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11 pages, 1038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combining Anti-Mitochondrial Antibodies, Anti-Histone, and PLA2/COX Biomarkers to Increase Their Diagnostic Accuracy for Autism Spectrum Disorders

by Afaf El-Ansary, Hanan A. Alfawaz, Abir Ben Bacha and Laila Y. Al-Ayadhi

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060576 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Oxidative stress may be a critical link between mitochondrial dysfunction and ASD as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from pro-oxidant environmental toxicants and [...] Read more.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Oxidative stress may be a critical link between mitochondrial dysfunction and ASD as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from pro-oxidant environmental toxicants and activated immune cells can result in mitochondrial failure. Recently, mitochondrial dysfunction, autoimmunity, and abnormal lipid mediators have been identified in multiple investigations as an acknowledged etiological mechanism of ASD that can be targeted for therapeutic intervention. Methods: The relationship between lipid mediator markers linked to inflammation induction, such as phospholipase A2/cyclooxygenase-2 (PLA2/Cox-2), and the mitochondrial dysfunction marker anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA-M2), and anti-histone autoantibodies in the etiology of ASD was investigated in this study using combined receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. This study also sought to identify the linear combination for a given set of markers that optimizes the partial area under ROC curves. This study included 40 age- and sex-matched controls and 40 ASD youngsters. The plasma of both groups was tested for PLA2/COX-2, AMA-M2, and anti-histone autoantibodies’ levels using ELISA kits. ROC curves and logistic regression models were used in the statistical analysis. Results: Using the integrated ROC curve analysis, a notable rise in the area under the curve was noticed. Additionally, the combined markers had markedly improved specificity and sensitivity. Conclusions: The current study suggested that measuring the predictive value of selected biomarkers related to mitochondrial dysfunction, autoimmunity, and lipid metabolism in children with ASD using a ROC curve analysis could lead to a better understanding of the etiological mechanism of ASD as well as its relationship with metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Autism: Molecular Bases, Diagnosis and Therapies, 2nd Volume)

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21 pages, 5287 KiB

Open AccessReview

MATR3’s Role beyond the Nuclear Matrix: From Gene Regulation to Its Implications in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Diseases

by Jhune Rizsan Santos and Jeehye Park

Cells 2024, 13(11), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13110980 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

Matrin-3 (MATR3) was initially discovered as a component of the nuclear matrix about thirty years ago. Since then, accumulating studies have provided evidence that MATR3 not only plays a structural role in the nucleus, but that it is also an active protein involved [...] Read more.

Matrin-3 (MATR3) was initially discovered as a component of the nuclear matrix about thirty years ago. Since then, accumulating studies have provided evidence that MATR3 not only plays a structural role in the nucleus, but that it is also an active protein involved in regulating gene expression at multiple levels, including chromatin organization, DNA transcription, RNA metabolism, and protein translation in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Furthermore, MATR3 may play a critical role in various cellular processes, including DNA damage response, cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. In addition to the revelation of its biological role, recent studies have reported MATR3’s involvement in the context of various diseases, including neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases, as well as cancer. Moreover, sequencing studies of patients revealed a handful of disease-associated mutations in MATR3 linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which further elevated the gene’s importance as a topic of study. In this review, we synthesize the current knowledge regarding the diverse functions of MATR3 in DNA- and RNA-related processes, as well as its involvement in various diseases, with a particular emphasis on ALS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cellular Pathology)

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23 pages, 831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quality- and Health-Promoting Compounds of Whole Wheat Bread with the Addition of Stale Bread, Cornmeal, and Apple Pomace

by Dorota Gumul, Joanna Oracz, Dorota Litwinek, Dorota Żyżelewicz, Tomasz Zięba, Renata Sabat, Anna Wywrocka-Gurgul and Rafał Ziobro

Foods 2024, 13(11), 1767; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13111767 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extruded preparations on the bioactive and nutritional properties, vitamin B content, volatile compound profile, and quality of whole wheat bread. Extruded preparations based on stale bread (secondary raw materials) and apple pomace [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extruded preparations on the bioactive and nutritional properties, vitamin B content, volatile compound profile, and quality of whole wheat bread. Extruded preparations based on stale bread (secondary raw materials) and apple pomace (byproducts) were used as bread additives. It was found that the preparations did not enrich the bread in protein but in health-promoting compounds, especially gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, quercetin, and B vitamins. Extruded preparations had a positive effect on the quality of the bread produced, such as yield and cohesiveness, and gave it a pleasant aroma. It was shown that among all the examined bread samples with added extruded preparations of stale bread, the cornmeal and apple pomace bread samples with 15% extruded preparation (containing 55% cornmeal, 30% stale bread, and 15% apple pomace) had sufficient nutritional value, the highest amounts of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, rutin, and quercetin; medium amounts of ellagic acid; high antioxidant activity determined in vitro using four methods (by DPPH, ABTS, power (FRAP), and Fe(II) chelating assays); adequate quality; and significant amounts of vitamins, especially B1, B2, and B3. This type of extruded preparation should utilize apple pomace, which is a byproduct, and stale bread, which is a secondary waste. Such a combination is an excellent low-cost, easy, and prospective solution for the baking industry that could be applied to obtain bread with elevated nutritional value and enhanced health potential, as proven in this publication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Grain)

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Graphical abstract

15 pages, 578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Compartmentation Failure for High-Rise Timber Buildings

by Agustín H. Majdalani, Ignacio Calderón, Wolfram Jahn and José L. Torero

Fire 2024, 7(6), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7060190 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

The traditional concept of compartmentation guaranteed by fire resistance is mainly concerned with the problem of destructive internal spread potential. External convective spread potential pertains to the loss of compartmentation associated with windows and facade systems. As such, it is assumed that internal [...] Read more.

