Description / Table of Contents: 1. History of Aquatic Toxicology -- 2. Introduction to Aquatic Toxicology -- 3. Model Organisms Used in Aquatic Toxicology -- 4. Freshwater toxicity tests and experimental environment procedures -- 5. LC50 Determination and Probit Analysis -- 6. Sampling Methods in Aquatic Toxicology -- 7. Classification of Pollution and Their Entry Rotues into Aquatic Ecosystems -- 8. Toxicology Mechanisms of Pollutants -- 9. Nanotoxicology -- 10. Experimental Animal Preference in Aquatic Toxicology.

Description / Table of Contents: The Built Environment in the Context of the New Urban Agenda: An Overview -- The Built Environment as a Value Chain Process.-The Biophysical Environment: Key Ingredient in Shaping the Built Environment -- Geoinformatics and Land Surveying Steering the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- Spatial Planning Steering the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- Construction and Civil Engineering Steering the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- The Role of architecture in implementing the New Urban Agenda -- Sustainable Urban Mobility and the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- Quantity Surveying Steering the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- A review of the contribution of the real estate sector towards the attainment of the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- Institutions, Laws and Governance Structures for Developing and Managing the Built Environment: Elephant in the Room for Advancing the New Urban Agenda -- Climate Resilience and the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe: The Role of the Built Environment Disciplines and Practice -- The New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe: Policy and the Future .

Description / Table of Contents: Part I. The City and Social Justice: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations -- Chapter 1 Addressing Social and Spatial Justice Issues in American Universities: A Review of Architecture and Urban Planning Curricula -- Chapter 2 Architecture, Urban Planning and Social Justice: The Role of Transformative Design in Achieving Spatial Justice -- PART II. Designing for Social Justice: Urban “Shelters” -- Chapter 3 Social Justice and the Right to Housing as a Transformative Vision: American and Global Examples -- Chapter 4 Spatial Design and Management of Refugee Camps: Al Za’atri and Its Transformation from a Temporary Shelter to a Permanent “Slum” -- Chapter 5 Punishment or Transformative Rehabilitation? Architectural Design and Management of Maximum-Security Prisons in the United States and Norway -- PART III. Designing City Spaces and Social Justice: Contested Urban Landscapes -- Chapter 6 Architecture of Racial Segregation and Landscapes of Collective Memory: Transformation of the South Carolina State House Grounds -- Chapter 7 Reclaiming and Transforming the Cities During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: American and Global Examples -- Epilogue -- Chapter 8 Architects, Planners, and Social Activists as Transformative “Spatial Agents”: Prospects and Limitations.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Urbanization and urban climate in high-density cities -- Chapter 2. Origins and evolution of the Local Climate Zone classification system -- Chapter 3. Current popular methods for LCZ mapping -- Chapter 4. Recent improvements in supervised pixel-based LCZ classification -- Chapter 5. Application of LCZ to urban heat island studies -- Chapter 6. Application of LCZ to land use and land cover studies -- Chapter 7. Application of LCZ to wind environment studies -- Chapter 8. Application of LCZ to energy consumption and carbon emission modeling -- Chapter 9. Application of LCZ to thermal comfort and health-related studies -- Chapter 10. Application of LCZ to time-series urban morphology detection -- Chapter 11. Application of LCZ in mesoscale meteorological model simulations and climate projection -- Chapter 12. Integration of LCZ to planning strategies -- Chapter 13. Conclusions and outlook.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Geology and Tectonic Setting of the Cordillera Blanca (Hall, S.) -- Chapter 2. Geomorphological setting of the Cordillera Blanca (Vilímek, V.) -- Chapter 3. Climate of the Cordillera Blanca (Yarleque, C.) -- Chapter 4. Hydrology and hydrogeology in the Cordillera Blanca (Baraër, M.) -- Chapter 5. Lakes of the Cordillera Blanca: typology, inventory, bathymetry and evolution (Emmer, A.) -- Chapter 6. Glaciation and the environments of the Cordillera Blanca (Mark, B.G.) -- Chapter 7. Climate-morphogenetic and morphodynamic zones of the Western Cordillera in Peru (Vilímek, V.) -- Chapter 8. Landslides in the Cordillera Blanca (Klimeš, J.) -- Chapter 9. Stability of moraine and rock slopes at glacial lakes - two case studies in the Cordillera Blanca (Novotný, J.) -- Chapter 10. Glacial lake outburst floods in the Cordillera Blanca (Emmer, A.) -- Chapter 11. Current Perspectives on Community, Land, and Water in the Cordillera Blanca (Moulton, H.) -- Chapter 12. Human interaction with glacier-related hazards in the Cordillera Blanca (Wegner, S.A.) -- Chapter 13. How people feel endangered by natural hazards: interpretation of questionnaires in the Callejón de Huaylas (Vilímek, V.) -- Chapter 14. Novel proglacial landscapes and ecosystems in the Cordillera Blanca (Zimmer, A.) -- Chapter 15. Anne Smith Peck, Social Systems, and Landscape Change in the Cordillera Blanca from 1908 to the present (Polk, M.H.).

