Combined Fishing and Climate Forcing in the Southern Benguela Upwelling Ecosystem: An End-to-End Modelling Approach Reveals Dampened Effects
Figure 3
Simulations plan and combination of climate and fishing forcing factors.
The blue cell (1;1) corresponds to the current situation of fishing and wind stress forcing. Orange cells correspond to one forcing factor varying and the other factor kept at its current level, i.e. separate effects of fishing (horizontal orange line) and of climate (vertical orange line). The circles represent the simulation of combined effects: the lower half circle represents the bottom-up wind stress forcing, and the upper half circle the top-down fishing pressure. For each half circle, white codes for a negative direct effect (decreased wind stress leads to lower primary production, increased fishing pressure leads to lower biomass of top predator fish), whereas black codes for a direct positive effect.