The traditional concept of compartmentation guaranteed by fire resistance is mainly concerned with the problem of destructive internal spread potential. External convective spread potential pertains to the loss of compartmentation associated with windows and facade systems. As such, it is assumed that internal fire spread occurs following mechanisms of excessive heat conduction and/or successive failure of the compartment boundaries, which can be, in most cases, conservatively characterised using traditional methods of performance assessment such as fire resistance. Nevertheless, external fire spread represents a potentially more effective route by which fire can spread through the convective advancement of flames and hot gases. This is particularly important in cases such as timber construction, where the presence of exposed timber can result in increased convective spread potential and where loss of compartmentation can result in disproportionate consequences. A simplified compartment fire model is proposed with the objective of quantifying the fuel contribution of exposed timber elements to the compartment fire and determining the impact of variable percentages of exposed timber on the convective spread potential. The overall results show that the convective fire spread potential increases with the increasing percentage of available timber. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Compartment Fire and Safety)

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13 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Applying Implementation Science to Identify Primary Care Providers’ Enablers and Barriers to Using Survivorship Care Plans

by Brittany Mutsaers, Tori Langmuir, Carrie MacDonald-Liska, Justin Presseau, Gail Larocque, Cheryl Harris, Marie-Hélène Chomienne, Lauriane Giguère, Paola Michelle Garcia Mairena, Dina Babiker, Kednapa Thavorn and Sophie Lebel

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(6), 3278-3290; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31060249 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

Primary care providers (PCPs) have been given the responsibility of managing the follow-up care of low-risk cancer survivors after they are discharged from the oncology center. Survivorship Care Plans (SCPs) were developed to facilitate this transition, but research indicates inconsistencies in how they [...] Read more.

Primary care providers (PCPs) have been given the responsibility of managing the follow-up care of low-risk cancer survivors after they are discharged from the oncology center. Survivorship Care Plans (SCPs) were developed to facilitate this transition, but research indicates inconsistencies in how they are implemented. A detailed examination of enablers and barriers that influence their use by PCPs is needed to understand how to improve SCPs and ultimately facilitate cancer survivors’ transition to primary care. An interview guide was developed based on the second version of the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF-2). PCPs participated in semi-structured interviews. Qualitative content analysis was used to develop a codebook to code text into each of the 14 TDF-2 domains. Thematic analysis was also used to generate themes and subthemes. Thirteen PCPs completed the interview and identified the following barriers to SCP use: unfamiliarity with the side effects of cancer treatment (Knowledge), lack of clarity on the roles of different healthcare professionals (Social Professional Role and Identity), follow-up tasks being outside of scope of practice (Social Professional Role and Identity), increased workload, lack of options for psychosocial support for survivors, managing different electronic medical records systems, logistical issues with liaising with oncology (Environmental Context and Resources), and patient factors (Social Influences). PCPs value the information provided in SCPs and found the follow-up guidance provided to be most helpful. However, SCP use could be improved through streamlining methods of communication and collaboration between oncology centres and community-based primary care settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychosocial Oncology)

15 pages, 4550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preventing High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Related Hepatic Steatosis by Chlorin e6-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy

by Pallavi Gurung, Junmo Lim and Yong-Wan Kim

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060729 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

Obesity and its associated hepatic steatosis have become a global concern, posing numerous health hazards. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a unique approach that promotes anti-obesity by releasing intracellular fat. Chlorin e6 (Ce6)-PDT was tested for its anti-obesity properties in male ovariectomized (OVX) beagle [...] Read more.

Obesity and its associated hepatic steatosis have become a global concern, posing numerous health hazards. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a unique approach that promotes anti-obesity by releasing intracellular fat. Chlorin e6 (Ce6)-PDT was tested for its anti-obesity properties in male ovariectomized (OVX) beagle dogs, as well as male C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice. The 12 OVX beagles were randomly assigned to one of four groups: high-fat diet (HFD) only, Ce6 only, Ce6 + 10 min of light-emitting diode light (LED) treatment, and Ce6 + 15 min of light treatment. We assessed several parameters, such as body weight, adipose tissue morphology, serum biochemistry, and body fat content analysis by computed tomography (CT) scan in HFD-fed beagle dogs. At the end of the study period, dogs that were treated for 35 days with Ce6 and exposed to LED irradiation (660 nm) either for 10 min (Ce6 + 10 min of light) or for 15 min (Ce6 + 15 min of light) had decreased body weight, including visceral and subcutaneous fats, lower aspartate transaminase (AST)/alanine transaminase (ALT) ratios, and a reduction in the area of individual adipocytes with a concomitant increase in the number of adipocytes. Furthermore, C57BL/6 male mice following an HFD diet were effectively treated by Ce6-PDT treatment through a reduction in weight gain and fat accumulation. Meanwhile, Ce6-PDT attenuated hepatocyte steatosis by decreasing the epididymal adipose tissue and balloon degeneration in hepatocytes in HFD-fed Balb/c mice. Taken together, our results support the idea that Ce6-PDT is a promising therapeutic strategy for the recovery of obesity and obesity-related hepatic steatosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Radiopharmaceutical Sciences)

