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Spatial-temporal variations in surface ozone over Ushuaia and the Antarctic region: observations from in situ measurements, satellite data, and global models

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Abstract

The Antarctic continent is known to be an unpopulated region due to its extreme weather and climate conditions. However, the air quality over this continent can be affected by long-lived anthropogenic pollutants from the mainland. The Argentinian region of Ushuaia is often the main source area of accumulated hazardous gases over the Antarctic Peninsula. The main objective of this study is to report the first in situ observations yet known of surface ozone (O3) over Ushuaia, the Drake Passage, and Coastal Antarctic Peninsula (CAP) on board the RV Australis during the Malaysian Antarctic Scientific Expedition Cruise 2016 (MASEC’16). Hourly O3 data was measured continuously for 23 days using an EcoTech O3 analyzer. To understand more about the distribution of surface O3 over the Antarctic, we present the spatial and temporal of surface O3 of long-term data (2009–2015) obtained online from the World Meteorology Organization of World Data Centre for greenhouse gases (WMO WDCGG). Furthermore, surface O3 satellite data from the free online NOAA-Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) database and online data assimilation from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)-Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) were used. The data from both online products are compared to document the data sets and to give an indication of its quality towards in situ data. Finally, we used past carbon monoxide (CO) data as a proxy of surface O3 formation over Ushuaia and the Antarctic region. Our key findings were that the surface O3 mixing ratio during MASEC’16 increased from a minimum of 5 ppb to ~ 10–13 ppb approaching the Drake Passage and the Coastal Antarctic Peninsula (CAP) region. The anthropogenic and biogenic O3 precursors from Ushuaia and the marine region influenced the mixing ratio of surface O3 over the Drake Passage and CAP region. The past data from WDCGG showed that the annual O3 cycle has a maximum during the winter of 30 to 35 ppb between June and August and a minimum during the summer (January to February) of 10 to 20 ppb. The surface O3 mixing ratio during the summer was controlled by photochemical processes in the presence of sunlight, leading to the depletion process. During the winter, the photochemical production of surface O3 was more dominant. The NOAA-AIRS and ECMWF-MACC analysis agreed well with the MASEC’16 data but twice were higher during the expedition period. Finally, the CO past data showed the surface O3 mixing ratio was influenced by the CO mixing ratio over both the Ushuaia and Antarctic regions. Peak surface O3 and CO hourly mixing ratios reached up to ~ 38 ppb (O3) and ~ 500 ppb (CO) over Ushuaia. High CO over Ushuaia led to the depletion process of surface O3 over the region. Monthly CO mixing ratio over Antarctic (South Pole) were low, leading to the production of surface O3 over the Antarctic region.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Sultan Mizan Antarctic Research Foundation Grant (YPASM) program registered as ZF-2015-001 as part of the Malaysia Antarctic Research Programme (MARP) under Malaysian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (MOSTI) and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) GUP-2014-041 for giving opportunities and financial support for the Centre Tropical System & Climate Change (IKLIM) UKM to participate in this scientific cruise. Secondly, we like to thank MASEC’16 scientists on board R/V Australis and their crews and Envirotech Sdn. Bhd who helped a lot on the exploration activities, Dr. Mohd Aftar Abu Bakar (UKM) and Dr. Noratiqah Mohd Ariff (UKM) for their assistance in statistical data analysis and Dr. Rose Norman (UK) for her assistance in proofreading this article. This study relies on archived surface O3 data sets that were retrieved from the WMO World Data Centre for greenhouse gases (http://gaw.kishou.go.jp/wdcgg.html). We would like also to thank all international research stations who provided all data to the website.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir, Mohd Talib Latif, Haris Hafizal Abdul Hamid, Goh Thian Lai, Ju Neng Liew, Fatimah Ahamad & Royston Uning

  2. Centre for Tropical Climate Change System (IKLIM), Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir & Md Firoz Khan

  3. School of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia

    Matthew J. Ashfold, Benjamin M. Wallis, Goh Thian Lai & Kenobi Isima Morris

  4. Centre of Atmospheric Sciences, Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK

    Andrew D. Robinson & Conor Bolas

  5. Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Mohd Talib Latif

  6. Centre for Atmospheric Informatics and Emissions Technology, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK

    Mohammed Iqbal Mead & Neil R. P. Harris

  7. Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Zamzam Tuah Ahmad Ramly

  8. National Antarctic Research Centre, IPS Building, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Azizan Abu Samah

  9. Earth Observation Centre (EOC), Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

    Khairul Nizam Maulud

  10. Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Khairul Nizam Maulud

  11. Space Science Centre (ANGKASA), Institute of Climate Change Level 5, Research Complex Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Wayan Suparta & Siti Khalijah Zainudin

  12. Environmental Health and Industrial Safety Program, School of Diagnostic Science and Applied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Muhammad Ikram Abdul Wahab & Mazrura Sahani

  13. Biotechnology Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus (SUTS), 93350, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Moritz Müller

  14. School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia

    Foong Swee Yeok

  15. Sultan Mizan Antarctic Research Foundation, 902-4, Jalan Tun Ismail, 50480, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Nasaruddin Abdul Rahman

  16. Department of Aquatic Science Faculty of Resource Science & Technology University Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Aazani Mujahid

  17. Center of Excellence for Sustainable Innovation and Research Initiative (CESIRI), Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

    Kenobi Isima Morris

  18. Ecotech Pty. Limited, 1492, Ferntree Gully Road, Knoxfield, VIC, 3180, Australia

    Nicholas Dal Sasso

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  1. Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir
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Correspondence to Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir.

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Nadzir, M.S.M., Ashfold, M.J., Khan, M.F. et al. Spatial-temporal variations in surface ozone over Ushuaia and the Antarctic region: observations from in situ measurements, satellite data, and global models. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 2194–2210 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0521-1

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