Description / Table of Contents: Quantifying species responses to the effects of changing environmental conditions is critical for a better understanding of how climate change affects invasion, expansion, and contraction of marine coastal species. Climate change is leading to modifications in the marine coastal environment, to conditions not experienced before; climate change results in that marine organisms experience simultaneous changes in several environmental variables (=drivers: e.g. temperature, salinity, food). How simultaneous changes in multiple drivers are experienced depend on species-specific traits (e.g. physiological tolerance, developmental time); for instance, co-occurring native and non-native species may experience and respond to climate change in different ways. In addition, within species, responses to multiple drivers may vary across populations and environmental gradients. The general objective of this thesis was to quantify the effects of environmental drivers (temperature, salinity and food limitation) on performance of native and non-native species with focus on larval stages and using crabs as model systems. There were two main objectives, first to compare native and non-native species in the responses to multiple environmental drivers and to quantify larval responses to temperature across their distribution range. I focused on larvae because they play a critical role in population dynamics: larvae are important for the dispersion and connectivity of populations, and are more sensitive to changes in environmental conditions than adults. I used three ecologically relevant species of coastal areas of the North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean as models: Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Carcinus maenas and Hemigrapsus takanoi. C. maenas is native to Europe; Hemigrapsus spp. are both non-native species in the European coast, where they coexist with C. maenas as juveniles and adults in the benthos. I used factorial experiments rearing larvae from hatching to megalopae at different combinations of temperature and other environmental drivers (salinity, food limitation). Larval performance was quantified as survival, duration of development, and growth. The first series of result show that both non-native (Hemigrapsus spp) species had higher performance (high survival, shorter duration of development and high growth rates) than the native C. maenas at higher temperatures and at moderately low salinities (18 – 24 °C, 20 – 25 ‰). These results are comparable to another non-native species in Europe, the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. In H. sanguineus, larvae show moderate level of tolerance to limited access to food at high temperature, which contrasted to the low tolerance shown in native C. maenas. Experiments and modelling show that the nature of the multiple driver response depends strongly on the metric used to measure time, where my emphasis is on biological time (time to metamorphosis). The results from the populations comparisons showed species and gradient-specific responses. For H. takanoi, distributed over a salinity gradient (North Sea -Baltic Sea), larvae from the North Sea populations always showed higher survival and faster development compared with those from the Baltic Sea. The population near the limit of the distribution showed very low survival, suggesting that subsidies or complex ontogenetic migration patterns are needed for population persistence. Results did not show genetic differentiation among the studied populations in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit one gene (COI) suggesting that there is high connectivity among populations. For C. maenas distributed across a latitudinal gradient (South: Vigo, Spain; North: Bergen and Trondheim, Norway) and reared under different temperatures (range 6 to 27 °C in steps of 3 °C), there was little variation in survival and growth among populations. However, larvae from the Norwegian populations had a slightly shorter duration of development at low temperatures than those from Vigo, this response has an adaptive value in that it could sustain survival in scenarios of reduced temperature, by shortening the larval phase, when mortality rates are high. Besides, results from this experiment (as well as for the mentioned above) showed high intrapopulation variability in larval performance which has a potential to affect range expansion of the above-mentioned species. Variation in the responses of larval stages to the effects of different environmental drivers highlights the importance of using physiological descriptors to quantify the performance of marine invertebrates to changing environments. Larval responses vary in rates of survival but also in the duration of time to achieve metamorphosis, as well as the rate at which the organisms grow, with concomitant effects on post-metamorphic success, which in seasonal habitats may strongly depend on temperature. The results from the thesis highlight the importance of quantifying the responses of marine invertebrates to changing environmental conditions, considering different species and species distributed across different gradients as well as variations among and within species.

