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Review

Advances in the Asymmetric Synthesis of BINOL Derivatives

by
Everton Machado da Silva
,
Hérika Danielle Almeida Vidal
,
Marcelo Augusto Pereira Januário
and
Arlene Gonçalves Corrêa
*
Centre of Excellence for Research on Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2023, 28(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010012
Submission received: 30 November 2022 / Revised: 15 December 2022 / Accepted: 16 December 2022 / Published: 20 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atroposelective Synthesis of Novel Axially Chiral Molecules)
Browse Figures
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Abstract

:
BINOL derivatives have shown relevant biological activities and are important chiral ligands and catalysts. Due to these properties, their asymmetric synthesis has attracted the interest of the scientific community. In this work, we present an overview of the most efficient methods to obtain chiral BINOLs, highlighting the use of metal complexes and organocatalysts as well as kinetic resolution. Further derivatizations of BINOLs are also discussed.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The chirality resulting from restricted rotation around a single bond is called atropisomerism (axial chirality). This phenomenon was first described by Christie and Kenner [1] in 1922 when investigating the biaryl 6,6’-dinitro-2,2’-diphenic acid (Figure 1), and the term “atropisomer”, derived from the Greek where “a” means “not” and “tropes” means “turn”, was created by Kuhn. Atropisomers belong to the class of axially chiral compounds; however, in this case, the enantiomers exist due to restricted rotation around a single bond [2].
Axial chirality has also been considered as an important structural element of many natural products [3] and bioactive compounds, whose enantiomers generally exhibit different pharmacological activities and metabolic processes in vivo and in vitro [4]. Examples of natural products include viriditoxin, produced by fungi with antibacterial activity, and vancomycin, an amphoteric glycopeptide antibiotic produced by soil bacterium (Figure 2).
Due to their relevant biological properties, the asymmetric synthesis of atropisomers has attracted the interest of the scientific community. Furthermore, atropisomers have been important chiral ligands since the 1980s, when BINAP was developed for enantioselective reactions catalyzed by transition metals [3].
Although conventional chiral resolution of racemates and chiral auxiliary reactions are generally used for the construction of axially chiral compounds in enantiomerically pure form, asymmetric catalysis meets the demand for high efficiency and economic value [5]. The use of atropisomeric compounds as ligands in metal-mediated catalysis has revolutionized the organometallic chemistry and asymmetric synthesis fields. Due to the high demand and importance of these chiral biaryl scaffolds, several synthetic procedures [6], reviews [7,8,9], and concepts [10] have been published in the literature.
Axially chiral biaryl auxiliaries and catalysts (such as BINOL or BINAP) exhibit excellent chirality transfer properties [11]. Due to the importance of axially chiral biaryl compounds, several interesting methods for their directed atroposelective construction have been developed. Table 1 shows some catalysts used for the transfer of axial chirality, bearing in mind that the substrates used do not have any type of chirality, thus strengthening the excellent transfer of this property.
Herein, we present an overview of the most efficient methods for asymmetric synthesis of chiral BINOLs reported in the last two decades, highlighting the use of metal complexes and organocatalysts, as well as kinetic resolution and further derivatizations.

