Description / Table of Contents: 1. History of Aquatic Toxicology -- 2. Introduction to Aquatic Toxicology -- 3. Model Organisms Used in Aquatic Toxicology -- 4. Freshwater toxicity tests and experimental environment procedures -- 5. LC50 Determination and Probit Analysis -- 6. Sampling Methods in Aquatic Toxicology -- 7. Classification of Pollution and Their Entry Rotues into Aquatic Ecosystems -- 8. Toxicology Mechanisms of Pollutants -- 9. Nanotoxicology -- 10. Experimental Animal Preference in Aquatic Toxicology.

Description / Table of Contents: The Built Environment in the Context of the New Urban Agenda: An Overview -- The Built Environment as a Value Chain Process.-The Biophysical Environment: Key Ingredient in Shaping the Built Environment -- Geoinformatics and Land Surveying Steering the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- Spatial Planning Steering the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- Construction and Civil Engineering Steering the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- The Role of architecture in implementing the New Urban Agenda -- Sustainable Urban Mobility and the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- Quantity Surveying Steering the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- A review of the contribution of the real estate sector towards the attainment of the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- Institutions, Laws and Governance Structures for Developing and Managing the Built Environment: Elephant in the Room for Advancing the New Urban Agenda -- Climate Resilience and the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe: The Role of the Built Environment Disciplines and Practice -- The New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe: Policy and the Future .

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Geology and Tectonic Setting of the Cordillera Blanca (Hall, S.) -- Chapter 2. Geomorphological setting of the Cordillera Blanca (Vilímek, V.) -- Chapter 3. Climate of the Cordillera Blanca (Yarleque, C.) -- Chapter 4. Hydrology and hydrogeology in the Cordillera Blanca (Baraër, M.) -- Chapter 5. Lakes of the Cordillera Blanca: typology, inventory, bathymetry and evolution (Emmer, A.) -- Chapter 6. Glaciation and the environments of the Cordillera Blanca (Mark, B.G.) -- Chapter 7. Climate-morphogenetic and morphodynamic zones of the Western Cordillera in Peru (Vilímek, V.) -- Chapter 8. Landslides in the Cordillera Blanca (Klimeš, J.) -- Chapter 9. Stability of moraine and rock slopes at glacial lakes - two case studies in the Cordillera Blanca (Novotný, J.) -- Chapter 10. Glacial lake outburst floods in the Cordillera Blanca (Emmer, A.) -- Chapter 11. Current Perspectives on Community, Land, and Water in the Cordillera Blanca (Moulton, H.) -- Chapter 12. Human interaction with glacier-related hazards in the Cordillera Blanca (Wegner, S.A.) -- Chapter 13. How people feel endangered by natural hazards: interpretation of questionnaires in the Callejón de Huaylas (Vilímek, V.) -- Chapter 14. Novel proglacial landscapes and ecosystems in the Cordillera Blanca (Zimmer, A.) -- Chapter 15. Anne Smith Peck, Social Systems, and Landscape Change in the Cordillera Blanca from 1908 to the present (Polk, M.H.).

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1 vulnerability of karst terranes to ground collapses and groundwater contamination -- chapter 2 monitoring and early warning of karst collapses -- chapter 3 geophysical techniques in sinkhole prediction and monitoring -- chapter 4 monitoring and early warning of karst collapses using brillouin optical time domain reflectometer -- chapter 5 hydrodynamic monitoring technique in collapse risk evaluation at datengxia water conservancy area, china -- chapter 6 detection and mitigation of groundwater contamination from highway stormwater runoff -- chapter 7 early detection of contaminant release from waste disposal facilities.

