Description / Table of Contents: Quantifying species responses to the effects of changing environmental conditions is critical for a better understanding of how climate change affects invasion, expansion, and contraction of marine coastal species. Climate change is leading to modifications in the marine coastal environment, to conditions not experienced before; climate change results in that marine organisms experience simultaneous changes in several environmental variables (=drivers: e.g. temperature, salinity, food). How simultaneous changes in multiple drivers are experienced depend on species-specific traits (e.g. physiological tolerance, developmental time); for instance, co-occurring native and non-native species may experience and respond to climate change in different ways. In addition, within species, responses to multiple drivers may vary across populations and environmental gradients. The general objective of this thesis was to quantify the effects of environmental drivers (temperature, salinity and food limitation) on performance of native and non-native species with focus on larval stages and using crabs as model systems. There were two main objectives, first to compare native and non-native species in the responses to multiple environmental drivers and to quantify larval responses to temperature across their distribution range. I focused on larvae because they play a critical role in population dynamics: larvae are important for the dispersion and connectivity of populations, and are more sensitive to changes in environmental conditions than adults. I used three ecologically relevant species of coastal areas of the North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean as models: Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Carcinus maenas and Hemigrapsus takanoi. C. maenas is native to Europe; Hemigrapsus spp. are both non-native species in the European coast, where they coexist with C. maenas as juveniles and adults in the benthos. I used factorial experiments rearing larvae from hatching to megalopae at different combinations of temperature and other environmental drivers (salinity, food limitation). Larval performance was quantified as survival, duration of development, and growth. The first series of result show that both non-native (Hemigrapsus spp) species had higher performance (high survival, shorter duration of development and high growth rates) than the native C. maenas at higher temperatures and at moderately low salinities (18 – 24 °C, 20 – 25 ‰). These results are comparable to another non-native species in Europe, the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. In H. sanguineus, larvae show moderate level of tolerance to limited access to food at high temperature, which contrasted to the low tolerance shown in native C. maenas. Experiments and modelling show that the nature of the multiple driver response depends strongly on the metric used to measure time, where my emphasis is on biological time (time to metamorphosis). The results from the populations comparisons showed species and gradient-specific responses. For H. takanoi, distributed over a salinity gradient (North Sea -Baltic Sea), larvae from the North Sea populations always showed higher survival and faster development compared with those from the Baltic Sea. The population near the limit of the distribution showed very low survival, suggesting that subsidies or complex ontogenetic migration patterns are needed for population persistence. Results did not show genetic differentiation among the studied populations in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit one gene (COI) suggesting that there is high connectivity among populations. For C. maenas distributed across a latitudinal gradient (South: Vigo, Spain; North: Bergen and Trondheim, Norway) and reared under different temperatures (range 6 to 27 °C in steps of 3 °C), there was little variation in survival and growth among populations. However, larvae from the Norwegian populations had a slightly shorter duration of development at low temperatures than those from Vigo, this response has an adaptive value in that it could sustain survival in scenarios of reduced temperature, by shortening the larval phase, when mortality rates are high. Besides, results from this experiment (as well as for the mentioned above) showed high intrapopulation variability in larval performance which has a potential to affect range expansion of the above-mentioned species. Variation in the responses of larval stages to the effects of different environmental drivers highlights the importance of using physiological descriptors to quantify the performance of marine invertebrates to changing environments. Larval responses vary in rates of survival but also in the duration of time to achieve metamorphosis, as well as the rate at which the organisms grow, with concomitant effects on post-metamorphic success, which in seasonal habitats may strongly depend on temperature. The results from the thesis highlight the importance of quantifying the responses of marine invertebrates to changing environmental conditions, considering different species and species distributed across different gradients as well as variations among and within species.