2. Synthesis of BINOLs Skeleton

2.1. Metal-Mediated Oxidative Enantioselective Coupling

Among the available methods for the synthesis of optically active BINOLs, one of the most explored is the oxidative dimerization of 2-naphthols mediated by complexes of Cu [39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46] Fe [47,48,49], V [50,51,52,53,54,55], Ru [56], and chiral ligands (very often amines), normally generated in situ. In this regard, excellent reviews discussing these methods have been reported by Brunel [57], Wang [58], Bryliakov et al. [59], and Liao et al. [60] (Scheme 1 and Scheme 2).
Oxidative coupling may occur through three different mechanisms: (1) radical–radical coupling, (2) heterolytic coupling of cationic species with 2-naphthol, or (3) radical–anion coupling, the latter generally being the most accepted to support this type of transformation [55,61,62,63,64]. An important step is the one where the catalytic species is complexed with directing groups or coordination assistants at the C3 position of 2-naphthols—notably ester groups [41,45]—which, in many cases, is a “sine qua no” condition for the success of the synthetic protocols (Scheme 3).
With due recognition of the particularities of each case, the radial–anion mechanism [55,61,62,63,64,65] (Scheme 3) usually proceeds via generation of the radical species B resulting from an oxidation of 2-naphthol A by a metal catalyst (Mn+). B is then added to another neutral 2-naphthol molecule to form a new C-C bond and generate the C-radical, which is further oxidized by O2 to restore aromaticity.
The most recent methods for obtaining enantiomerically pure BINOLs are still based on the catalytic dyad metal–chiral ligands. In this sense, Chen and colleagues [66] (Scheme 4) have developed a new chiral 1,5-N,N-bidentate ligand based on a spirocyclic skeleton of pyrrolidine oxazoline and CuBr to couple 2-naphtols 3b. The efficient catalytic species formed in situ allows for (S)-BINOL derivatives (1) with high enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee) and good yields (up to 87%) to be obtained. Based on experimental results and the literature, the authors proposed that this coupling proceeds via radical–anion coupling, where the complex generated in situ coordinates to form species D in the presence of air, which couples with radical E (generated through an electron transfer from the outer sphere with another Cu(II) complex) to form the intermediate F (Scheme 5). The coupling product is obtained after tautomerization of H. The authors found experimental evidence that, during the coupling process, the attack from E to F by the Si face was favored, probably because of the greater steric impediment to attack by the Re face.
Che and co-workers introduced a chiral aminopyridine-like ligand—bisquinolyldiamine [(1R,2R)-N1,N2-di(quinolin-8-yl)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine (BQCN)]— and applied it to the iron-catalyzed asymmetric cis-dihydroxylation of alkenes [67]. Inspired by this work, Liu’s group [68] (Scheme 6) established a methodology for the asymmetric oxidative homo-coupling of 2-naphthols (3c), leading to the synthesis of (S)-BINOL derivatives (1) mediated by a Fe complex and generated in situ from Fe(ClO4)2 and the BQCN ligand. Excellent yields (up to 99%) and enantiomeric excesses (up to 81%) have been reported.
From the same perspective, Uchida’s group [69] (Scheme 7) developed remarkable enantioselective aerobic coupling between 2-naphthols 3d in the presence of the (aqua)ruthenium complex (salen). The protocol provided (R)-BINOLs (1) with yields between 55 and 85% and enantiomeric excesses up to 94%. Through mechanistic studies, these researchers concluded that, in this case, cross-coupling selectivity is dominated by steric rather than electronic effects, which can be controlled by chemoselective oxidation via single electron transfer (SET) and oxidative carbon–carbon bond formation, a process for which ruthenium(salen) catalyst proved to be suitable [62]. Therefore, the authors have proposed that this transformation proceeds via oxidation of one of the coupling partners to the electrophilic intermediate radical I, which is converted to the desired BINOL after chemoselective coupling [62].
Recently, Subramanian et al. [70] (Scheme 8) developed a Cu(II)-2+4-μ4-oxo tetranuclear open frame macrocyclic/BINAN complex and employed it in the asymmetric oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols 3e, obtaining (R)-BINOL derivatives (1) with good to excellent yields (70–96%) and enantiomeric excesses between 68 and 74%.
Ishihara and co-workers [71] (Scheme 9) developed a method for enantioselective oxidative coupling of 2-naphthol derivatives 3d in the presence of a chiral Fe(II)-diphosphine oxide complex. The products of interest were obtained with yields up to 98 % and enantiomeric excesses between 60 and 85%.
A copper catalyst prepared in situ from a ligand synthesized by the fusion of chelating picolinic acid/substituted BINOLs and CuI was employed in the asymmetric oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols (3e). In this work, published by Zhang et al. [72] (Scheme 10), 6,6’-disubstituted (R)-BINOLs (1) were obtained with yields of up to 89% and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 96% ee). The reaction was accompanied by Mass Spectroscopy, and identification of a peak corresponding to the complex J allowed the authors to propose a mechanism pathway through the transition state K.
Continuing work involving multifunctional chiral catalysis via double activation, Takizawa’s group [73] developed complexes A-C (Scheme 11)—from VOSO4 and Schiff base ligands generated via condensation of (S)-tert-leucine and 3,3 ‘-formyl-(R)-BINOL—which have been successfully applied in the synthesis of (R)- and (S)-BINOL (1) with yields between 46 and 76%, in addition to enantiomeric excesses of up to 91%.

