Summary
Neocarus texanus, a “primitive” mite, bears two pairs of eyes, which are principally similar in ultrastructure. Each eye is covered externally by a cuticular cornea. It is underlain by flat sheath cells which send extensive processes into the retina. The retina is composed of distal and proximal cells. The 20 distal cells of the anterior eye are inversely orientated and form 10 disc-like rhabdoms. They represent typical retinula cells. Each rhabdom encloses the dendritic process of a neuron, the perikaryon of which is located outside the retina (proximal cells). The significance of this cell is not known. The retina is underlain by a crystalline tapetum. In the posterior eye 14 retinula cells form 7 rhabdoms in an arrangement similar to the anterior eye. The eyes of one side of the body are located within a capsule of pigment cells. Together the axons of the distal and proximal cells form the two optic nerves, one on each side of the body. The optic nerves leave the eyes anteriorly and terminate in two optic neuropils located in the brain.
From structural evidence it is concluded, that the resolution of the eyes must be rather low.
The peculiar proximal cells have not been observed previously in Acari. They probably resemble at best the eccentric cells and arhabdomeric cells of xiphosurans, scorpions, whip-scorpions and opilionids. Also, inverse retinae and tapeta of the present type have not been found in Acari until now, but are present in other Arachnida. Thus the eyes ofNeocarus texanus evidently represent a unique type within the Acari.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alberti G (1980 a) Zur Feinstruktur der Spermien und Spermiocytogenese der Milben (Acari): I. Anactinotrichida. Zool Jahrb Anat 104: 77–138
— (1980 b) Zur Feinstruktur der Spermien und Spermiocytogenese der Milben (Acari): II. Actinotrichida. Zool Jahrb Anat 104: 144–203
— (1984) The contribution of comparative spermatology to problems of acarine systematics. In: Griffiths DA, Bowman CE (eds) Acarology VI, vol 1. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, pp 479–490
— (1991) Spermatology in the Acari: systematical and functional implications. In: Murphy PW, Schuster R (eds) The Acari: reproduction, development and life-history strategies. Chapman and Hall, London (in press)
—, Fernandez NA (1988) Fine structure of a secondarily developed eye in the freshwater moss miteHydrozetes lemnae (Coggi, 1899) (Acari: Oribatida). Protoplasma 146: 106–117
— — (1990) Aspects concerning the structure and function of the lenticulus and clear spot of certain oribatids (Acari, Oribatida). Acarologia 31: 65–72
Ali MA (ed) (1984) Photoreception and vision in invertebrates. Plenum, New York
Barlow RB, Bolanowski, SJ, Brachmann ML (1977) Efferent optic nerve fibres mediate circadian rhythms in theLimulus eye. Science 197: 86–89
Binnington KC (1972) The distribution and morphology of possible photoreceptors in eight species of ticks (Ixodoidea). Z Parasitenk 40: 321–332
Blest AD (1985) The fine structure of spider photoreceptors in relation to function. In: Barth FG (ed) Neurobiology of arachnids. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 79–102
Burr AH (1984) Evolution of eyes and photoreceptor organelles in the lower phyla. In: Ali MA (ed) Photoreception and vision in invertebrates. Plenum, New York, pp 131–178
El Shoura SM (1988) Fine structure of the sight organs in the tickHyalomma (Hyalomma) dromedarii (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Exp Appl Acarol 4: 109–116
Evans GO, Sheals JG, Macfarlane D (1961) The terrestrial Acari of the British Isles. An introduction to their morphology, biology and classification. British Museum, London
Fahrenbach WH (1969) The morphology of the eyes ofLimulus. II. Ommatidia of the compound eye. Z Zellforsch 93: 451–483
— (1970) The morphology of theLimulus visual system. III. The lateral rudimentary eye. Z Zellforsch 105: 303–316
— (1971) The morphology of theLimulus visual system. IV. The lateral optic nerve. Z Zellforsch 114: 532–545
— (1975) The visual system of the horseshoe crabLimulus polyphemus. Int Rev Cytol 41: 285–349
Fleissner G, Schliwa M (1977) Neurosecretory fibres in the median eyes of the scorpion,Androctonus australis L. Cell Tissue Res 178: 189–198
Grandjean F (1928) Sur un oribatide pourvu d'yeux. Bull Soc Zool France 53: 235–242