Description / Table of Contents: State-of-the-art climate models and computing infrastructure are now able to resolve mesoscale ocean eddy activity in many contexts. However, in computationally intensive model applications, such as the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) or simulations of the high latitudes, grid resolutions largely remain eddy-parameterizing due to resource constraints. These missing mesoscale processes are understood to be crucial drivers of ocean circulation and climate and may become still more relevant in the context of anthropogenic climate change. To overcome the computational limitations of traditional models, multiscale modeling strategies have been developed which can distribute grid resolution and resources based on resolution requirements and research goals. Here, several strategies for resolving the mesoscale using multiscale methods are described and the results of their implementation with the Finite volumE Sea ice Ocean Model (FESOM) are reported. In the first application, FESOM participates in CMIP6 with the strategy of concentrating computational resources on the major eddy-rich regions of the ocean. The resulting simulations are able to reproduce between 51 and 82% of observed eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in each region and project substantial climate change impacts on mesoscale activity for the first time at such a scale. The results include a poleward shift of eddy activity in most western boundary currents; EKE intensification in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), Brazil and Malvinas Currents, and Kuroshio Current; EKE decline in the Gulf Stream; and intensification of Agulhas leakage. In a second application, FESOM is used to concentrate computational resources in the Southern Ocean and cost-reducing modeling strategies are used to enable fully eddy-resolving climate change projections with the regionally focused grid. The simulations faithfully reproduce EKE in the Southern Ocean and project intensified eddy activity in line with the CMIP6 analysis. The climate change signal is difficult to reliably discern from natural variability after 1 °C of warming, but becomes clear after 4 °C. Finally, the high-resolution Southern Ocean simulations are used to investigate high-latitude eddy activity where ice cover and low eddy size make observations and traditional modeling methods difficult. Detailed, near circumpolar mesoscale activity is detected and related to gyre circulation, the Antarctic Slope Current, and bathymetry. There is a strong seasonal cycle which suppresses winter eddy activity at the surface and selectively dampens cyclonic eddies. After prolonged anthropogenic warming, broad intensification of eddy activity occurs alongside regional decline, ACC eddy activity encroaches further into the high latitudes, and the seasonal cycle is diminished. Collectively, this work demonstrates the effectiveness of multiscale modeling in reducing the cost of resolving mesoscale ocean activity, facilitating the study of eddy activity and its interactions with the broader climate in previously unachievable contexts.

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction to Refrigeration and Air Conditioning -- Solar Energy and Cooling Options -- Solar Collection System Options -- Solar Energy Storage Options -- Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems and its solar cooling options -- Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems -- Solar Absorption Cooling Systems -- Solar Vapour Adsorption Refrigeration Cooling Systems -- Thermodynamic Modeling of Adsorbent Bed -- Solar Thermo Electric Refrigeration -- Solar Thermo Acoustic Refrigeration: An Overview -- Non-conventional Refrigeration Systems -- Hybrid Solar Cooling Options -- Economic Considerations in Solar Cooling Systems.

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction -- Part A: Abiotic Environment -- Hydrological And Meteorological Conditions In The Contract Area -- Seafloor Morphology, Geology, Sediments And Sedimentation Processes -- Part B: Biology And Ecology -- Pelagic Enviroinment And Its Biocenoses -- Benthic Organisms -- Seabed Communities -- Part C: Research Methods -- Deep Sea Research Methods To Be Used During The Exploitation Of The Mid-Atlantic Ridge Polymetallic Sulphide Areas -- Part D: Environmental Protection And Conservation; Legal Framework -- Deep Sea Environmental Protection And Conservation Issues As Applied To The Mar Ecosystem -- The Legal And Regulatory Framework For Protection And Conservation Of The Deep Sea Floor With A Particular Reference To The Mid-Ocean Ridges: A Summary -- Ecosystem Valuation And Monitoring. .

Description / Table of Contents: Part I Ionosphere and applications -- Ionosphere and practical applications -- Physics of the ionosphere. Effects of solar activity and Earth magnetic field -- Ionosphere effect on radio -- Ionosphere effect on GNSS -- Ionosphere effect and weather -- Ionosphere and earthquakes -- Unproved hypotheses related to ionosphere -- Part II Models -- Information derivable from ionospheric measurements -- TEC models -- Scintillation models -- Low frequency models -- Part III Instruments -- Probes and ionometers -- Schumann receiver -- GNSS receiver. Receiver - pseudolite pair -- Ionospheric scintillation monitor -- Part VI Measurements -- Ground based measurements -- Network based measurements -- Airborne measurements -- Spaceborne measurements and occultation method -- Active measurements and upsetting effects -- Part V Case study: SDR ionospheric scintillation monitor. Ground based and airborne measurements -- TEC -- Scintillation effects -- Eclipse events -- Earthquake events.

Description / Table of Contents: Fish swimming performance: effect of flume length and different fatigue definitions -- Discharge capacity of an improved form of labyrinth weir -- Application of Animal Movement Models to Acoustic Telemetry Positioning -- A Lagrangian analysis of the surface flow in a jet dissipation basin at equilibrium -- Hydrodynamics of fish-shaped rigid bodies: velocity-drag coupling -- Methods for the assessment of fishways (upstream fish passage) -- Fish observations and hydraulic measurements on a nature-like unstructured block ramp -- Applying hidden Markov modelling to fine-scale telemetry -- Consider the bigger picture: The effect of multimodal sensory integration on fish passage behaviour -- Flood routing using models based on input and output flow or stage data.