2.2. Electrochemical Synthesis

Despite the inherent advantages of electrochemical synthesis, notably in terms of sustainability [74], few examples of enantioselective coupling for the construction of chiral BINOLs have been reported so far. In 1994, which appears to be the first record of this type of synthesis, Bobbitt et al. [75] (Scheme 12) established a method for enantioselective coupling of 2-naphthols (3f) on a TEMPO-modified graphite electrode in the presence of (-)-sparteine in acetonitrile to afford (S)-BINOL (1) with excellent yields and enantiomeric excesses.
Recently, Mei’s group [74] (Scheme 13) demonstrated the first example of a Ni-catalyzed enantioselective electrochemical reductive coupling of 2-naphtols (4) in an undivided cell for the construction of axially chiral BINOL derivatives (1) with good yields (up 91%) and enantiomeric excess of up to 98%.

2.3. Organocatalyzed Synthesis/Kinetic Resolution of BINOLs/BINAPs

Among the methods for the synthesis/kinetic resolution (KR) of axially chiral biaryl and binaphthyl compounds, the organocatalyzed approach has been more explored in the last decade. Some examples were described in the review by Cheng et al. [76]. In this topic, the kinetic synthesis/resolution of BINOL skeletons will be addressed using organocatalysts that do not have axial chirality, thus providing induction to the products of interest.
In 2005, Tsuji and co-workers [77] reported a kinetic resolution of 2,2’-dihydroxy-1,1’-biaryls using a palladium-catalyzed atroposelective alcoholysis of racemic vinyl ethers (5). The method uses the organocatalyst (R,R)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine (6) and a mixture of methanol and dichloromethane as solvent at 20 °C. Five examples were obtained and it was observed that the volume of the acyl group directly influences selectivity, as shown in Scheme 14 where the larger substituent (1-adamantyl) provided high selectivity.
In 2012, Dan and co-workers [78] evaluated the Ferrier-type rearrangement using chiral bicyclic guanidine as a catalyst; however, the reaction was sluggish, affording an optically active product with low yield and enantioselectivity (Scheme 15A). Upon these results, the authors used another strategy, based on studies by Masatoshi and Reiko [79] for synthesis of the optically active biaryl through optical resolution of the corresponding racemate using chiral diamine (12) (Scheme 15B). Initially, there was deprotection of the methyl ether, and in the second step the racemic binaphthol derivative was recrystallized from toluene in the presence of (S,S)-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediamine (12), leading to compound (R)-11 with 95% ee and 22% yield.
In 2014, Sibi and co-workers [80] proposed a new kinetic resolution that employs a chiral 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) derivative 14 as a catalyst via O-acylation (Scheme 16). The method proved to be efficient, and both secondary alcohols and axially chiral biaryl compounds were obtained with selectivity factors of up to 37 and 51, respectively. Increased conversion was also observed for binaphthyl substrates with an electron-rich group in the ortho position.
In 2014, Zhao and co-workers [81] reported an atroposelective kinetic resolution using N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) 18 as a catalyst to resolve the enantiomers of BINOL (Scheme 17). The 1,1’-biaryl-2,2’-diol derivatives 16 were explored, where the products obtained, both acylated 19 and the recovered BINOL 16, had high selectivity.
Sparr and Link [82] described a highly enantioselective synthesis of binaphthyl 20 by intramolecular aldol condensation using (S)-pyrrolidinyl-tetrazole 21 as a catalyst (Scheme 18). The authors described that the high selectivity of the process stems from the efficient transfer of stereochemical information from the catalyst into the axis of chirality of biaryl products. The examples obtained showed good yields and high enantiomeric ratios.
In 2017, Shirakawa and co-workers [83] reported a highly enantioselective organocatalytic method for the synthesis of atropisomeric biaryls through cation-directed O-alkylation. Reaction of racemic 1-aryl-2-tetralones (23) with the ammonium salt 24 (obtained from chiral quinidine) under basic conditions and using an alkylation agent leads to highly enantioselective O-alkylation (up to 98:2 er). According to the proposed mechanism, the basic medium initially promotes deprotonation and makes it possible to generate two enolate enantiomers associated with the chiral salt that form diastereomeric ion pairs; however, the chiral ammonium counterion is capable of rapidly differentiating balancer atropisomeric enolates, leading to highly atropselective O-alkylation. The in situ oxidation step with 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) then takes place to obtain the BINOL derivatives (25) without loss of the enantiomeric ratio. The authors also noted that enantioselectivity can be controlled by the catalyst structure and the type of base and solvent used. Under optimized conditions, they obtained a broad scope of 20 examples with moderate to excellent yields (Scheme 19).
In 2019, Sparr and co-workers [84] described a non-canonical polyketide cyclization, affording atropisomeric tetra-ortho-substituted binaphthalenes. Using hexacarbonyl substrates 26 and aminoethanol-derived proline-based catalyst 27 via the cascade of two arene ring formation reactions (Scheme 20), it was possible to obtain enantioenriched tetra-ortho-substituted binaphthalenes 28 through atroposelective aldol condensation. The explanation of the mechanism was based on NMR studies, where it was observed that two sequential aldol additions take place before a double dehydration, hence alleviating the acute nonbonding interaction during C−C bond formation. With product 28 (without substituents), it was possible to perform a derivatization through a triflation and arene coupling, obtaining (S)-29 with 84% yield (over two steps) and >99:1 er.
Based on a previous work, where high atroposelectivity was acquired starting from racemic 2-tetralones, Jones et al. [85] extended the strategy for the use of BINOLs (Scheme 21). The reaction proceeds under basic conditions using cinchona derived catalyst 32 in a mixture of toluene and ethyl ether at room temperature for 48 h, leading to the formation of compound (R)-30 with 47% yield and 96% ee and compound (S)-31 with 49% yield and 80% ee.
The reversible deprotonation of compound 30 leads to the formation of a diastereoisomeric BINOlate ammonium salt, which reacts at different rates in the alkylation step. The proposed transition state involves a hydrogen bonding of the ammonium salt with the secondary alcohol of the BINOlate anion, and an additional hydrogen bonding of the benzyl electrophile to the methyl ether.