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13 pages, 515 KiB

Open AccessReview

Radiologists’ Communicative Role in Breast Cancer Patient Management: Beyond Diagnosis

by Luciano Mariano, Luca Nicosia, Adriana Sorce, Filippo Pesapane, Veronica Coppini, Roberto Grasso, Dario Monzani, Gabriella Pravettoni, Giovanni Mauri, Massimo Venturini, Maria Pizzamiglio and Enrico Cassano

Healthcare 2024, 12(11), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12111145 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

In the landscape of cancer treatment, particularly in the realm of breast cancer management, effective communication emerges as a pivotal factor influencing patient outcomes. This article delves into the nuanced intricacies of communication skills, specifically spotlighting the strategies embraced by breast radiologists. By [...] Read more.

In the landscape of cancer treatment, particularly in the realm of breast cancer management, effective communication emerges as a pivotal factor influencing patient outcomes. This article delves into the nuanced intricacies of communication skills, specifically spotlighting the strategies embraced by breast radiologists. By examining the ramifications of communication on patient experience, interdisciplinary collaboration, and legal ramifications, this study underscores the paramount importance of empathetic and comprehensive communication approaches. A special emphasis is placed on the utilization of the SPIKES protocol, a structured method for conveying sensitive health information, and the deployment of strategies for navigating challenging conversations. Furthermore, the work encompasses the significance of communication with caregivers, the integration of artificial intelligence, and the acknowledgement of patients’ psychological needs. By adopting empathetic communication methodologies and fostering multidisciplinary collaboration, healthcare practitioners have the potential to enhance patient satisfaction, promote treatment adherence, and augment the overall outcomes within breast cancer diagnosis. This paper advocates for the implementation of guidelines pertaining to psychological support and the allocation of sufficient resources to ensure the provision of holistic and patient-centered cancer care. The article stresses the need for a holistic approach that addresses patients’ emotional and psychological well-being alongside medical treatment. Through thoughtful and empathetic communication practices, healthcare providers can profoundly impact patient experiences and breast cancer journeys in a positive manner. Full article

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10 pages, 2167 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Unraveling Differences in Molecular Mechanisms and Immunological Contrasts between Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Cervix

by Morteza Salarzaei, Ralf L. O. van de Laar, Patricia C. Ewing-Graham, Shiva Najjary, Edith van Esch, Heleen J. van Beekhuizen and Dana A. M. Mustafa

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(11), 6205; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116205 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

This study aims to refine our understanding of the inherent heterogeneity in cervical cancer by exploring differential gene expression profiles, immune cell infiltration dynamics, and implicated signaling pathways in the two predominant histological types of cervix carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Adenocarcinoma [...] Read more.

This study aims to refine our understanding of the inherent heterogeneity in cervical cancer by exploring differential gene expression profiles, immune cell infiltration dynamics, and implicated signaling pathways in the two predominant histological types of cervix carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Adenocarcinoma (ADC). Targeted gene expression data that were previously generated from samples of primary cervical cancer were re-analyzed. The samples were grouped based on their histopathology, comparing SCC to ADC. Each tumor in the study was confirmed to be high risk human papilloma virus (hrHPV) positive. A total of 21 cervical cancer samples were included, with 11 cases of SCC and 10 of ADC. Data analysis revealed a total of 26 differentially expressed genes, with 19 genes being overexpressed in SCC compared to ADC (Benjamini–Hochberg (BH)-adjusted p-value < 0.05). Importantly, the immune checkpoint markers CD274 and CTLA4 demonstrated significantly higher expression in SCC compared to ADC. In addition, SCC showed a higher infiltration of immune cells, including B and T cells, and cytotoxic cells. Higher activation of a variety of pathways was found in SCC samples including cytotoxicity, interferon signaling, metabolic stress, lymphoid compartment, hypoxia, PI3k-AKT, hedgehog signaling and Notch signaling pathways. Our findings show distinctive gene expression patterns, signaling pathway activations, and trends in immune cell infiltration between SCC and ADC in cervical cancer. This study underscores the heterogeneity within primary cervical cancer, emphasizing the potential benefits of subdividing these tumours based on histological and molecular differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Oncology)

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12 pages, 8897 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Endovascular Stenting for Idiopathic Stenosis of the Superior Mesenteric Vein: A Case Report

by Mugur Cristian Grasu, Radu Lucian Dumitru, Gina-Ionela Rusu-Munteanu, Mariana Mihaila, Mircea Manuc and Ioana Gabriela Lupescu

Diagnostics 2024, 14(11), 1187; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14111187 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

Idiopathic superior mesenteric vein (SMV) stenosis, where no clear causative factor is identifiable, remains a clinical rarity. We present a detailed case report of a patient with idiopathic stenosis of the SMV who underwent successful endovascular stenting. This report outlines the patient’s clinical [...] Read more.

