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Role of ocean mesoscale structures in shaping the Angola-Low pressure system and the southern Africa rainfall

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Abstract

Southern African climate is under the influence of both tropical and subtropical systems which result in a complex region where important interactions co-exist over a large spectrum of spatiotemporal scales. The Angola Low (AL), situated on boundary between tropical and subtropical southern Africa, has been diagnosed as a key driver of moisture distribution in the region on daily to seasonal time scales. It has been demonstrated that the AL pressure system is sensitive to the dynamics of the neighbouring oceans, but to date no study has considered the model resolution of air–sea interactions required to simulate this sensitivity. Using sensitivity experiments with a regional atmospheric model, which differ only in the mesoscale sea surface temperature (SST) forcing characteristics (either the full spectrum of SST variability or only its large-scale components are included), we first quantify the importance of SST gradients on the AL strength and variability. The results suggest that the mesoscale SST variability of the Angola–Benguela Frontal Zone (ABFZ) plays a key role in AL activity, particularly during the late summer. Synoptic-scale tropical lows, which form the AL, are automatically detected, and the results suggest more extreme events occur when the model is forced by mesoscale SSTs (everywhere and in the ABFZ area only). The rainfall resulting from those events suggests that tropical-low episodes are associated with nearly 15% of the total rain in Angola and Namibia. The link between AL dynamics and wet spells is also discussed, with the former showing a different spatial pattern as well as frequency when the ocean is fully resolved.

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Abbreviations

ABFZ:

Angola–Benguela Frontal Zone

AL:

Angola-Low

BUS:

Benguela Upwelling System

DJF:

Austral summer months: December–January–February

ERA-Interim:

European Reanalysis developed at ECMWF

ECMWF:

European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts

ENSO:

El-Nino Southern Oscillation

HL:

Heat Low

ITCZ:

Inter-tropical convergence zone

MABL:

Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer

NCEP:

National Centers for Environmental Prediction

NCEP-FNL:

NCEP final reanalysis

OLR:

Ongoing Longwave Radiation

OSTIA:

Operational sea surface temperature and sea ice analysis

PBL:

Planetary boundary layer

SST:

Sea surface temperature

TL:

Tropical Low

WRF:

Weather research and forecasting model

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Acknowledgements

We thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable contributions that allowed us to improve the manuscript substantially. This research is supported by the Future Climate for Africa UMFULA Project, with financial support from the U.K. Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), NE/M020207/1, and the U.K. Government’s Department for International Development (DfID). FD, NH, Rbl., Rba., EH and CJCR are directly linked to the project. Support for this study has also been provided by NRF for FD, RBl., RBa., and CJCR, Oxford University for NH. EH is supported by the Origin Foundation John Monash Scholarship. All data used in this study are freely available by the following ftp or url, namely, OSTIA SST (ftp://podaac-ftp.jpl.nasa.gov/allData/ghrsst/data/L4/GLOB/UKMO/OSTIA/GLOB/UKMO/OSTIA/), All simulations have been run on the National UK Cluster ARCHER.

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  1. Fabien Desbiolles

    Present address: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Fabien Desbiolles, Ross C. Blamey, Rondrotiana Barimalala & Chris J. C. Reason

  2. School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Emma Howard & Neil C. G. Hart

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Desbiolles, F., Howard, E., Blamey, R.C. et al. Role of ocean mesoscale structures in shaping the Angola-Low pressure system and the southern Africa rainfall. Clim Dyn 54, 3685–3704 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05199-1

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