2.4. Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution of BINOL

For decades, enzymatic kinetic resolution was considered the most reliable strategy for obtaining optically enriched compounds. In 1989, the first efficient method for enzymatic resolution of rac-BINOL (33) was described by Kazlaukas [86], which was based on enantiospecific hydrolysis catalyzed by cholesterol esterase (Scheme 22). The procedure uses low-cost bovine pancreatic acetone powder (PAP). The enantiomer (S)-1 was obtained with 66% yield and 99% ee and recrystallized with toluene, with compound (R)-33 formed after hydrolysis; enantiomer (R)-1 was obtained with 63% yield and 99% ee after filtration and being washed with cold toluene.
The potential of enantioselective kinetic resolution to prepare atropisomeric compounds was initially proven by designing an enzymatic kinetic resolution, as illustrated by the elegant work of Aoyagi et al. [87]. Lipase (Candida antarctica) was used to catalyze the hydrolysis of BINOL monoester-derivatives 34, affording (R)-1 and (S)-34 with excellent yields and good enantioselective excesses (Scheme 23).
In 2018, Moustafa and co-workers [88] described the lipase-catalyzed KR process, which uses immobilized Pseudomonas sp. lipoprotein lipase (Toyobo LIP301). Lipase selectively catalyzes readily available racemic substrates and provides stability to acylated products against racemization, promoting the formation of product (R)-35 with 24% yield and 99% enantiomeric excess (Scheme 24).

2.5. Chemical Derivatizations on the BINOL Skeleton

As previously mentioned, most chiral catalysts with the BINOL backbone are now commercially available. In this section, we will discuss the synthesis of new chiral catalysts.
Since 1999, Maruoka’s group [89,90] (Scheme 25) has synthesized a series of chiral phase transfer catalysts based on quaternary ammonium bromides salts prepared from 1-(S)-BINOL, which have been successfully applied in the synthesis of natural and unnatural amino acids. In the same context, the group reported, in 2013 [12], the preparation of catalyst 40 (via insertion of piperazine 37) from the brominated strategic derivative 36, with 49% yield. In this case, the new chiral auxiliary was employed in the asymmetric phase transfer functionalization of 1-alkylalene-1,3-dicarboxylates with N-arylsulfonyl imines and allylic/benzyl bromides for the preparation of tetrasubstituted allenes.
Recently, Schaus’ group [91] designed and prepared the (S)-3,3’,6,6’-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-BINOL 42 from (S)-1 by the subsequent protection, bromination, and insertion of the CF3 groups into the desired position (Scheme 26). This chiral catalyst was employed in the asymmetric synthesis of 1,3-substituted chiral allenes via boronate addition to sulfonyl hydrazones.
For the catalysts based on BINOL derivatives with phosphoric acid, the most efficient method described in the literature for the insertion of phosphoric acid is phosphorylation with POCl3 (Scheme 27), which can be performed in both enantiomerically pure and racemic BINOL [92,93].