Idiopathic superior mesenteric vein (SMV) stenosis, where no clear causative factor is identifiable, remains a clinical rarity. We present a detailed case report of a patient with idiopathic stenosis of the SMV who underwent successful endovascular stenting. This report outlines the patient’s clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging findings, procedural approach by the interventional radiology team, and subsequent management. Endovascular stenting is a viable therapeutic option for patients with idiopathic SMV stenosis. This case demonstrates that with appropriate interventional and post-procedural management, long-term stent patency and thrombosis prevention can be achieved. The success of this case encourages further investigation into endovascular treatments for venous stenoses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology)

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20 pages, 13497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dynamic Flow Rates on the In Vitro Bio-Corrosion Behavior of Zn-Cu Alloy

by Xin Zhang, Lu Zhang, Linyuan Han, Jing Bai, Zhihai Huang, Chao Guo, Feng Xue, Paul K. Chu and Chenglin Chu

Coatings 2024, 14(6), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14060711 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

In the complicated real physiological environment in vivo, body fluids and blood are constantly replenished and move dynamically, and therefore, the dynamic impacts of bodily fluids and blood need to be considered in the evaluation of biodegradable materials. However, little research has [...] Read more.

In the complicated real physiological environment in vivo, body fluids and blood are constantly replenished and move dynamically, and therefore, the dynamic impacts of bodily fluids and blood need to be considered in the evaluation of biodegradable materials. However, little research has been conducted on the impact of dynamic flowing circumstances on the corrosion characteristics of zinc-based alloys, particularly at high flow rates. The effects of various flow rates on the bio-corrosion behavior of the Zn-Cu alloy are thoroughly explored in this study. A model is developed using finite element analysis to investigate the impacts of flow rates and fluid-induced shear stress. The results reveal that the corrosion process of the Zn-Cu alloy is significantly accelerated by a higher flow rate, and a large fluid-induced shear stress caused by the boundary effect is found to promote corrosion. Furthermore, the empirical power function between the average flare rates in Hank’s solution and the corrosion rates of the Zn-Cu alloy is established by numerical simulation. The results provide insightful theoretical and experimental guidance to improve and evaluate the efficacy and lifespan of biomedical zinc-based alloy implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Corrosion, Wear and Erosion)

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28 pages, 1121 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Abiotic and Biotic Environmental Conditions on the Development and Infectivity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Agricultural Soils

by Joanna Matuska-Łyżwa, Sandra Duda, Dominika Nowak and Wiesław Kaca

Insects 2024, 15(6), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15060421 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

Many organisms, including beneficial entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), are commonly found in the soil environment. EPNs are used as biopesticides for pest control. They have many positive characteristics and are able to survive at sites of application for a long time, producing new generations [...] Read more.

Many organisms, including beneficial entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), are commonly found in the soil environment. EPNs are used as biopesticides for pest control. They have many positive characteristics and are able to survive at sites of application for a long time, producing new generations of individuals. The occurrence of populations depends on many environmental parameters, such as temperature, moisture, soil texture, and pH. Extreme temperatures result in a decrease in the survival rate and infectivity of EPNs. Both high humidity and acidic soil pH reduce populations and disrupt the biological activity of EPNs. Nematodes are also exposed to anthropogenic agents, such as heavy metals, oil, gasoline, and even essential oils. These limit their ability to move in the soil, thereby reducing their chances of successfully finding a host. Commonly used fertilizers and chemical pesticides are also a challenge. They reduce the pathogenicity of EPNs and negatively affect their reproduction, which reduces the population size. Biotic factors also influence nematode biology. Fungi and competition limit the reproduction and survival of EPNs in the soil. Host availability enables survival and affects infectivity. Knowledge of the influence of environmental factors on the biology of EPNs will allow more effective use of the insecticidal capacity of these organisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Pest Management in Agricultural Crops and Forest Ecosystems)

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24 pages, 819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Proportional–Integral Observer-Based Dynamic Event-Triggered Consensus Protocol for Nonlinear Positive Multi-Agent Systems

by Xiaogang Yang, Mengxing Huang, Yuanyuan Wu and Xuegang Tan

Axioms 2024, 13(6), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13060384 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

This paper investigates the state estimation and event-triggered control for positive nonlinear multi-agent systems. Firstly, a proportional–integral observer is established to estimate the states of the considered nonlinear positive multi-agent systems based on the matrix decomposition method. Then, a dynamic event-triggered mechanism is [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the state estimation and event-triggered control for positive nonlinear multi-agent systems. Firstly, a proportional–integral observer is established to estimate the states of the considered nonlinear positive multi-agent systems based on the matrix decomposition method. Then, a dynamic event-triggered mechanism is constructed, and a control protocol is proposed based on the proportional–integral observer and event-triggered mechanism. By combining linear programming with linear co-positive Lyapunov functions, the considered multi-agent systems are guaranteed to be positive and achieve consensus. Moreover, by introducing three new variables and a finite vector, the final convergence point can be changed based on the given vector. Finally, two illustrative examples demonstrate the validity of the proposed theoretical results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cooperative Control of Multi-agent Systems and Security Control of Cyber-Physical Systems)