Description / Table of Contents: General introduction -- Navigating the dimensions of poverty from global goals to local realities -- Definition and importance of formal land titling -- Sub-Saharan Africa's customary practices and land titling policy reforms -- Land titling and its effects -- Is land titling beneficial for active poverty reduction?- Overcoming constraints and empowering small and medium-sized enterprises through land titling -- Summary and policy implications.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1 vulnerability of karst terranes to ground collapses and groundwater contamination -- chapter 2 monitoring and early warning of karst collapses -- chapter 3 geophysical techniques in sinkhole prediction and monitoring -- chapter 4 monitoring and early warning of karst collapses using brillouin optical time domain reflectometer -- chapter 5 hydrodynamic monitoring technique in collapse risk evaluation at datengxia water conservancy area, china -- chapter 6 detection and mitigation of groundwater contamination from highway stormwater runoff -- chapter 7 early detection of contaminant release from waste disposal facilities.

Description / Table of Contents: Marine fish play important functional roles within the carbon cycle, including the production and excretion of intestinal carbonates. With fish accounting for at least 3-15% of total marine carbonate production, the global significance of this process is clear. A comprehensive assessment of the drivers of fish carbonate excretion rate and mineralogy is however lacking. Closing this gap is imperative to fully understand the role of fish in the inorganic carbon cycle and to predict how it may change in future. Focusing on tropical and subtropical reefs, this thesis assessed the drivers of fish contributions to the inorganic carbon cycle at different ecological levels and spatial scales. At the individual level, this project compiled intestinal traits for 142 species and carbonate excretion rates and mineralogy for 85 species. A comprehensive modelling approach then identified the species traits and environmental factors that influence individual excretion rates and mineralogy. At the community level and at the global scale, a novel analysis of 〉1,400 reefs mapped distribution patterns in fish carbonate excretion and mineralogy. A causal inference analysis identified the major ecological, environmental, and socio-economic factors driving these community-level patterns. At the regional scale (i.e., in the Australian coral reefs context), structural equation models disentangled the indirect effects of human gravity (i.e., a proxy for human pressure) and fisheries management on fish contributions to inorganic carbon cycling. Findings at the individual level confirmed the long-assumed direct link between fish carbonate excretion and metabolic rate and showed that diet strongly influences intestinal morphology. Relative intestinal length was uncovered as a strong driver of carbonate excretion rates and mineralogy, as were taxonomic identity and temperature. Current global patterns of fish contribution to the inorganic carbon cycle are primarily driven by fish community structure, sea surface temperature, and human gravity. Carbonate excretion rates peaked in highly productive areas supporting high fish biomass, especially within the upper trophic levels, and where human gravity is low. Globally, fish communities predominantly excrete the more soluble carbonates and their proportion increases with increasing temperature. On Australian reefs, fish carbonate excretion was strongly affected by human impact through reduced fish biomass despite the region’s relatively low fishing pressure. In this particular geographic context, current fisheries management is not sufficient to maintain fish carbonate excretion, despite positive effects on fish biodiversity. This thesis advances our understanding of the role of fish in inorganic carbon cycling from the physiological, ecological, biogeographic, chemical, mineralogical, and conservation perspectives. It unravels the complex variability of this function across ecological levels and spatial scales. Coupled with predictive models, this information could yield solid predictions of the future levels of this function in light of anthropogenic impacts and climate-driven range shifts. While fish carbonate excretion may increase with climate change, excreted carbonates will dissolve faster and/or at shallower water depths, thereby changing their influence on seawater chemistry and reducing their sedimentation potential. Protecting large predators would promote inorganic carbonate production and other fish roles within the carbon cycle. However, fisheries management has in places limited capacity to sustain fish inorganic carbon cycling. The need for effective, context-tailored management approaches that address socio-economic factors beyond fishing pressure is strongly emphasised.

