Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x5gtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-25T17:36:44.194Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Relation of the Southern Trade Winds to Upwelling Processes During the Last 75,000 years

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Adolfo Molina-Cruz
Adolfo Molina-Cruz*
Affiliation:
CLIMAP, School of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331 USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In the equatorial Pacific, between the Galapagos Islands and the coast of South America, two kinds of upwelling of oceanic waters occur. One is related to coastal upwelling and the other to surfacing of the Equatorial Undercurrent. Both of those processes are associated with the development of the southeast trade winds blowing in this area. Coastal upwelling is increased when the trade winds are intensified, and the surfacing of the Equatorial Undercurrent occurs when the trades weaken. The development of coastal upwelling and the surfacing of the Equatorial Undercurrent are inferred from the radiolarian assemblages in the sediments. The abundance of quartz, opal, and radiolarian assemblages in the deep-sea sediments of this area, as well as the distance from the sample locations to land and to the quartz source, is correlated with the intensity of the trade winds (in February and August) through multiple regression analysis. The chronostratigraphy of core V19-29 (3°35′S, 83°56′W), used in this study, is inferred on basis of its δ180 record. During the last 75,000 years, the fluctuations in intensity of the trade winds have been concurrent with or preceded the fluctuations in the amount of ice stored on the continents. In general, the wind velocity of the winter trades has been intensified during cool climatic stages of the earth (δ180 stages 4 and 2) and they have been relaxed during warm stages (δ180 stages 3 and 1). Seasonal contrast of the trade winds has also fluctuated within time, having been relatively high during the upper part of δ180 stage 3.

Type
Research Article
Information
Quaternary Research , Volume 8 , Issue 3 , November 1977 , pp. 324 - 338
Copyright
University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Belyayeva, T.V., (1972). Distribution of large diatoms in the S. E. Pacific. Oceanology. 12, 3 400-408.Google Scholar
Bjerknes, J., (1966). Survey of El Niõ 1957–1958 in its relation to the tropical Pacific meteorology. Bulletin of the International American Tropical Tuna Comission. 12, 2 25-86.Google Scholar
Clayton, R.N., Rex, R.W., Syers, J.K., Jackson, M.L., (1972). Oxygen isotope abundance in quartz from Pacific pelagic sediments. Journal of Geophysical Research. 77, 21 3907.Google Scholar
Diester-Haass, L., (1976). Sediments as indicators of upwelling. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium of Upwelling Ecosystems. Kiel, Republic of Germany in press.Google Scholar
Ellis, D.B., (1972). Holocene sediments of the South Atlantic Ocean: The calcite compensation depth and concentration of calcite, opal and quartz. Master's Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis. Google Scholar
Emiliani, C., (1955). Pleistocene temperatures. Journal of Geology. 63, 6 539-578.Google Scholar
Emiliani, C., (1966). Paleotemperature analysis of Caribbean cores P6 304-8 and P6 304-9 and a generalized temperature curve for the past 425,000 years. Journal of Geology. 75, 109.Google Scholar
Emiliani, C., (1972). Quaternary paleotemperatures and the duration of the high-temperature intervals. Science. 178, 398-401.Google Scholar
Enfield, D.B., (1975). Oceanography of the region north of the equatorial front: Physical aspect. Instituto Oceanografico de la Armada Bulletin, Guyaquil-Ecuador. .Google Scholar
Heath, R.G., (1976). Processes controlling siliceous biogenous deposits. Riedel, W.R., Saito, T., Marine Plankton and Sediments. Micropaleo Press. Google Scholar
Imbrie, J., van Andel, Tj.H., (1964). Vector analysis of heavy-mineral data. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 75, 1131-1156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imbrie, J., Kipp, N.G., (1971). A new micropaleontological method for quantitative paleo-climatology: Application to a Late Pleistocene Caribbean core. Turekian, K.K., The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages. Yale University Press, New York, 71-181.Google Scholar