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15 pages, 5214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A 14-Bit Hybrid Analog-to-Digital Converter for Infrared Focal Plane Array Digital Readout Integrated Circuit

by Douming Hu, Libin Yao, Nan Chen, Jiqing Zhang, Shengyou Zhong, Wenbiao Mao, Fang Zhu and Juan Zhang

Sensors 2024, 24(11), 3653; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113653 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

This paper presents a 14-bit hybrid column-parallel compact analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for the application of digital infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPAs) with compromised power and speed performance. The proposed hybrid ADC works in two phases: in the first phase, a 7-bit successive approximation [...] Read more.

This paper presents a 14-bit hybrid column-parallel compact analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for the application of digital infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPAs) with compromised power and speed performance. The proposed hybrid ADC works in two phases: in the first phase, a 7-bit successive approximation register (SAR) ADC performs coarse quantization; in the second phase, a 7-bit single-slope (SS) ADC performs fine quantization to complete the residue voltage conversion. In this work, the number of unit capacitors is reduced to 1/128th of that of a conventional 14-bit SAR ADC, which is beneficial for the application of small pixel-pitch IRFPAs. In this work, a tradeoff segmented thermometer-coded digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is adopted in the first 7-bit coarse quantization process: the lower 3-bit is binary coded, and the upper 4-bit is thermometer coded. A thermometer-coded DAC can improve the linearity of ADC. Capacitor array matching can be incredibly relaxed compared with a binary-weight 14-bit SAR ADC, resulting in a noncalibration feature. Moreover, by sharing DAC and comparator analog circuits between the SAR ADC and the SS ADC, the power consumption and layout area are consequently reduced. The proposed hybrid ADC was fabricated using a 180 nm CMOS process. The measurement results show that the proposed ADC has a differential nonlinearity of −0.61/+0.84 LSB and a sampling rate of 120 kS/s. The developed ADC achieves a temporal noise of 1.7 LSBrms at a temperature of 77 K. In addition, the SNDR is 72.9 dB, and the ENOB is 11.82 bit, respectively. Total power consumption is 71 μW from supply voltages of 3.3 V (analog) and 1.8 V (digital). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)

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12 pages, 1253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Machine Learning Methods to Investigate Joint Load in Agility on the Football Field: Creating the Model, Part I

by Anne Benjaminse, Eline M. Nijmeijer, Alli Gokeler and Stefano Di Paolo

Sensors 2024, 24(11), 3652; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113652 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

Laboratory studies have limitations in screening for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk due to their lack of ecological validity. Machine learning (ML) methods coupled with wearable sensors are state-of-art approaches for joint load estimation outside the laboratory in athletic tasks. The aim [...] Read more.

Laboratory studies have limitations in screening for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk due to their lack of ecological validity. Machine learning (ML) methods coupled with wearable sensors are state-of-art approaches for joint load estimation outside the laboratory in athletic tasks. The aim of this study was to investigate ML approaches in predicting knee joint loading during sport-specific agility tasks. We explored the possibility of predicting high and low knee abduction moments (KAMs) from kinematic data collected in a laboratory setting through wearable sensors and of predicting the actual KAM from kinematics. Xsens MVN Analyze and Vicon motion analysis, together with Bertec force plates, were used. Talented female football (soccer) players (n = 32, age 14.8 ± 1.0 y, height 167.9 ± 5.1 cm, mass 57.5 ± 8.0 kg) performed unanticipated sidestep cutting movements (number of trials analyzed = 1105). According to the findings of this technical note, classification models that aim to identify the players exhibiting high or low KAM are preferable to the ones that aim to predict the actual peak KAM magnitude. The possibility of classifying high versus low KAMs during agility with good approximation (AUC 0.81–0.85) represents a step towards testing in an ecologically valid environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inertial Measurement Units in Sport—2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 1951 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Metformin Therapy for Acne Vulgaris: A Meta-Analysis

by Lidia Szefler, Weronika Szybiak-Skora, Anna Sadowska-Przytocka, Ryszard Zaba, Barbara Wieckowska and Katarzyna Lacka

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060728 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

Acne vulgaris is a common disease, which occurs in adolescents as well as adults and has a significant influence on the patient’s quality of life (QoL) in every aspect. Due to resistance to standard therapies, it has become necessary to prospect for new [...] Read more.