Description / Table of Contents: Quantifying species responses to the effects of changing environmental conditions is critical for a better understanding of how climate change affects invasion, expansion, and contraction of marine coastal species. Climate change is leading to modifications in the marine coastal environment, to conditions not experienced before; climate change results in that marine organisms experience simultaneous changes in several environmental variables (=drivers: e.g. temperature, salinity, food). How simultaneous changes in multiple drivers are experienced depend on species-specific traits (e.g. physiological tolerance, developmental time); for instance, co-occurring native and non-native species may experience and respond to climate change in different ways. In addition, within species, responses to multiple drivers may vary across populations and environmental gradients. The general objective of this thesis was to quantify the effects of environmental drivers (temperature, salinity and food limitation) on performance of native and non-native species with focus on larval stages and using crabs as model systems. There were two main objectives, first to compare native and non-native species in the responses to multiple environmental drivers and to quantify larval responses to temperature across their distribution range. I focused on larvae because they play a critical role in population dynamics: larvae are important for the dispersion and connectivity of populations, and are more sensitive to changes in environmental conditions than adults. I used three ecologically relevant species of coastal areas of the North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean as models: Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Carcinus maenas and Hemigrapsus takanoi. C. maenas is native to Europe; Hemigrapsus spp. are both non-native species in the European coast, where they coexist with C. maenas as juveniles and adults in the benthos. I used factorial experiments rearing larvae from hatching to megalopae at different combinations of temperature and other environmental drivers (salinity, food limitation). Larval performance was quantified as survival, duration of development, and growth. The first series of result show that both non-native (Hemigrapsus spp) species had higher performance (high survival, shorter duration of development and high growth rates) than the native C. maenas at higher temperatures and at moderately low salinities (18 – 24 °C, 20 – 25 ‰). These results are comparable to another non-native species in Europe, the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. In H. sanguineus, larvae show moderate level of tolerance to limited access to food at high temperature, which contrasted to the low tolerance shown in native C. maenas. Experiments and modelling show that the nature of the multiple driver response depends strongly on the metric used to measure time, where my emphasis is on biological time (time to metamorphosis). The results from the populations comparisons showed species and gradient-specific responses. For H. takanoi, distributed over a salinity gradient (North Sea -Baltic Sea), larvae from the North Sea populations always showed higher survival and faster development compared with those from the Baltic Sea. The population near the limit of the distribution showed very low survival, suggesting that subsidies or complex ontogenetic migration patterns are needed for population persistence. Results did not show genetic differentiation among the studied populations in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit one gene (COI) suggesting that there is high connectivity among populations. For C. maenas distributed across a latitudinal gradient (South: Vigo, Spain; North: Bergen and Trondheim, Norway) and reared under different temperatures (range 6 to 27 °C in steps of 3 °C), there was little variation in survival and growth among populations. However, larvae from the Norwegian populations had a slightly shorter duration of development at low temperatures than those from Vigo, this response has an adaptive value in that it could sustain survival in scenarios of reduced temperature, by shortening the larval phase, when mortality rates are high. Besides, results from this experiment (as well as for the mentioned above) showed high intrapopulation variability in larval performance which has a potential to affect range expansion of the above-mentioned species. Variation in the responses of larval stages to the effects of different environmental drivers highlights the importance of using physiological descriptors to quantify the performance of marine invertebrates to changing environments. Larval responses vary in rates of survival but also in the duration of time to achieve metamorphosis, as well as the rate at which the organisms grow, with concomitant effects on post-metamorphic success, which in seasonal habitats may strongly depend on temperature. The results from the thesis highlight the importance of quantifying the responses of marine invertebrates to changing environmental conditions, considering different species and species distributed across different gradients as well as variations among and within species.