Abstract
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is a widespread approach in general surgery. Computer guiding software, such as the augmented reality (AR), the virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR), has been proposed to help surgeons during MIS. This study aims to report these technologies' current knowledge and diffusion during surgical training in Italy. A web-based survey was developed under the aegis of the Italian Society of Endoscopic Surgery (SICE). Two hundred and seventeen medical doctors’ answers were analyzed. Participants were surgeons (138, 63.6%) and residents in surgery (79, 36.4%). The mean knowledge of the role of the VR, AR and MR in surgery was 4.9 ± 2.4 (range 1–10). Most of the participants (122, 56.2%) did not have experience with any proposed technologies. However, although the lack of experience in this field, the answers about the functioning of the technologies were correct in most cases. Most of the participants answered that VR, AR and MR should be used more frequently for the teaching and training and during the clinical activity (170, 80.3%) and that such technologies would make a significant contribution, especially in training (183, 84.3%) and didactic (156, 71.9%). Finally, the main limitations to the diffusion of these technologies were the insufficient knowledge (182, 83.9%) and costs (175, 80.6%). Based on the present study, in Italy, the knowledge and dissemination of these technologies are still limited. Further studies are required to establish the usefulness of AR, VR and MR in surgical training.
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Acknowledgements
Collaborators to be indexed: ARMIS (Augmented Reality in Minimally Invasive Surgery) Collaborative Group*.
*ARMIS Collaborative Group: Antonino Agrusa, Daniele Aguzzi, Mariantonietta Alagia, Laura Alberici, Marco Ettore Allaix, Luisa Ambrosio, Alfonso Amendola, Michele Ammendola, Pietro Maria Amodio, Gabriele Anania, Jacopo Andreuccetti, Alfredo Annichiarico, Pietro Anoldo, Alessandro Anselmo, Giovanni Aprea, Giacomo Arcuri, Alberto Arezzo, Giulia Armatura, Giulia Bagaglini, Francesco Bagolini, Beatrice Bailetti, Gianluca Baiocchi, Edoardo Baldini, Elisa Bannone, Mirko Barone, Gianluca Baronio, Raffaele Basile, Marco Bellucci, Andrea Benedetti Cacciaguerra, Ilaria Benzoni, Francesco Bianco, Giuseppe Boccia, Cristina Bombardini, Luigi Boni, Dario Bono, Luca Domenico Bonomo, Giulia Bonventre, Andrea Bottari, Claudio Botti, Giacomo Brentegani, Mattia Buonomo, Umberto Bracale, Cosimo Callari, Luca Calligaris, Pietro Giorgio Calò, Angelo Cangiano, Lorenzo Capezzuoli, Gabriella Teresa Capolupo, Marianna Capuano, Filippo Carannante, Eugenia Cardamone, Teresa Carfora, Chiara Caricato, Pietro Carnevali, Francesco Maria Carrano, Lorenzo Casali, Gianmaria Casoni Pataccini, Gianluca Cassese, Simone Castiglioni, Flavia Cavicchi, Graziano Ceccarelli, Giovanni Cestaro, Pasquale Cianci, Claudio Cimmino, Marco Clementi, Diego Coletta, Riccardo Conventi, Diletta Corallino, Maurizio Costantini, Lorenzo Crepaz, Diego Cuccurullo, Fabio Pio Curci, Giuseppe Currò, Giorgio Dalmonte, Giovanni D'Alterio, Michele D'Ambra, Giancarlo D’Ambrosio, Anna D’Amore, Michele De Capua, Simona Deidda, Daniele Delogu, Maurizio De Luca, Nicolò De Manzini, Elena De Stefani, Giuseppe Di Buono, Marcello Di Martino, Anna Di Tomaso, Ugo Elmore, Ingrid Elva Cordova Herencia, Giovanni Emiliani, Sofia Esposito, Federico Fazio, Federico Festa, Marcello Filotico, Fausto Fiocca, Irene Fiume, Francesco Fleres, Giulia Fontana, Tommaso Fontana, Edoardo Forcignanò, Giampaolo Formisano, Laura Fortuna, Uberto Fumagalli Romario, Andrea Galderisi, Raffaele Galleano, Carlo Gazia, Alessio Giordano, Giorgio Giraudo, Maria Carmela Giuffrida, Simona Giura, Anna Guida, Antonio Maria Iannello, Marco Inama, Sara Ingallinella, Angelo Iossa, Livio Iudici, Giovanni Guglielmo Laracca, Zoe Larghi Laureiro, Saverio Latteri, Luca Leonardi, Pasquale Lepiane, Edelweiss Licitra, Paolo Locurto, Sarah Lo Faso, Nicola Luciani, Luigi Luzza, Sara Magaletti, Michele Manigrasso, Alessandra Marano, Francesco Marchetti, Alessandra Marello, Nicolò Mariani, Jacopo Nicolò Marin, Gennaro Martines, Laura Mastrangelo, Antonio Matarangolo, Marco Materazzo, Gennaro Mazzarella, Giorgio Mazzarolo, Maria Paola Menna, Francesca Meoli, Marco Milone, Elisabetta Moggia, Davide Moioli, Sarah Molfino, Vitantonio Mongelli, Roberto Montalti, Giulia Montori, Luca Morelli, Gianluigi Moretto, Edoardo Maria Muttillo, Irnerio Muttillo, Francesca Notte, Alessandro M. Paganini, Gianluca Pagano, Livia Palmieri, Giuseppe Palomba, Valentina Palumbo, Cristina Panetta, Giulia Paradiso, Beniamino Pascotto, Daniele Passannanti, Renato Patrone, Francesca Pecchini, Francesca Pego, Fabio Pelle, Nicola Perrotta, Wanda Petz, Biagio Picardi, Andrea Picchetto, Chiara Piceni, Giulia Pietricola, Enrico Pinotti, Felice Pirozzi, Paolo Pizzini, Gaetano Poillucci, Ilaria Puccica, Lorenzo Ramaci, Eleonora Rapanotti, Daniela Rega, Angelica Reggiani, Giorgio Romano, Gregorio Romeo, Luigi Romeo, Gianluca Rompianesi, Stefano Rossi, Edoardo Saladino, Roberto Santambrogio, Federica Saraceno, Giuliano Sarro, Diego Sasia, Grazia Savino, Rosa Scaramuzzo, Antonio Sciuto, Michela Scollica, Giovanni Scudo, Ardit Seitaj, Carlo Serra, Francesco Serra, Pierpaolo Sileri, Leandro Siragusa, Carmen Sorrentino, Giuseppe Surfaro, Ernesto Tartaglia, Beatrice Torre, Andrea Tufo, Matteo Uccelli, Alessandro Ussia, Samuele Vaccari, Marina Valente, Sara Vertaldi, Alessandro Vitali, Luca Zaccherini, Luigi Zorcolo, Noemi Zorzetti.
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AB, AS, EB, MP, MO, GS, MG and FA did study conception and design, acquisition of data, analysis, and interpretation of data, drafting of manuscript, critical revision of manuscript, and final approval.
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Balla, A., Sartori, A., Botteri, E. et al. Augmented reality (AR) in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) training: where are we now in Italy? The Italian Society of Endoscopic Surgery (SICE) ARMIS survey. Updates Surg 75, 85–93 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-022-01383-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-022-01383-6