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The emission of volatile halocarbons by seaweeds and their response towards environmental changes

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Abstract

Volatile halocarbons can deplete the protective stratospheric ozone layer contributing to global climate change and may even affect local climate through aerosol production. These compounds are produced through anthropogenic and biogenic processes. Biogenic halocarbons may be produced as defence compounds, anti-oxidants or by-products of metabolic processes. These compounds include very short-lived halocarbons (VSLH), e.g. bromoform (CHBr3), dibromomethane (CH2Br2), methyl iodide (CH3I), diiodomethane (CH2I2). Efforts to quantify the biogenic sources of these compounds, especially those of marine origin, e.g. seaweeds, phytoplankton and seagrass meadows, are often complicated by inherent biological variability as well as spatial and temporal changes in emissions. The contribution of the coastal region and the oceans to the stratospheric load of halocarbons has been widely debated. This highlights the need to understand the factors affecting the release of these compounds from marine sources for which data for modelling purposes are generally lacking. Seaweeds are important sources of biogenic halocarbons subjected to changing environmental conditions. Huge uncertainties in the prediction of current and future global halocarbon pool exist due to the lack of spatial and temporal data input from coastal and oceanic sources. Therefore, investigating the effect of changing environmental conditions on the emission of VSLH by the seaweeds could help towards better estimations of halocarbon emissions. This is especially important in light of global changes in both climate and the environment, the expansion of seaweed cultivation industry and the interactions between halocarbon emission and their environment. In this paper, we review current knowledge of seaweed halocarbon emissions, how environmental factors affect these emissions and identify gaps in understanding. Our aim is to direct much needed research to improve understanding of the contribution of marine biogenic sources of halocarbons and their impact on the environment.

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Funding

This research was funded by the Phase II Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) Fund, the Ministry of Education Malaysia (IOES-2014F), University of Malaya Top 100 Research University Grant (TU001D-2018) and the University of Malaya Postgraduate Research Funds, PPP (PG300-2016A).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Fiona Seh-Lin Keng & Siew-Moi Phang

  2. Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS), Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Fiona Seh-Lin Keng

  3. Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Siew-Moi Phang

  4. Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Noorsaadah Abd Rahman

  5. Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK

    Emma C. Leedham Elvidge, Gill Malin & William T. Sturges

  6. Faculty of Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK

    Emma C. Leedham Elvidge

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  1. Fiona Seh-Lin Keng
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  3. Noorsaadah Abd Rahman
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  4. Emma C. Leedham Elvidge
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  5. Gill Malin
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Correspondence to Siew-Moi Phang.

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Keng, F.SL., Phang, SM., Abd Rahman, N. et al. The emission of volatile halocarbons by seaweeds and their response towards environmental changes. J Appl Phycol 32, 1377–1394 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-02026-x

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