noor Azlan, Norhayati Hashim, Muhammad Danang Birowosuto, and Tetsuo Soga.
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Abu Bakar, S., Jusoh, N., Mohamed, A. et al. Carbon nanotubes from waste cooking palm oil as adsorbent materials for the adsorption of heavy metal ions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 65171–65187 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14918-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14918-y