Klovan, J.E., Imbrie, J., (1971). An algorithm and FORTRAM-IV Program for large scale Q-mode factor analysis and calculation of factor scores. Mathematical Geology. 3, 1 61-77.Google Scholar
Mokma, D.L., Syers, J.K., Jackson, M.L., Clayton, R.N., Rex, R.W., (1972). Eolian additions to soils and sediments in the South Pacific area. Journal of Soil Science. 23, 2 147-162.Google Scholar
Molina-Cruz, A., (1976). Paleo-oceanography of the subtropical southeastern Pacific during Late Quaternary: A study of radiolaria, opal and quartz contents of deep-sea sediments. M. S. Thesis. Oregon State University. Google Scholar
Molina-Cruz, A., (1977). Radiolarian assemblages and their relationship to the oceanography of the subtropical S. E. Pacific. Marine Micropaleontology. in press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molina-Cruz, A., Price, P., (1977). Distribution of opal and quartz in the ocean-floor of the subtropical southeastern Pacific. Geology. 5, 81-84.Google Scholar
Moore, T.C. Jr., Heath, G.R., Kowsmann, R.O., (1973). Biogenic sediments of the Panama Basin. Journal of Geology. 81, 4 458-494.Google Scholar
Ninkovich, D., Shackleton, N.J., (1975). Distribution, stratigraphic position and age of ash layer “L” in the Panama Basin region. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 27, 1 20-34.Google Scholar
Pak, H., Zaneveld, J.R., (1974). Equatorial front in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography. 4, 4 570-578.Google Scholar
Pisias, N., (1974). Model of Lake Pleistocene-Holocene variations in rate of sediment accumulation: Panama Basin, Eastern Equatorial Pacific. M. S. Thesis. Oregon State University. Google Scholar
Press, S.J., (1972) Applied Multivariate Analysis. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York. Google Scholar
Prospero, J.M., Bonatti, E., (1969). Continental dust in the atmosphere of the eastern equatorial Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research. 74, 3362-3371.Google Scholar
Quinn, W.H., (1974). Monitoring and predicting El Niño invasions. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 13, 7 825-830.Google Scholar
Rex, R., Goldberg, E.D., (1958). Quartz contents of pelagic sediments of the Pacific Ocean. Tellus. 10, 153-159.Google Scholar
Rosato, Victor J., (1974). Peruvian deep-sea sediments: Evidence for continental accretion. M. S. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis. Google Scholar
Rosato, 68.J., Kulm, L.D., Derks, P.S., (1975). Surface sediments of the Nazca Plate. Pacific Science. 29, 1 117-130.Google Scholar
Sachs, H.M., (1973). Late Pleistocene history of the North Pacific: Evidence from a quantitative study of radiolaria in core V2173. Quaternary Research. 3, 89-98.Google Scholar
Shackleton, N.J., Opdyke, N.D., (1973). Oxygen isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of equatorial Pacific core V28238: Oxygen isotope temperatures and ice volumes of 105 year scale. Quaternary Research. 3, 1 39-55.Google Scholar
Smith, R.L., (1968). Upwelling. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review. 6, 11-46.Google Scholar
White, W.B., (1969). The Equatorial Undercurrent, the South Equatorial Countercurrent and their extensions in the South Pacific Ocean east of the Galapagos Islands during February–March, 1967. Dept. of Oceanography, Texas A and M University. No. 69-4-t. 74.Google Scholar
Wyrtki, K., (1967). Circulation and water masses in the eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean. International Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. 1, 117-147.Google Scholar
Wyrtki, K., (1974). Equatorial currents in the Pacific 1950–1970 and their relations to the trade winds. Journal of Physical Oceanography. 4, 372.Google Scholar
Wyrtki, K., (1975). El Niño—The dynamic response of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing. Journal of Physical Oceanography. 5, 4 572-584.Google Scholar
Wyrtki, K., Meyers, G., 1975a. The trade winds field over the Pacific Ocean. Part I: the Mean fields and the Mean Annual Variation. Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, HIG-75-1. .Google Scholar
Wyrtki, K., Meyers, G., 1975b. The trade wind field over the Pacific Ocean. Part II: Bimonthly fields of wind stress: 1950–1972. Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, HIG-75-2. .Google Scholar
Wyrtki, K., Stroup, E., Patzert, W., Williams, R., Quinn, W., (1976). Predicting and observing El Niño. Science. 191, 4225 343-346.Google Scholar
Zhuze, A.P., (1972). Diatoms in the surface layer of sediments in the vicinity of Chile and Peru. Oceanology. 12, 5 697.Google Scholar