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Actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficients for tropical lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in eastern India

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Abstract

Accurate measurements of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and crop coefficients (Kc) are essential to know crop water requirements and to improve irrigation scheduling. The eddy covariance (EC) technique is increasingly being used to do so. Precise information on Kc for lowland rice is essential for local- and regional-scale irrigation planning but it is lacking for tropical humid climates such as those found in eastern India. We used the EC technique to measure ETa and Kc—the ratio of ETa to reference potential evapotranspiration (ET0)—of tropical lowland rice in eastern India over 2 years. ET0 was estimated by four different approaches—the Food and Agriculture Organization-Penman–Monteith (FAO-PM) method, the Hargreaves and Samani (HS) method, the Mahringer (MG) method, and pan evaporation (Epan) measurements. Measurements were taken when rice was grown in the dry season (January–May) and wet season (July–November) and in between growing seasons when the field was kept fallow. The magnitude of average ETa during dry seasons (2.86 and 3.32 mm d−1 in 2015 and 2016, respectively) was higher than that of the wet seasons (2.3 and 2.2 mm d−1) in both the study years. Of the four methods tested for ET0 estimation, the FAO-PM method best-represented ET0 in this region of India. The energy balance was found to be more closed in the dry seasons (75–84%) and dry fallow periods (73–81%) as compared to the wet season (42–48%) and wet fallow (33–69%) periods of both years of study, suggesting that lateral heat transport was an important term in the energy balance. The estimated Kc values for lowland rice in dry seasons by the FAO-PM method at the four crop growth stages, namely, initial, crop development, reproductive, and late-season, were 0.23, 0.42, 0.64, and 0.90, respectively, in 2015 and 0.32, 0.52, 0.76, and 0.88, respectively, in 2016. The FAO-PM, HS, and MG methods produced reliable estimates of Kc values in the dry seasons, whereas Epan performed better in wet seasons. The actual Kc values derived for tropical lowland rice in eastern India are different from those suggested by the FAO implying revision of Kc values for regional-scale irrigation scheduling.

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Data availability

The data for this research work are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Code availability

The codes for this research work are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The first author acknowledges all the co-authors from ICAR- National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, who have contributed to this article and rendered help during the study. The first author sincerely acknowledges Dr. Jingyi Huang and Dr. Ankur Desai from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, for their suggestions to improve the manuscript. We also acknowledge the anonymous reviewers for their time and constructive comments which helped us immensely in the revision process.

Funding

The first author was granted study leave and received financial support from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research through the Netaji Subhas-ICAR International Fellowship 2018–19. PCS received the support of the U.S. National Science Foundation Division of Environmental Biology grant #1552976.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Crop Production, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, India

    Sumanta Chatterjee, Manish Debnath, Amaresh Kumar Nayak, Chinmaya Kumar Swain, Rahul Tripathi, Dibyendu Chatterjee & Smruthi Sagarika Mahapatra

  2. Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Sumanta Chatterjee

  3. Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Paul C. Stoy

  4. Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Paul C. Stoy & Ammara Talib

  5. Agricultural Microbiology Department, Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492001, India

    Smruthi Sagarika Mahapatra

  6. ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Maharashtra, 413115, India

    Himanshu Pathak

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  1. Sumanta Chatterjee
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Contributions

SC prepared the first draft. SC, MD, and PCS helped in the data analysis and interpretation. SC, PCS, MD, and AKN contributed to the conceptualization of the work. PCS, CKS, SSM, AT, RT, and HP contributed to the formatting, editing, and revision processes. HP, SC, DC, and AKN assisted in the logistics and data curation. AKN helped in the correspondence process.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amaresh Kumar Nayak.

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Highlights

• Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and crop coefficients (Kc) for tropical lowland rice in Eastern India were calculated using eddy covariance approach.

• The magnitude of ETa during dry seasons were higher than the wet seasons in both the study years.

• The FAO-PM, Hargreaves-Samani and Mahringer methods produced reliable estimates of Kc values in dry seasons.

• The Kc values derived in this study are different from those suggested by the FAO for rice.

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Chatterjee, S., Stoy, P.C., Debnath, M. et al. Actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficients for tropical lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in eastern India. Theor Appl Climatol 146, 155–171 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03710-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03710-0

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