Acne vulgaris is a common disease, which occurs in adolescents as well as adults and has a significant influence on the patient’s quality of life (QoL) in every aspect. Due to resistance to standard therapies, it has become necessary to prospect for new treatment strategies. It is important to highlight that the diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause of acne such as metabolic and hormonal disorders may significantly improve the effectiveness of acne treatment. The correlation between Insulin Resistance (IR) and acne has been proven. Both disorders share many common occurrence factors and activation pathways. Metformin, an antihyperglycemic agent, seems to be a possible therapy option, not only because of its insulin sensitizing ability but also via plenty of additional effects of this medicine. While the efficiency of metformin therapy in patients with acne and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is well explored, it is still necessary to evaluate it in patients without any endocrinopathies. This meta-analysis aimed to estimate the effectiveness of oral metformin as a monotherapy in acne patients without PCOS or other endocrinopathies. Study selection was performed with included criteria such as no PCOS and other endocrinopathies diagnosed, oral administration of metformin, and metformin in monotherapy. Selected studies contained comparisons in the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) before and after metformin therapy. Statistical analysis detected significant improvement in skin condition after treatment with metformin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)

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15 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinico-Virological Outcomes and Mutational Profile of SARS-CoV-2 in Adults Treated with Ribavirin Aerosol for COVID-19 Pneumonia

by Giulia Morsica, Emanuela Messina, Sabrina Bagaglio, Laura Galli, Riccardo Lolatto, Michela Sampaolo, Maxime Barakat, Robert J. Israel, Antonella Castagna and Nicola Clementi

Microorganisms 2024, 12(6), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061146 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants can affect vaccine efficacy, laboratory diagnosis and the therapies already available, triggering interest in the search for antiviral agents for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Ribavirin (RBV) is a broad-spectrum antiviral with demonstrated in vitro activity against multiple viruses, including [...] Read more.

The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants can affect vaccine efficacy, laboratory diagnosis and the therapies already available, triggering interest in the search for antiviral agents for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Ribavirin (RBV) is a broad-spectrum antiviral with demonstrated in vitro activity against multiple viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. This retrospective study evaluated the dynamics and viral clearance of SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalised adult participants (PTs) with COVID-19 pneumonia who received an RBV aerosol within a compassionate use study. The impact of RBV on the clinical outcome and the mutational profile of SARS-CoV-2 was also assessed. The median RNA values measured in nine PTs included in this study decreased from baseline to discharge (at BL, threshold cycle (Ct) = 22.4, IQR 19.84–5.07; at discharge, Ct = 27.92, IQR 26.43–36.11), with a significant decline in the Ct value evaluated by Friedman rank ANOVA analysis, p = 0.032. Seven out of nine PTs experienced a clinical improvement, while two PTs deceased during hospitalisation. In PTs with a favourable outcome, the virus clearance rate at discharge was 28.6%. The cumulative clearance rate was 71.4% within 14 days from discharge. A mutational pattern after RBV was detected in three out of five PTs in whom whole-genome sequencing was available. Our findings suggest that RBV limits SARS-CoV-2 replication, possibly resulting in a favourable clinical outcome. Ribavirin may also contribute to the mutational spectrum of SARS-CoV-2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Virology)

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22 pages, 4593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Rubber Industry Wastewater Treatment through an Integrated AnMBR and A/O MBR System: Performance, Membrane Fouling Analysis, and Microbial Community Evolution

by Ishanka Prabhath Wimalaweera, Yuansong Wei, Fumin Zuo, Qihe Tang, Tharindu Ritigala, Yawei Wang, Hui Zhong, Rohan Weerasooriya, Shameen Jinadasa and Sujithra Weragoda

Membranes 2024, 14(6), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14060130 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

This study explores the effectiveness of an integrated anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) coupled with an anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor (A/O MBR) for the treatment of natural rubber industry wastewater with high sulfate, ammonia, and complex organic contents. This study was conducted at the lab-scale [...] Read more.

This study explores the effectiveness of an integrated anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) coupled with an anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor (A/O MBR) for the treatment of natural rubber industry wastewater with high sulfate, ammonia, and complex organic contents. This study was conducted at the lab-scale over a duration of 225 days to thoroughly investigate the efficiency and sustainability of the proposed treatment method. With a hydraulic retention time of 6 days for the total system, COD reductions were over 98%, which reduced the influent from 22,158 ± 2859 mg/L to 118 ± 74 mg/L of the effluent. The system demonstrates average NH₃-N, TN, and total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies of 72.9 ± 5.7, 72.8 ± 5.6, and 71.3 ± 9.9, respectively. Despite an average whole biological system removal of 50.6%, the anaerobic reactor eliminated 44.9% of the raw WW sulfate. Analyses of membrane fouling revealed that organic fouling was more pronounced in the anaerobic membrane, whereas aerobic membrane fouling displayed varied profiles due to differential microbial and oxidative activities. Key bacterial genera, such as Desulfobacterota in the anaerobic stage and nitrifiers in the aerobic stage, are identified as instrumental in the biological processes. The microbial profile reveals a shift from methanogenesis to sulfide-driven autotrophic denitrification and sulfammox, with evidence of an active denitrification pathway in anaerobic/anoxic conditions. The system showcases its potential for industrial application, underpinning environmental sustainability through improved wastewater management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Technologies for Wastewater and Sludge Treatment)

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11 pages, 1881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Pump Light on LP₀₁ and LP₁₁ Modes in Few-Mode Fiber Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry

by Yunqi Hao, Yiliang Han, Weitong Liao, Miao Miao and Kun Yang

Photonics 2024, 11(6), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11060539 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

The quality of pump pulse in few-mode-fiber Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (FMF-BOTDR) is vital for the spontaneous Brillouin scattering of modes LP₀₁ and LP₁₁ because it is the comprehensive effect of the main laser linewidth and pulse width, which is [...] Read more.

