Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by protozoan species of the genus Leishmania. It generates different clinical manifestations in humans and animals, and it infects multiple hosts. Leishmania parasites are transmitted by sandfly vectors. The main objective of this systematic review was to identify the host, or reservoir animal species, of Leishmania spp., with the exception of domestic dogs, that were recorded in Brazil. This review included identification of diagnostic methods, and the species of protozoan circulating in the country. For this purpose, a literature search was conducted across index journals. This study covered the period from 2001 to 2021, and 124 studies were selected. Eleven orders possible hosts were identified, including 229 mammalian species. Perissodactyla had the highest number of infected individuals (30.69%, 925/3014), with the highest occurrence in horses. In Brazil, the most commonly infected species were found to be: horses, domestic cats, rodents, and marsupials. Bats, that were infected by one or more protozoan species, were identified as potential reservoirs of Leishmania spp. Molecular tests were the most commonly used diagnostic methods (94 studies). Many studies have detected Leishmania spp. (n = 1422): Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (n = 705), Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (n = 319), and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis (n = 141). Recognizing the species of animals involved in the epidemiology and biological cycle of the protozoan is important, as this allows for the identification of environmental biomarkers, knowledge of Leishmania species can improve the control zoonotic leishmaniasis.
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This work was supported by the National Research and Development Council (CNPq) and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).
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Conceptualization and methodology: Fabiana Raquel Ratzlaff, Vanessa Osmari, Daniele da Silva, Jaíne Soares de Paula Vasconcellos, Luciana Pötter, Fagner D’ambroso Fernandes, José Américo de Mello Filho, Sônia de Avila Botton, Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel, Luís Antônio Sangioni.
Writing—original draft preparation: Fabiana Raquel Ratzlaff, Luciana Pötter, Fagner D’ambroso Fernandes, Sônia de Avila Botton, Luís Antônio Sangioni.
Writing—review and editing: Fabiana Raquel Ratzlaff, Luciana Pötter, Fagner D’ambroso Fernandes, Sônia de Avila Botton, Luis Antônio Sangioni.
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Supplementary file1 Online Resource 1- Table 1: Studies carried out in Brazil between 2001 and 2021, identifying Leishmania species in animals belonging to different orders through molecular, serological and/or parasitological methods from collected organs and tissues (DOCX 44 KB)
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Supplementary file2 Online Resource 2- Fig. 2: Forest Plot indicating the total number of animals infected with the protozoan Leishmania spp. (0.25 = 25%) in relation to the total number surveyed (13,905 animals) selected by the authors in the systematic review (DOCX 19 KB)
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Supplementary file3 Online Resource 3- Fig. 3: Forest Plot indicating the frequency of domestic animals infected with one or more Leishmania species (0.26 = 26%) (DOCX 12 KB)
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Supplementary file4 Online Resource 4- Fig. 4: Forest Plot indicating the frequency of wild animals infected with one or more Leishmania species (0.24 = 24%) (DOCX 14 KB)
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Supplementary file5 Online Resource 5- Table 2: Description of the orders of mammals researched regarding the presence of the protozoan Leishmania spp., and the main host animal species where one or more species of the agent were identified (DOCX 20.8 KB)
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Supplementary file6 Online Resource 6- Fig. 5: Forest Plot indicating the total number of animals that showed clinical signs compatible with leismaniasis (0.11 = 11%) (DOCX 15 KB)
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Supplementary file7 Online Resource 7- Fig. 6: Forest Plot indicating the total number of domestic animals that showed clinical signs compatible with infection by Leishmania spp. in relation to the total number of domestic animals infected by the protozoan (0.14 = 14%) (DOCX 12 KB)
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Supplementary file8 Online Resource 8- Fig. 7: Forest Plot indicating the total number of wild animals that showed clinical signs compatible with infection by Leishmania spp. in relation to the total number of wild animals infected by the protozoan (0.06 = 6%) (DOCX 12 KB)
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Supplementary file9 Online Resource 9- Fig. 8: Number of mammals infected with Leishmania species, demonstrating the percentage of protozoan species circulating in the states of Amazonas, Pará and Tocantins in the North region of Brazil (PNG 5389 kb)
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Supplementary file10 Online Resource 10- Fig. 9: Number of mammals infected with Leishmania species, demonstrating the percentage of protozoan species circulating in the states of Pernambuco, Piauí, Bahia, Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba and Sergipe in the Northeast region of Brazil (PNG 5389 kb)
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Supplementary file11 Online Resource 11- Fig. 10: Number of mammals infected with Leishmania species, demonstrating the percentage of protozoan species circulating in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo in the Southeast region of Brazil (PNG 5758 kb)
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Supplementary file12 Online Resource 12- Fig. 11 Number of mammals infected with Leishmania species, demonstrating the percentage of protozoan species circulating in the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and Distrito Federal in the Midwest region of Brazil (PNG 5569 kb)
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Supplementary file13 Online Resource 13- Fig. 12 Number of mammals infected with Leishmania species, demonstrating the percentage of protozoan species circulating in the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul in the South region of Brazil (PNG 5567 kb)
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Ratzlaff, F.R., Osmari, V., da Silva, D. et al. Identification of infection by Leishmania spp. in wild and domestic animals in Brazil: a systematic review with meta-analysis (2001–2021). Parasitol Res 122, 1605–1619 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-07862-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-07862-y