Description / Table of Contents: Section – I: Introduction -- Chapter-I: Climate Crisis Impact on Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being -- Section – II: Climate Crisis, Social responses and Sustainability on Ecological Perspective -- Chapter-II: Assessment of flood vulnerability of the people living in Tal and Diara geomorphic regions of Malda district, West Bengal -- Chapter-III: Assessing the rural livelihood vulnerability and risk to river flood in lower Gangetic West Bengal applying IPCC-AR5 methodology -- Chapter-IV: Impact of rapid Urbanization on Urban Microclimate dynamics: A case study on Asansol Municipal Corporation (AMC), Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India -- Chapter-V: Impact of Urbanization on Mirco-Climate and Environmental Quality in Barasat Municipality: A Geospatial Analysis -- Chapter-VI: Systematic review to address the effect of urban heat island and outdoor thermal condition on human comfort in small and medium cities of Global South -- Chapter-VII: Evaluating the Sensitivity of Saffron Yield to Climate Change in Western Himalaya, India. A study from Kashmir valley -- Chapter-VIII: Global Climate Change Crisis: Lessons Learned From COVID-19 in the Context of Solid Waste Management and Allied Sectors in India -- Section – III: Climate Crisis, Social responses and Sustainability on Sociological Perspectives -- Chapter-IX: Harnessing the Power of Climate Activism: Insights from Psychological Perspectives on Climate Change Engagement - A Systematic Review -- Chapter-X: A Review on Traditional Knowledge: A Sustainable Solution for the Climate Crisis -- Chapter-XI: The Intersection of Climate Crisis and Disease Outbreaks: Cataclysmic Consequences -- Chapter-XII: Socio-Economic Challenges of Environmental Refugees: An Overview of Sagar Island of Sundarban, India -- Chapter-XIII: Socio-economic Dimensions of Climate Change in Urban Bangladesh: A Focus on the Initiatives of Local Governing Agencies -- Chapter-XIV: Examining Mediating Effect of Climate Change Worry Between Climate Change Anxiety and Divergent Migration: A Scale to Measure Climate-Induced Post-Migration Anxiety and Stress -- Chapter-XV: Eco-Anxiety in Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis of The Impact of Climate Change on Mental Health -- Chapter-XVI: Navigating Academic Challenges and Psychological Well-being: A Study among Students of HEIs amidst COVID-19 -- Chapter-XVII: Socio-Economic, Health, and Psychological Impacts of Covid-19 on Human Well-being in East Africa -- Chapter-XVIII: Mediating human security and social protection: A strategic scheme for the social institution in Indonesia disaster cycle -- Section – IV: Climate crisis and Sustainable solution to SDGs -- Chapter-XIX: Resilience and Preparedness among Coastal Communities on the Natuna Islands -- Chapter-XX: Towards a Sustainable Future: Integrating Indigenous Knowledge to Address the Challenges of Climate Change in West Bengal, India -- Chapter-XXI: Mobility as a Response to Urban Floods and its Implications for Risk Mitigation: A Local Area Level Case Study from Guwahati, Assam -- Chapter-XXII: Gathering Palm Fruit, Alternative Job for Orang Rimba During Climate Crisis and Poverty in Indonesia -- Chapter-XXIII: Women's vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate change in agrarian settings of Zimbabwe -- Chapter XXIV: Local wisdom-based Food Security in Facing the Climate Crisis in Indonesia -- Chapter-XXV: Aging individuals and their capability to adopt green lifestyles -- Chapter-XXVI: Pitfalls of Social Failure to Combat Climate Change Challenges Effectively: A Strategic Approach for a Better Foresight -- Chapter-XXVII: Sustainable Livelihood Diversification in the Merapi Volcano Disaster - Prone Area -- Chapter-XXVIII: Strengthening Local Food Security for Climate Change Adaptation: Lessons from Merauke-Papua Indonesia -- Chapter- XXIX: Ecosystem-based Adaptation with Bamboo-based Livelihood Diversification: A case study in India’s Eastern Himalayas -- Chapter- XXX: Exploring the Spatial Fabric of Urban Well-being through Geographically Weighted Techniques and PPGIS in Darjeeling, India.

Description / Table of Contents: Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Flood Exposure in Bangladesh A GIS and Remote Sensing-based Approach -- Analyzing spatiotemporal changes in flood risk zones to mitigate flood hazards in a floodplain area using a GIS-based AHP technique -- Mapping of glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst flood in Lahul and Spiti district using remote sensing and GIS -- Mapping flood susceptibility and risk in the Ganges Tidal Floodplain utilizing a Weighted Factor Analysis Model -- Assessment of flood vulnerability in Vedganga river basin spread over Maharashtra.