Abstract
This paper presents simulation calculations and experimental measurements to determine the dynamic load factor (DLF) of train on the urban railway in Vietnam. Simulation calculations are performed by SIMPACK software. Dynamic measurement experiments were conducted on Cat Linh – Ha Dong line. The simulation and experimental results provide the DLF values with the largest difference of 2.46% when the train speed varies from 0 km/h to 80 km/h
1 Introduction
Dynamic load is an important value in the railway design process. Thus, accurate study of the DLF will lead to safe and economical designs. However, determining the DLF is a rather complicated problem because of the interaction between rail and moving vehicles.
The dynamic load is generally expressed as a function of the static load (Eq. 1) [1]
Where Pd is the dynamic wheel load, ∅ is the dynamic wheel load factor (∅ > 1), and Ps is the static wheel load.
Studies by authors around the world have published research results on dynamic load of railway. In 1953, Talbot [2] had given a dynamic load factor that relates to train speed and wheel diameter for heavy haul railway with the train speed less than 80 km/h. In 1969, Indian Railways had proposed dynamic load factor for narrow gauge track incorporates track modulus and train speed [3]. Eisenmann (1972) had used dynamic load factor for high speed railway track that incorporates train speed and the condition of the track [4]. The Office of Research and Experiments (ORE) of the International Union of Railways and Birmann [5] had proposed dynamic load factor for speeds up to 200 km/h incorporates the track geometry, vehicle suspension, vehicle speed, vehicle center of gravity, age of track, curve radius, super-elevation, and cant deficiency. The Germany Railways (1943) using an equation with the train speed is no more than 200 km/h to calculate the dynamic load factor only using train speed [6]. The dynamic load factor formula is used for South African Railways is similar to the Talbot formula, but is calculated for narrow gauge track [2]. Clarke formula algebraically combines the Talbot and Indian Railways dynamic load factors [7]. In 1968, a dynamic load factor only depended on the train speed was prepared for the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) and used in subsequently recommended standards for transit trackwork [8]. In 2010, Sadeghi had proposed a dynamic load factor in Iran. This factor depends on train speed [9]. The speed of the train is no more 200km/h. The use of the AREMA recommendation for dynamic impact factor is suggested for the railway with the train speed from 32 km/ h to 193 km/ h [10]. The China Railways proposed dynamic load factors that depend on train speed and wheel load shift coefficient in curves. This factor is used for high speed railway [11]. In 2017, Leonid and Andrey had researched dynamic live load factor for bridge structures on High speed railway [12].
In this study, the authors studied the DLF for the urban railway based on field measurement and simulation calculations. The strain gage is used to measure relative deformation. Simulation calculations are implemented by SIMPACK software.
2 Experimental method to determinate DLF
2.1 Test equipments
The rail is mounted the equipment to measure deformation. Relative deformation was measured by the strain gage with length 10mm. Strain gage was placed at the bottom center of the rail foot (Figure 1).
2.2 Load test arrangements
Test loads are trains on Cat Linh – Ha Dong urban railway line as Figure 2.
Each train includes 4 cars [13] with the following set-up method: + Tc-M + M-Tc such as Figure 3, in which:
“+”: semi-automatic central buffer coupler
“−”: Semi-permanent central buffer coupler
“M”: motor car
“Tc”: trailer car
Load arrangement of the train is set up such as Figure 4
2.3 Test results
Figure 5 shows the dynamic deformation time-history curves of the rail foot in the first test point on Cat Linh – Ha Dong urban railway line with train speed V = 30 km/h. The maximum of dynamic deformation is 0.00011732.
Figure 6 shows the dynamic deformation time-history curves of the rail foot in the second test point on Cat Linh – Ha Dong urban railway line with train speed V = 50 km/h. The maximum of dynamic deformation is 0.000127.
Figure 7 shows the dynamic deformation time-history curves of the rail foot in the third test point on Cat Linh – Ha Dong urban railway line with train speed V = 80 km/h. The maximum of dynamic deformation is 0.000145.
Measuring the static deformation of the rail we have the following results:
No. | Measurement times | Static deformation |
---|---|---|
1 | The first | 0.00010735 |
2 | The second | 0.00010519 |
3 | The third | 0.00010004 |
Average value | 0.00010419 |
Some typical results of the dynamic load factors are depicted in the form of graphs comprising load histories under different train speeds (Figure 8).
By using linear regression analysis of the DLF. Using Minitab simulation software. The results from the minitab software are as follows
Regression equation
Coefficients
Term | Coef | SE Coef | T-Value | P-Value | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 0.9909 | 0.0124 | 79.94 | 0.000 | |
V | 0.004853 | 0.000250 | 19.38 | 0.003 | 1.00 |
Model Summary
S | R-sq | R-sq(adj) | R-sq(pred) |
---|---|---|---|
0.0146026 | 99.47% | 99.21% | 96.25% |
Analysis of variance
Source | DF | Adj SS | Adj MS | F-Value | P-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regression | 1 | 0.080074 | 0.080074 | 375.52 | 0.003 |
V | 1 | 0.080074 | 0.080074 | 375.52 | 0.003 |
Error | 2 | 0.000426 | 0.000213 | ||
Total | 3 | 0.080500 |
The equation of DLF is proposed such as Eq. 2.
Where V is velocity (km/h)
It can be seen that the values of dynamic load factor increasing due to speed such as Eq. 2. It was created based on support stiffness, rail material, train load and train speed.
3 Application of software to simulate dynamic model vehicle-track interactions
3.1 Numerical simulation process
The model of vehicles is included 3 parts: car body, bogie and wheel set. Each part of the system has five degrees of freedom: bouncing, lateral, rolling, yawing and pitching. So, each car has 35 degrees of freedom as follows in Table 2.