The quality of pump pulse in few-mode-fiber Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (FMF-BOTDR) is vital for the spontaneous Brillouin scattering of modes LP₀₁ and LP₁₁ because it is the comprehensive effect of the main laser linewidth and pulse width, which is firstly discussed as we know. Numerical and experimental analysis are made for the amplitude and linewidth distribution, corresponding to the signal–noise ratio (SNR) and frequency resolution in BOTDR, respectively. Simulation shows the linewidths and peak values of Brillouin scattering have the same tendency for the LP₀₁ mode and LP₁₁ mode when the laser linewidth is less than 1 MHz but decreases slowly until they are the same when the laser linewidth is wider than 1 MHz. With the pulse width widening, the Brillouin linewidths for LP₀₁ and LP₁₁ modes both decrease sharply, almost to the natural linewidth of fiber 41 MHz and 35 MHz. Experimental results show that the amplitude distribution for the LP₀₁ mode is always larger than for the LP₁₁ mode if the main laser has the same linewidth and the frequency fluctuation is at least 2 MHz with the fiber laser and LP₁₁ mode. The above results could provide improved sensing resolution for FMF-BOTDR sensing system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Optical Fiber Sensors and Sensing Techniques)

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12 pages, 595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Vitamin D with Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids in Women with and without Non-Obese Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

by Alexandra E. Butler, Thozhukat Sathyapalan, Priya Das, Edwina Brennan and Stephen L. Atkin

Biomedicines 2024, 12(6), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12061255 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

Background. Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent organic pollutants affected by BMI and ethnicity, with contradictory reports of association with vitamin D deficiency. Methods. Twenty-nine Caucasian women with non-obese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and age- and BMI-matched Caucasian control women (n = [...] Read more.

Background. Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent organic pollutants affected by BMI and ethnicity, with contradictory reports of association with vitamin D deficiency. Methods. Twenty-nine Caucasian women with non-obese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and age- and BMI-matched Caucasian control women (n = 30) were recruited. Paired serum samples were analyzed for PFAAs (n = 13) using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Tandem mass spectrometry determined levels of 25(OH)D₃ and the active 1,25(OH)₂D₃. Results. Women with and without PCOS did not differ in age, weight, insulin resistance, or systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein did not differ), but the free androgen index was increased. Four PFAAs were detected in all serum samples: perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS). Serum PFOS was higher in PCOS versus controls (geometric mean [GM] 3.9 vs. 3.1 ng/mL, p < 0.05). Linear regression modeling showed that elevated PFHxS had higher odds of a lower 25(OH)D₃ (OR: 2.919, 95% CI 0.82–5.75, p = 0.04). Vitamin D did not differ between cohorts and did not correlate with any PFAAs, either alone or when the groups were combined. When vitamin D was stratified into sufficiency (>20 ng/mL) and deficiency (<20 ng/mL), no correlation with any PFAAs was seen. Conclusions. While the analyses and findings here are exploratory in light of relatively small recruitment numbers, when age, BMI, and insulin resistance are accounted for, the PFAAs do not appear to be related to 25(OH)D₃ or the active 1,25(OH)₂D₃ in this Caucasian population, nor do they appear to be associated with vitamin D deficiency, suggesting that future studies must account for these factors in the analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin D in Health and Disease (3rd Edition))

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20 pages, 2204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Partial Replacement of Carbon Black with Graphene in Tire Compounds: Transport Properties, Thermal Stability and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

by Krishna Prasad Rajan, Aravinthan Gopanna, Mohammed Rafic, Rajesh Theravalappil and Selvin P. Thomas

ChemEngineering 2024, 8(3), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030057 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

In this study, natural rubber (NR)/polybutadiene rubber (PB) blend-based composites were prepared using graphene as a partial replacement for carbon black (CB) in different parts per hundred rubber (phr) percentages. In a previous study, the vulcanization characteristics, viscoelastic behavior, and static mechanical properties [...] Read more.

In this study, natural rubber (NR)/polybutadiene rubber (PB) blend-based composites were prepared using graphene as a partial replacement for carbon black (CB) in different parts per hundred rubber (phr) percentages. In a previous study, the vulcanization characteristics, viscoelastic behavior, and static mechanical properties were reported, and the compound labeled as compound 2 (with 2.5 phr of graphene and 52.5 phr of carbon black) showed optimum properties. Herein, we report the dynamic mechanical properties and the transport properties of the formulations to establish further characterization of the compounds. Three different organic solvents comprising benzene, toluene, and xylene were employed to analyze the sorption characteristics. The obtained data were also modeled with different theoretical predictions. The dynamic mechanical properties showed that certain compounds can be considered to be green tire formulations, as there were appreciable changes in the tanδ values at different temperatures (−25 °C to 60 °C). The thermogravimetric analysis showed that compound 2, with 2.5 phr of graphene, has a higher t₅₀ value among the studied formulations, which indicates higher thermal stability than the base compound. The partial replacement of 2.5 phr of graphene in place of carbon black (total 55 phr) led to appreciable improvements in terms of thermal stability, transport properties, and dynamic mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering of Carbon-Based Nano/Micromaterials)

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14 pages, 8824 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of Superhydrophobic Coatings in the Protection of Earthen Sites

by Yisi Liu, Qian Li, Ruiting Zhou and Renaguli Yusufu

Coatings 2024, 14(6), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14060710 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

As an important part of human cultural heritage, earthen sites are subject to damage caused by a variety of environmental factors, such as cracking, weathering, and flooding. Due to the low mechanical strength of earthen site materials, especially in humid environments, they are [...] Read more.