3. Conclusions

There have been significant advances in the aerobic enantioselective coupling methods of 2-naphthols for the synthesis/kinetic resolution of chiral BINOLs via transition metal-mediated, electrochemical, organocatalytic, and enzymatic resolution. However, it was evident that there are still challenges to be overcome in both fields, such as the relatively high reaction time in some cases and the use of toxic reagents and solvents such as dichloromethane and toluene. In addition, as already highlighted by other authors, the mechanistic discussions that govern asymmetric induction in these cases are still preambular, denoting the need for deepened theoretical exploration in this particular area.

Author Contributions

Writing—original draft preparation, review, and editing, E.M.d.S., H.D.A.V. and M.A.P.J.; manuscript review, editing, and supervision and funding acquisition, A.G.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge FAPESP (grants 2013/07600-3 and 2014/50249-8), GlaxoSmithKline, CAPES (Finance Code 001), and CNPq (grants 429748/2018-3 and 302140/2019-0) for funding and fellowships.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Molecules 28 00012 g001 550
Figure 1. Enantiomers of the biaryl 6,6’-dinitro-2,2’-diphenic acid.
Figure 1. Enantiomers of the biaryl 6,6’-dinitro-2,2’-diphenic acid.
Molecules 28 00012 g001
Molecules 28 00012 g002 550
Figure 2. Examples of biologically active compounds with axial chirality.
Figure 2. Examples of biologically active compounds with axial chirality.
Molecules 28 00012 g002
Molecules 28 00012 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Chiral Cu-amine catalytic systems employed in the construction of BINOL derivatives with axial chirality [39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47].
Scheme 1. Chiral Cu-amine catalytic systems employed in the construction of BINOL derivatives with axial chirality [39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47].
Molecules 28 00012 sch001
Molecules 28 00012 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Chiral V, Fe, and Ru catalytic systems employed in the construction of optically pure C2-symmetric BINOL derivatives [50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59].
Scheme 2. Chiral V, Fe, and Ru catalytic systems employed in the construction of optically pure C2-symmetric BINOL derivatives [50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59].
Molecules 28 00012 sch002
Molecules 28 00012 sch003 550
Scheme 3. General aspects of the mechanism for aerobic radical–anion coupling of 2-napthols in the presence of metallic chiral complex catalysts (Mn+). DG: coordination aids. Adapted from Brunel et al [57].
Scheme 3. General aspects of the mechanism for aerobic radical–anion coupling of 2-napthols in the presence of metallic chiral complex catalysts (Mn+). DG: coordination aids. Adapted from Brunel et al [57].
Molecules 28 00012 sch003
Molecules 28 00012 sch004 550
Scheme 4. Recent synthetic protocols for the construction of axially chiral BINOL derivatives.
Scheme 4. Recent synthetic protocols for the construction of axially chiral BINOL derivatives.
Molecules 28 00012 sch004
Molecules 28 00012 sch005 550
Scheme 5. Mechanistic proposal for the enantioselective aerobic coupling of 2-naphthols based on a ligand catalytic system containing a spirocyclic skeleton of pyrrolidine oxazoline/CuBr.
Scheme 5. Mechanistic proposal for the enantioselective aerobic coupling of 2-naphthols based on a ligand catalytic system containing a spirocyclic skeleton of pyrrolidine oxazoline/CuBr.
Molecules 28 00012 sch005
Molecules 28 00012 sch006 550
Scheme 6. Enantioselective coupling between 2-naphthols (3c) mediated by an iron/bisquinolyldiamine ligand complex.
Scheme 6. Enantioselective coupling between 2-naphthols (3c) mediated by an iron/bisquinolyldiamine ligand complex.
Molecules 28 00012 sch006
