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Organic amendments minimize the migration of potentially toxic elements in soil–plant system in degraded agricultural lands

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Abstract

The contamination of agricultural soil with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu) persists and intensifies in food crops posing a risk to human health. When used as effective soil manures, biomass conversion to organic amendments can help to deal with this deteriorating problem and, at the same time, remediate PTEs within contaminated soil. The present study compared the potential of orange peel-derived biochar (OPDBC) and poultry manure (PM) toward reducing the bioavailability of PTEs when they are applied to degraded agricultural soil (DAS). It further evaluated PTEs bioaccumulation in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) and the associated health risks. The DAS was amended with OPDBC and PM at 1%, 3%, and 5% application rates, and okra was grown in these modified soils in pots (2.5 kg soils each). Compared to control (contaminated soil), OPDBC treatments significantly reduced Cd availability, reduced Cd uptake to plants (21–37%), followed by Ni (18–27%), and increased okra plant biomass (15–39%) and fruits weight (40–93%). PM effectiveness was lower than OPDBC and reduced Cd uptake (8–33%) and increased vegetative biomass and fruit yield (3–22% and 13–33%, respectively). OPDBC 5% demonstrated the best results in terms of immobilization and reduction of Cd uptake by plants (37%) and fruits (41%). The contamination factor and pollution load index (PLI) of PTEs showed low pollution level (PLI < 1) in terms of PTEs except Cd, in OPDBC treatments, as compared to PM and control. When compared to other PTEs, the Cd bioavailability in okra fruits decreased with 5% application rate of OPDBC. In the current study, OPDBC5 decreased the daily intake and health risk index (HRI˂1) of Cd and other selected PTEs. The total hazard index (THI) values of selected PTEs were relatively lower for the adults than the children, thereby reduced by OPDBC and PM applications, while OPDBC5 reduced the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILTCR) of Cd from (25–41%) via okra fruits consumption for both the adults and children when compared with 1%, 3%, and control treatments. The study results show that among amendments, orange peel waste conversion to biochar as OPDBC amendment and its addition to DAS should be a viable alternate method that could mitigate the health risk by remediating and immobilizing the PTEs like Cd and minimize its subsequent accumulation in vegetables.

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Abbreviations

Potentially Toxic Elements:

PTEs

Orange Peel-Derived Biochar:

OPDBC

Poultry Manure:

PM

Degraded Agricultural Soil:

DAS

Contamination Factor:

CF

Pollution Load Index:

PLI

Concentration Index:

CI

Enrichment factor:

EF

Daily Intake of Metal:

DIM

Total Hazard Index:

THI

Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk:

ILTCR

Cancer Slope Factors:

CSF

Integrated Risk Information System:

IRIS

State Environmental Protection Administration:

SEPA

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by Pakistan Science Foundation under Project No. PSF/NSLP (AWKUM 827). The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP-2021/347), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy

    Junaid Ghani, Valerio Funari & Enrico Dinelli

  2. Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan

    Javed Nawab

  3. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Sardar Khan

  4. Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan

    Mubarak Ali Khan

  5. Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Imran Ahmad

  6. Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Hayssam M. Ali & Manzer H. Siddiqui

  7. Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (ISMAR-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy

    Valerio Funari

  8. Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy

    Valerio Funari

Authors
  1. Junaid Ghani
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  2. Javed Nawab
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  3. Sardar Khan
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  4. Mubarak Ali Khan
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  5. Imran Ahmad
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  6. Hayssam M. Ali
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  7. Manzer H. Siddiqui
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  8. Valerio Funari
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  9. Enrico Dinelli
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Contributions

Junaid Ghani contributed to investigation and writing—original draft. Javed Nawab and Sardar Khan contributed to funding acquisition, supervision, project administration, conceptualization, and methodology. Mubarak Ali Khan and Imran Ahmad contributed to software, data curation, and visualization. Valerio Funari and Enrico Dinelli contributed to writing—review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Javed Nawab.

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The authors declared no conflict of interest.

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Highlights.

• Intensive agricultural practices contaminate agricultural soil with PTEs in degraded areas.

• OPDBC and PM immobilized PTEs and reduced pollution load index (PLI > 1) within the DAS.

• OPDBC5% and PM5% limit the migration of PTEs into the food chain as compared to control.

• OPDBC5% decreased the bioaccumulation, bioavailability, and reduced ILTCR for Cd from (25–41%) via okra fruits consumption.

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Ghani, J., Nawab, J., Khan, S. et al. Organic amendments minimize the migration of potentially toxic elements in soil–plant system in degraded agricultural lands. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 6547–6565 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02816-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02816-3

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