Description / Table of Contents: Researching crises and solutions with urgency and agency: An introduction -- Part 1: Mainstreaming risk reduction in recovery and reconstruction -- Disentangling governance for nature-based restoration projects -- Female leadership and everyday hazards: Care practices and solidarity networks in Campamento Dignidad -- Structural measures for wildfire risk reduction in informal contexts in Chile -- Analyzing urban Tsunami evacuation through evacuees’ spatial behaviors -- Part 2: Enhancing inclusion through humanitarian architecture -- Integrating soft infrastructure in design to build community resilience in Puerto Rico -- Can a gender perspective fulfill the end-user's needs in housing reconstruction projects? -- Leaving the slum: International collaborative design initiatives to shape capabilities during resettlement -- Architecture and incremental housing in climate change and pandemic times in Lisbon and Bhopal informal settings -- Part 3: Disentangling urban forced displacement challenges -- Displacement as precarious inhabiting: Care and repair at the urban margins -- Improving post-conflict self-recovery programming: Addressing the complexities in Syria -- Waiting in non-places: The spatialization of displacement discourses -- Can urban factors enhance the integration of asylum seekers in cities?.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Urbanization and urban climate in high-density cities -- Chapter 2. Origins and evolution of the Local Climate Zone classification system -- Chapter 3. Current popular methods for LCZ mapping -- Chapter 4. Recent improvements in supervised pixel-based LCZ classification -- Chapter 5. Application of LCZ to urban heat island studies -- Chapter 6. Application of LCZ to land use and land cover studies -- Chapter 7. Application of LCZ to wind environment studies -- Chapter 8. Application of LCZ to energy consumption and carbon emission modeling -- Chapter 9. Application of LCZ to thermal comfort and health-related studies -- Chapter 10. Application of LCZ to time-series urban morphology detection -- Chapter 11. Application of LCZ in mesoscale meteorological model simulations and climate projection -- Chapter 12. Integration of LCZ to planning strategies -- Chapter 13. Conclusions and outlook.

Description / Table of Contents: Quantifying species responses to the effects of changing environmental conditions is critical for a better understanding of how climate change affects invasion, expansion, and contraction of marine coastal species. Climate change is leading to modifications in the marine coastal environment, to conditions not experienced before; climate change results in that marine organisms experience simultaneous changes in several environmental variables (=drivers: e.g. temperature, salinity, food). How simultaneous changes in multiple drivers are experienced depend on species-specific traits (e.g. physiological tolerance, developmental time); for instance, co-occurring native and non-native species may experience and respond to climate change in different ways. In addition, within species, responses to multiple drivers may vary across populations and environmental gradients. The general objective of this thesis was to quantify the effects of environmental drivers (temperature, salinity and food limitation) on performance of native and non-native species with focus on larval stages and using crabs as model systems. There were two main objectives, first to compare native and non-native species in the responses to multiple environmental drivers and to quantify larval responses to temperature across their distribution range. I focused on larvae because they play a critical role in population dynamics: larvae are important for the dispersion and connectivity of populations, and are more sensitive to changes in environmental conditions than adults. I used three ecologically relevant species of coastal areas of the North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean as models: Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Carcinus maenas and Hemigrapsus takanoi. C. maenas is native to Europe; Hemigrapsus spp. are both non-native species in the European coast, where they coexist with C. maenas as juveniles and adults in the benthos. I used factorial experiments rearing larvae from hatching to megalopae at different combinations of temperature and other environmental drivers (salinity, food limitation). Larval performance was quantified as survival, duration of development, and growth. The first series of result show that both non-native (Hemigrapsus spp) species had higher performance (high survival, shorter duration of development and high growth rates) than the native C. maenas at higher temperatures and at moderately low salinities (18 – 24 °C, 20 – 25 ‰). These results are comparable to another non-native species in Europe, the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. In H. sanguineus, larvae show moderate level of tolerance to limited access to food at high temperature, which contrasted to the low tolerance shown in native C. maenas. Experiments and modelling show that the nature of the multiple driver response depends strongly on the metric used to measure time, where my emphasis is on biological time (time to metamorphosis). The results from the populations comparisons showed species and gradient-specific responses. For H. takanoi, distributed over a salinity gradient (North Sea -Baltic Sea), larvae from the North Sea populations always showed higher survival and faster development compared with those from the Baltic Sea. The population near the limit of the distribution showed very low survival, suggesting that subsidies or complex ontogenetic migration patterns are needed for population persistence. Results did not show genetic differentiation among the studied populations in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit one gene (COI) suggesting that there is high connectivity among populations. For C. maenas distributed across a latitudinal gradient (South: Vigo, Spain; North: Bergen and Trondheim, Norway) and reared under different temperatures (range 6 to 27 °C in steps of 3 °C), there was little variation in survival and growth among populations. However, larvae from the Norwegian populations had a slightly shorter duration of development at low temperatures than those from Vigo, this response has an adaptive value in that it could sustain survival in scenarios of reduced temperature, by shortening the larval phase, when mortality rates are high. Besides, results from this experiment (as well as for the mentioned above) showed high intrapopulation variability in larval performance which has a potential to affect range expansion of the above-mentioned species. Variation in the responses of larval stages to the effects of different environmental drivers highlights the importance of using physiological descriptors to quantify the performance of marine invertebrates to changing environments. Larval responses vary in rates of survival but also in the duration of time to achieve metamorphosis, as well as the rate at which the organisms grow, with concomitant effects on post-metamorphic success, which in seasonal habitats may strongly depend on temperature. The results from the thesis highlight the importance of quantifying the responses of marine invertebrates to changing environmental conditions, considering different species and species distributed across different gradients as well as variations among and within species.