Molecules 28 00012 sch007 550
Scheme 7. (Aqua)ruthenium (salen) catalyzed enantioselective aerobic coupling between 2-naphthols for access to C1-symmetric BINOL derivatives.
Scheme 7. (Aqua)ruthenium (salen) catalyzed enantioselective aerobic coupling between 2-naphthols for access to C1-symmetric BINOL derivatives.
Molecules 28 00012 sch007
Molecules 28 00012 sch008 550
Scheme 8. Asymmetric oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols mediated by a macrocyclic Cu(II) complex.
Scheme 8. Asymmetric oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols mediated by a macrocyclic Cu(II) complex.
Molecules 28 00012 sch008
Molecules 28 00012 sch009 550
Scheme 9. Chiral diphosphine oxide-iron(II) complex catalyzed enantioselective aerobic coupling between 2-naphthols to access C1-symmetric BINOL derivatives.
Scheme 9. Chiral diphosphine oxide-iron(II) complex catalyzed enantioselective aerobic coupling between 2-naphthols to access C1-symmetric BINOL derivatives.
Molecules 28 00012 sch009
Molecules 28 00012 sch010 550
Scheme 10. Copper-catalyzed asymmetric oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols for the synthesis of 6,6′- disubstituted BINOLs.
Scheme 10. Copper-catalyzed asymmetric oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols for the synthesis of 6,6′- disubstituted BINOLs.
Molecules 28 00012 sch010
Molecules 28 00012 sch011 550
Scheme 11. Atroposelective synthesis of (R)- and (S)-BINOLs (1) via mono- and binuclear vanadium catalysts.
Scheme 11. Atroposelective synthesis of (R)- and (S)-BINOLs (1) via mono- and binuclear vanadium catalysts.
Molecules 28 00012 sch011
Molecules 28 00012 sch012 550
Scheme 12. Electrochemical synthesis of (S)-BINOL (1) using a TEMPO-modified graphite electrode.
Scheme 12. Electrochemical synthesis of (S)-BINOL (1) using a TEMPO-modified graphite electrode.
Molecules 28 00012 sch012
Molecules 28 00012 sch013 550
Scheme 13. Enantioselective Ni-promoted electrochemical synthesis of (R)-BINOL derivatives (1).
Scheme 13. Enantioselective Ni-promoted electrochemical synthesis of (R)-BINOL derivatives (1).
Molecules 28 00012 sch013
Molecules 28 00012 sch014 550
Scheme 14. Palladium-catalyzed kinetic resolution of 2,2’-dihydroxy-1,1’-biaryls using 6.
Scheme 14. Palladium-catalyzed kinetic resolution of 2,2’-dihydroxy-1,1’-biaryls using 6.
Molecules 28 00012 sch014
Molecules 28 00012 sch015 550
Scheme 15. (A): Enantioselective intramolecular multi-step transformation catalyzed by chiral guanidine 9. (B): synthesis of (R)-11 through optical resolution using chiral diamine (S,S)-12.
Scheme 15. (A): Enantioselective intramolecular multi-step transformation catalyzed by chiral guanidine 9. (B): synthesis of (R)-11 through optical resolution using chiral diamine (S,S)-12.
Molecules 28 00012 sch015
Molecules 28 00012 sch016 550
Scheme 16. Kinetic resolution of a BINOL derivative promoted by a DMAP-type (14) catalyst through O-acylation.
Scheme 16. Kinetic resolution of a BINOL derivative promoted by a DMAP-type (14) catalyst through O-acylation.
Molecules 28 00012 sch016
Molecules 28 00012 sch017 550
Scheme 17. Kinetic resolution of a BINOL derivative promoted by a NHC catalyst 18.
Scheme 17. Kinetic resolution of a BINOL derivative promoted by a NHC catalyst 18.
Molecules 28 00012 sch017
Molecules 28 00012 sch018 550
Scheme 18. Synthesis of binaphthyl derivatives through an intramolecular aldol condensation using catalyst 21.
Scheme 18. Synthesis of binaphthyl derivatives through an intramolecular aldol condensation using catalyst 21.
Molecules 28 00012 sch018
Molecules 28 00012 sch019 550
Scheme 19. Asymmetric synthesis of BINOL derivatives 25 via O-alkylation using catalyst 24.
Scheme 19. Asymmetric synthesis of BINOL derivatives 25 via O-alkylation using catalyst 24.
Molecules 28 00012 sch019
Molecules 28 00012 sch020 550
Scheme 20. Synthesis of (S)-29 via atroposelective aldol condensation using catalyst 27.