— (1936) Un acarien synthétique:Opilioacarus segmentatus With. Bull Soc Hist Nat Afr Nord 27: 413–444
— (1961) Nouvelles observations sur les oribates (lre Sér.). Acarologia 3: 206–231
Hartline HK, Ratliff F (1972) Inhibitory interaction in the retina ofLimulus. In: Fuortes MGF (ed) Physiology of photoreceptor organs. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 381–447
Homann H (1971) Die Augen der Araneae. Anatomie, Ontogenie und Bedeutung für die Systematik (Chelicerata, Arachnida). Z Morphol Tiere 69: 201–272
Ivanov VP, Leonovich SA (1983) Sensory organs. In: Balashov YS (ed) An atlas of ixodid tick ultrastructure. Spec Publ Entomol Soc Am: 191–220
Krantz GW (1978) A manual of acarology, 2nd edn. Oregon State University Book Stores, Corvallis, pp 1–509
Land MF (1985) Morphology and optics of spider eyes. In: Barth FG (ed) Neurobiology of arachnids. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 53–78
Lindquist EE (1984) Current theories on the evolution of major groups of Acari and on their relationships with other groups of Arachnida, with consequent implications for their classification. In: Griffiths DA, Bowman CE (eds) Acarology VI, vol l. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, pp 28–62
Meyer-Rochow VB (1978) Aspects of the functional anatomy of the eyes of the whip-scorpionThelyphonus caudatus (Chelicerata: Arachnida) and a discussion of their putative performance as photoreceptors. J R Soc New Zealand 17: 325–341
Mills LR (1974) Structure of the visual system of the two-spotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticae. J Insect Physiol 20: 795–808
Mischke U (1981) Die Ultrastruktur der Lateralaugen und des Medianauges der SüßwassermilbeHydryphantes ruber (Acarina: Parasitengona). Entomol Gen 7: 141–156
Munoz-Cuevas A (1984) Photoreceptor structures and vision in arachnids and myriapods. In: Ali MA (ed) Photoreception and vision in invertebrates. Plenum, New York, pp 335–399
Nuzzaci G (1982) Osservazioni ultrastrutturali sugli organi fotorecettori delTetranychus urticae Koch. Mem Soc Entomol Ital (Genova) 60: 269–272
Paulus HF (1979) Eye structure and the monophyly of the Arthropoda. In: Gupta AP (ed) Arthropod phylogeny. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp 299–283
Phillis WA, Cromroy HL (1977) The microanatomy of the eye ofAmblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) and resultant implications of its structure. J Med Entomol 13: 685–698
Richardson KC, Jarett L, Finke EH (1960) Embedding in epoxy resins for ultrathin sectioning in electron microscopy. Stain Technol 35: 313–323
Schliwa M (1979) The retina of the phalangid,Opilio ravennae, with particular reference to arhabdomeric cells. Cell Tissue Res 204: 473–495
Schliwa M, Fleissner F (1979) Arhabdomeric cells of the median eye retina of scorpions. I. Fine structural analysis. J Comp Physiol 130: 265–270
Van der Hammen L (1966) Studies on Opilioacarida (Arachnida) I. Description ofOpilioacarus texanus (Chamberlin & Mulaik) and revised classification of the genera. Zool Verh Leiden 86: 1–80
— (1977) A new classification of Chelicerata. Zool Meded Leiden 51: 307–319
— (1983) New notes on Holothyrida (Anactinotrichid mites). Zool Verh Leiden 207: 1–48
— (1989) An introduction to comparative arachnology. SPB, Den Haag, pp 1–576
Vitzthum C von (1943) Acarina. In: Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs, vol 5, IV, 5. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig
Wachmann E (1975) Feinstruktur der Lateralaugen einer räuberischen Milbe (Microcaeculus) (Acari: Prostigmata: Caeculidae). Entomol Germ 1: 300–307
—, Haupt J, Richter S, Coineau Y (1974) Die Medianaugen vonMicrocaeculus (Acari, Prostigmata, Caeculidae). Z Morphol Tiere 79: 199–213
Waterman TH (1982) Fine structure and turnover of photoreceptor membranes. In: Westfall JA (ed) Visual cells in evolution. Raven, New York, pp 23–41
With CJ (1904) The Notostigmata, a new suborder of Acari. Vidensk Medd Naturk Foren Copenhagen 1904: 137–192
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kaiser, T., Alberti, G. The fine structure of the lateral eyes ofNeocarus texanus Chamberlin and Mulaik, 1942 (Opilioacarida, Acari, Arachnida, Chelicerata). Protoplasma 163, 19–33 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01323403
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01323403