Description / Table of Contents: State-of-the-art climate models and computing infrastructure are now able to resolve mesoscale ocean eddy activity in many contexts. However, in computationally intensive model applications, such as the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) or simulations of the high latitudes, grid resolutions largely remain eddy-parameterizing due to resource constraints. These missing mesoscale processes are understood to be crucial drivers of ocean circulation and climate and may become still more relevant in the context of anthropogenic climate change. To overcome the computational limitations of traditional models, multiscale modeling strategies have been developed which can distribute grid resolution and resources based on resolution requirements and research goals. Here, several strategies for resolving the mesoscale using multiscale methods are described and the results of their implementation with the Finite volumE Sea ice Ocean Model (FESOM) are reported. In the first application, FESOM participates in CMIP6 with the strategy of concentrating computational resources on the major eddy-rich regions of the ocean. The resulting simulations are able to reproduce between 51 and 82% of observed eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in each region and project substantial climate change impacts on mesoscale activity for the first time at such a scale. The results include a poleward shift of eddy activity in most western boundary currents; EKE intensification in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), Brazil and Malvinas Currents, and Kuroshio Current; EKE decline in the Gulf Stream; and intensification of Agulhas leakage. In a second application, FESOM is used to concentrate computational resources in the Southern Ocean and cost-reducing modeling strategies are used to enable fully eddy-resolving climate change projections with the regionally focused grid. The simulations faithfully reproduce EKE in the Southern Ocean and project intensified eddy activity in line with the CMIP6 analysis. The climate change signal is difficult to reliably discern from natural variability after 1 °C of warming, but becomes clear after 4 °C. Finally, the high-resolution Southern Ocean simulations are used to investigate high-latitude eddy activity where ice cover and low eddy size make observations and traditional modeling methods difficult. Detailed, near circumpolar mesoscale activity is detected and related to gyre circulation, the Antarctic Slope Current, and bathymetry. There is a strong seasonal cycle which suppresses winter eddy activity at the surface and selectively dampens cyclonic eddies. After prolonged anthropogenic warming, broad intensification of eddy activity occurs alongside regional decline, ACC eddy activity encroaches further into the high latitudes, and the seasonal cycle is diminished. Collectively, this work demonstrates the effectiveness of multiscale modeling in reducing the cost of resolving mesoscale ocean activity, facilitating the study of eddy activity and its interactions with the broader climate in previously unachievable contexts.

Description / Table of Contents: The biological carbon uptake, called biological compensation, have been shown to have a huge potential to affect the capacity of the ocean to absorb (anthropogenic) carbon dioxide, and so equilibrate the global carbon budget and hence climate. Since the pelagic calcite flux is made of two fundamentally different components, coccolithophore algae and planktonic foraminifera, understanding of the process of biological compensation requires knowledge of variability of their relative contribution to the total pelagic calcite flux. The aspects of the pelagic carbonate production that have changed through time and the mechanisms explaining the observed carbonate flux variability remain, despite their importance, largely unconstrained. In order to evaluate the orbital and long geological time scale variability of the pelagic carbonate production, I generated new high-resolution records of carbonate accumulation rate, using marine sediments deposited in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean (Ceará Rise) at ODP Site 927, across four warm climates intervals ranging from the Neogene to the Quaternary. I find that the relative contribution of the two groups to the total pelagic carbonate production remains relatively constant on long geological time scales, shows a high orbital time scale variability (factor of two), and is not driving the changes in total pelagic carbonate production. I conclude that at the studied location, the main driver of the pelagic carbonate changes, for both the planktonic foraminifera and the coccoliths were changes in population growth, with a shift in the composition of the communities. The observed dominant periodicities in carbonate accumulation rate indicate that the two groups responded to local changes in factors affecting their productivity, rather than to global climate modulations. On both time scales, the observed changes were large enough to affect the marine inorganic carbon cycle and thus the ocean’s capacity to absorb inorganic carbon.