Scheme 20. Synthesis of (S)-29 via atroposelective aldol condensation using catalyst 27.
Molecules 28 00012 sch020
Molecules 28 00012 sch021 550
Scheme 21. Kinetic resolution of BINOL mediated by catalyst 32.
Scheme 21. Kinetic resolution of BINOL mediated by catalyst 32.
Molecules 28 00012 sch021
Molecules 28 00012 sch022 550
Scheme 22. Enantiospecific hydrolysis catalyzed by cholesterol esterase.
Scheme 22. Enantiospecific hydrolysis catalyzed by cholesterol esterase.
Molecules 28 00012 sch022
Molecules 28 00012 sch023 550
Scheme 23. Kinetic resolution by lipase (Candida antarctica).
Scheme 23. Kinetic resolution by lipase (Candida antarctica).
Molecules 28 00012 sch023
Molecules 28 00012 sch024 550
Scheme 24. Kinetic resolution with immobilized Pseudomonas sp. lipoprotein lipase.
Scheme 24. Kinetic resolution with immobilized Pseudomonas sp. lipoprotein lipase.
Molecules 28 00012 sch024
Molecules 28 00012 sch025 550
Scheme 25. Preparation of chiral quaternary ammonium bromide as a phase transfer catalyst from (S)-BINOL (1).
Scheme 25. Preparation of chiral quaternary ammonium bromide as a phase transfer catalyst from (S)-BINOL (1).
Molecules 28 00012 sch025
Molecules 28 00012 sch026 550
Scheme 26. Synthesis of (S)-3,3’,6,6’-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-BINOL (42) from (S)-BINOL (1).
Scheme 26. Synthesis of (S)-3,3’,6,6’-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-BINOL (42) from (S)-BINOL (1).
Molecules 28 00012 sch026
Molecules 28 00012 sch027 550
Scheme 27. Synthesis of BINOL derivatives containing phosphoric acid.
Scheme 27. Synthesis of BINOL derivatives containing phosphoric acid.
Molecules 28 00012 sch027
Table
Table 1. Most used catalysts for axial chirality transfer.
Table 1. Most used catalysts for axial chirality transfer.
Molecules 28 00012 i001
EntryR1/R4R2/R3Ref.EntryR1/R4R2/R3Ref.
(R)-13,5-(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)2C6H3Molecules 28 00012 i002[12](R)-19-anthrylMolecules 28 00012 i003[13]
(R)-13,5-(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)2C6H3Molecules 28 00012 i004[12](R)-19-phenanthrylMolecules 28 00012 i005[14,15]
(R)-11-pyrenylMolecules 28 00012 i005[16](R)-12,4,6-(i-Pr)3C6H2Molecules 28 00012 i005[17]
(R)-19-anthrylMolecules 28 00012 i005[16](S)-1Molecules 28 00012 i006Molecules 28 00012 i007[18]
(S)-12,5-Me2-4-t-BuC6H2Molecules 28 00012 i005[13](S)-12,4,6-(CH3)3C6H2Molecules 28 00012 i005[19]
(S)-11-naphthylMolecules 28 00012 i005[20](S)-1Si(3-F-C6H4)3Molecules 28 00012 i005[21]
(S)-11-pyrenylMolecules 28 00012 i005[20,22,23](S)-13,5-(CF3)2C6H3Molecules 28 00012 i005[24]
(S)-1C6F5Molecules 28 00012 i005[25](S)-12-naphthylMolecules 28 00012 i005[26]
(S)-12,4,6-(i-Pr)3C6H2Molecules 28 00012 i005[27,28,29,30](S)-19-anthrylMolecules 28 00012 i005[23,31,32]
(R)-22-naphtylMolecules 28 00012 i005[21,33](S)-22,4,6-Me2C6H2Molecules 28 00012 i005[34]
(R)-22,4,6-(i-Pr)3C6H2Molecules 28 00012 i005[35](S)-22-naphtylMolecules 28 00012 i005[36]
(S)-29-anthrylMolecules 28 00012 i005[37](S)-21-naphthylMolecules 28 00012 i005[38]
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MDPI and ACS Style

da Silva, E.M.; Vidal, H.D.A.; Januário, M.A.P.; Corrêa, A.G. Advances in the Asymmetric Synthesis of BINOL Derivatives. Molecules 2023, 28, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010012

AMA Style

da Silva EM, Vidal HDA, Januário MAP, Corrêa AG. Advances in the Asymmetric Synthesis of BINOL Derivatives. Molecules. 2023; 28(1):12. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010012

Chicago/Turabian Style

da Silva, Everton Machado, Hérika Danielle Almeida Vidal, Marcelo Augusto Pereira Januário, and Arlene Gonçalves Corrêa. 2023. "Advances in the Asymmetric Synthesis of BINOL Derivatives" Molecules 28, no. 1: 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010012

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