The model of track structure with the continuous elastic point support model uses a series of point support spacing intervals of the discrete elastic (Figure 9, 10).
These models are established using SIMPACK software to simulate the model of urban railway dynamic such as Figure 11 to 14.
Freedom | Bouncing | Lateral | Rolling | Yawing | Pitching |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Car body | Zc | Yc | ϕc | βc | |
Front bogie | Zt1 | Yt1 | ϕt1 | βt1 | |
Rear bogie | Zt2 | Yt2 | ϕt2 | βt2 | |
First wheel set | Zw1 | Yw1 | ϕw1 | βw1 | |
Second wheel set | Zw2 | Yw2 | ϕw2 | βw2 | |
Third wheel set | Zw3 | Yw3 | ϕw3 | βw3 | |
Fourth wheel set | Zw4 | Yw4 | ϕw4 | βw4 |
No. | Technical parameters | Symbols, units | Values |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Mass of car body | Mc [ton] | 22.4 |
2 | Mass of frame | Mt [ton] | 3.52 |
3 | Mass of wheel set | Mw [ton] | 1.539 |
4 | The car body around the X axes’ rotational inertia; | Icx [ton.m2] | 23.2 |
5 | The car body around the Y axes’ rotational inertia; | Icy [ton.m2] | 943 |
6 | The car body around the Z axes’ rotational inertia; | Icz [ton.m2] | 941 |
7 | The bogie around the X axes’ rotational inertia; | Itx [ton.m2] | 1.43 |
8 | The bogie around the Y axes’ rotational inertia; | Ity [ton.m2] | 1.76 |
9 | The bogie around the Z axes’ rotational inertia; | Itz [ton.m2] | 2.96 |
10 | The wheel set around the X axes’ rotational inertia | Iwx [ton.m2] | 0.801 |
11 | The wheel set around the Y axes’ rotational inertia | Iwy [ton.m2] | 0.104 |
12 | The wheel set around the Z axes’ rotational inertia | Iwz [ton.m2] | 0.814 |
13 | The distance between two bogie centre plates | 2L [mm] | 12,600 |
14 | The distance between two wheel axes | Lt [mm] | 2,200 |
15 | The hight from the rail surface to the center of the body | Hc [mm] | 1,800 |
16 | The height from the rail surface to the center of the bogie | Hf [mm] | 500 |
17 | The lateral distance between two axle box springs | 2dw [mm] | 1,930 |
18 | The lateral distance between two air springs | 2ds [mm] | 1,850 |
19 | The longitudinal distance between two axle box springs | 2c1 [mm] | 550 |
20 | The height from the top of the air spring to the center of the body | hc [mm] | 1,005 |
21 | The height from the bottom of the air spring to the center of the bogie | hf [mm] | 196.8 |
22 | Height from rail surface to damper | H2 [mm] | 697 |
23 | The height from the rail face to the restraining bar | H3 [mm] | 465 |
24 | Diameter of wheel | D [mm] | 840 |
25 | Distance between two wheel rollers | 2S [mm] | 1,493 |
26 | Longitudinal stiffness of one side of the air spring | Ksx [MN/m] | 0.21 |
27 | Lateral stiffness of one side of the air spring | Ksy [MN/m] | 0.21 |
28 | The vertical stiffness of one side of the air spring | Ksz [MN/m] | 0.45 |
29 | Longitudinal stiffness of an axle box | Kpx [MN/m] | 10.6 |
30 | Lateral stiffness of an axle box | Kpy [MN/m] | 7.8 |
31 | Vertical stiffness of an axle box | Kpz [MN/m] | 1.7 |
32 | Lateral damping coefficient of air springs | Csy [kN.s/m] | 30.0 |
33 | Vertical damping coefficient of air springs | Csz [kN.s/m] | 60.0 |
34 | Vertical damping coefficient of axle box springs | Cpz [kN.s/m] | 10.0 |
3.2 Results
The dynamic load of the wheels acting on the rails when the cars of Cat Linh – Ha Dong line run on the rails with train speed V = 30 km/h are shown in Figure 15. The maximum of dynamic load is 48.625 kN.
The dynamic load of the wheels acting on the rails when the cars of Cat Linh – Ha Dong line run on the rails with train speed V = 50 km/h are shown in Figure 16. The maximum of dynamic load is 52.883 kN.
The dynamic load of the wheels acting on the rails when the cars of Cat Linh – Ha Dong line run on the rails with train speed V = 80 km/h are shown in Figure 17. The maximum of dynamic load is 59.228 kN.
It can be seen that the experimental results of dynamic load factors are similar to the simulation values. These results are compared with the results of other authors that are suitable [7].
Velocity | Dynamic load factor | Deviation | |
---|---|---|---|
Experiment results | Simulation results | ration | |
30 km/h | 1.13 | 1.15 | 1.77% |
50 km/h | 1.22 | 1.25 | 2.46% |
80 km/h | 1.39 | 1.40 | 0.72% |
4 Conclusions
The authors performed DLF research and proposed a DLF function for the urban railway in Vietnam. The results can be used to provide design flexibility and broadening the design principle. Besides, this study may also support in calculating railway maintenance and repair. There are many dynamic load factors for railway, but in this article, the authors assess DLF on the urban railway in Vietnam (1,435 mm gauge). In the future, the next development direction is to study DLF for prestressed concrete sleepers of narrow railway (1,000mmgauge) and high speed railway (1435mm gauge) in Vietnam.
Acknowledgement
This research is funded by University of Transport and Communications (UTC) under grant number T2019-CT-01TD.
Conflict of Interest
Conflict of Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
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© 2020 T. Anh Dung et al., published by De Gruyter
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