As an important part of human cultural heritage, earthen sites are subject to damage caused by a variety of environmental factors, such as cracking, weathering, and flooding. Due to the low mechanical strength of earthen site materials, especially in humid environments, they are susceptible to hazards like moisture penetration, freeze–thaw cycles, and biological invasion. Superhydrophobic coatings show promising potential in the protection of earthen sites, with key properties that include waterproof performance, breathability, robustness, and transparency. By exploring various material systems and preparation methods, the current state of research on the protection of building materials with superhydrophobic materials has been demonstrated, highlighting advantages in the corrosion resistance, self-cleaning, frost prevention, anti-scaling, and other aspects. At the same time, it also points out the challenges faced in the practical application of earthen site protection and the prospects for future research. These include enhancing the bonding strength between the coating and soil particles, improving durability and breathability, and developing large-scale, low-cost, and efficient coating construction techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage)

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16 pages, 2549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

16S rRNA Analysis of Electrogenic Bacterial Communities from Soil Microbial Fuel Cells

by Ana Rumora, Liliana Hopkins, Kayla Yim, Melissa F. Baykus, Luisa Martinez and Luis Jimenez

Appl. Microbiol. 2024, 4(2), 918-933; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol4020062 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

Electrogenic bacteria present in bioelectrical devices such as soil microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) are powered by the oxidation of organic and inorganic compounds due to microbial activity. Fourteen soils randomly selected from Bergen Community College or areas nearby, located in the state of [...] Read more.

Electrogenic bacteria present in bioelectrical devices such as soil microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) are powered by the oxidation of organic and inorganic compounds due to microbial activity. Fourteen soils randomly selected from Bergen Community College or areas nearby, located in the state of New Jersey, USA, were used to screen for the presence of electrogenic bacteria. SMFCs were incubated at 35–37 °C. Of the 14 samples, 11 generated electricity and enriched electrogenic bacteria. The average optimal electricity production by the top 3 SMFCs was 152 microwatts. The highest electrical production was produced by SMFC-B1C and SMFC-B1B, with 162 and 152 microwatts, respectively. Microbial DNA was extracted from the biofilm grown on the anodes, followed by PCR analysis of the 16S rRNA V3–V4 region. Next-generation sequencing was performed to determine the structure and diversity of the electrogenic microbial community. The top 3 MFCs with the highest electricity production showed a bacterial community predominantly composed of bacteria belonging to the Bacillota and Pseudomonadota phyla with a significant presence of Euryarcheota members of methanogenic archaea. SMFC-B1C showed a more diverse electrogenic community, followed by SMFC-B1B and SMFC-B1. When analyzing the top 10 bacteria in the SMFCs, 67 percent belonged to the class Clostridia, indicating that anaerobic conditions were required to enrich electrogenic bacterial numbers and optimize electrical production. The ongoing optimization of SMFCs will provide better production of electricity and continuous enhancement of microbial activity to sustain longer operational times and higher levels of electrogenesis. The characterization of electrogenic microbial communities will provide valuable information to understand the contribution of different populations to the production of electricity in bioelectrical devices. Full article

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13 pages, 3441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Behaviour of an Au-Ge Alloy in an Artificial Saliva and Sweat Solution

by Gyöngyi Vastag, Peter Majerič, Vojkan Lazić and Rebeka Rudolf

Metals 2024, 14(6), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060668 (registering DOI) - 5 Jun 2024

Abstract

In modern times, more and more different materials (including alloys) are in direct contact with human electrolytes (sweat, saliva, lymph, blood, etc.). One of the most important properties for the use of these materials is therefore their chemical inertness or resistance to corrosion [...] Read more.

In modern times, more and more different materials (including alloys) are in direct contact with human electrolytes (sweat, saliva, lymph, blood, etc.). One of the most important properties for the use of these materials is therefore their chemical inertness or resistance to corrosion when they are in contact with human electrolytes. Consequently, during the development of such new materials, it is necessary to study and understand their basic electrochemical behaviour in a given environment. The purpose of this research was to monitor the electrochemical behaviour of the new Au-Ge alloy in artificial sweat and artificial saliva solutions, depending on the electrolyte composition and exposure time. This new alloy represents a potential material for use in dentistry or for jewellery. The obtained results of the study show that the immersion time and the pH value have a significantly greater influence on the corrosion resistance of the new Au-Ge alloy than the composition of the electrolyte solution. The results of the SEM/EDX analysis additionally confirm the main results of the electrochemical measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Extractive Metallurgy)

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