Description / Table of Contents: State-of-the-art climate models and computing infrastructure are now able to resolve mesoscale ocean eddy activity in many contexts. However, in computationally intensive model applications, such as the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) or simulations of the high latitudes, grid resolutions largely remain eddy-parameterizing due to resource constraints. These missing mesoscale processes are understood to be crucial drivers of ocean circulation and climate and may become still more relevant in the context of anthropogenic climate change. To overcome the computational limitations of traditional models, multiscale modeling strategies have been developed which can distribute grid resolution and resources based on resolution requirements and research goals. Here, several strategies for resolving the mesoscale using multiscale methods are described and the results of their implementation with the Finite volumE Sea ice Ocean Model (FESOM) are reported. In the first application, FESOM participates in CMIP6 with the strategy of concentrating computational resources on the major eddy-rich regions of the ocean. The resulting simulations are able to reproduce between 51 and 82% of observed eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in each region and project substantial climate change impacts on mesoscale activity for the first time at such a scale. The results include a poleward shift of eddy activity in most western boundary currents; EKE intensification in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), Brazil and Malvinas Currents, and Kuroshio Current; EKE decline in the Gulf Stream; and intensification of Agulhas leakage. In a second application, FESOM is used to concentrate computational resources in the Southern Ocean and cost-reducing modeling strategies are used to enable fully eddy-resolving climate change projections with the regionally focused grid. The simulations faithfully reproduce EKE in the Southern Ocean and project intensified eddy activity in line with the CMIP6 analysis. The climate change signal is difficult to reliably discern from natural variability after 1 °C of warming, but becomes clear after 4 °C. Finally, the high-resolution Southern Ocean simulations are used to investigate high-latitude eddy activity where ice cover and low eddy size make observations and traditional modeling methods difficult. Detailed, near circumpolar mesoscale activity is detected and related to gyre circulation, the Antarctic Slope Current, and bathymetry. There is a strong seasonal cycle which suppresses winter eddy activity at the surface and selectively dampens cyclonic eddies. After prolonged anthropogenic warming, broad intensification of eddy activity occurs alongside regional decline, ACC eddy activity encroaches further into the high latitudes, and the seasonal cycle is diminished. Collectively, this work demonstrates the effectiveness of multiscale modeling in reducing the cost of resolving mesoscale ocean activity, facilitating the study of eddy activity and its interactions with the broader climate in previously unachievable contexts.

Description / Table of Contents: The Third-year publication of the Open Access Book Series “Progress in Landslide Research and Technology” -- Part I: ICL Landslide Lesson -- Interpretation and mapping for the prediction of sites at risk of landslide disasters: from aerial photography to detection by DTMs -- Part II: Original Articles -- Observation of seismic ground motion and pore water pressure in lineated valley fill of Wakayama, southwest Japan -- Global warming may accelerate submarine landslides in the oceans -Possible disaster chain reactions -- Landslide hazard evaluation of a large waste landfill in Bogotá city -- Multiple Landslides in an Area Draped in Volcanic Matters: The Dual Impacts of Rains and Earthquakes -- Loess Landslides - Peculiarities of Deformation Mechanism -- Spatio-temporal distribution of rainfall-induced landslides in Nicaragua (2000-2022): Preliminary insights to communicate landslide disaster risk -- Emerging Seismicity Trends Linked to Catastrophic Landslides Behavior in Sri Lanka -- Centrifugemodeling of slopes subjected to groundwater flow and rainfall infiltration -- Evaluation of Assessment Models for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Permafrost Areas -- The slope monitoring using embedded system with optical-thermal image fusion and machine learning -- Sendai Framework Voluntary Commitments: Monitoring Landslide Stakeholders' Contributions -- Influence of intra-particle saturation ratio on strength degradation of pumice soil -- Regional debris flow hazard assessment of the Grdelica Gorge (Serbia) -- Introducing Japanese Landslide Warning and Evacuation System to Sri Lanka: Field Survey of Social Aspect in the Arayanake Area -- Towards An Optimization of Foundation Anchors of Landslide-resisting Flexible Barriers: Dynamic Pullout Resistance of Anchors -- Part III: Review Articles -- Global Promotion of Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk: Two years on P-LRT -- Landslide prediction model based upon intelligent processing of multi‐point monitoring information: A review -- Mud-mark-based Estimations of Mass-wasting Processes Caused by the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake, Japan -- Assessment of the Structural Geological, Hydrogeological, and Geomorphological Relationships of the Athwelthota Landslide, Sri Lanka -- Part IV: IPL Projects, World Centres of Excellence on Landslide Risk Reduction, and Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 -- Increasing the local road network resilience from natural hazards in municipalities in Serbia -- Recent UL FGG contributions to the 2020 Kyoto Commitment -- The integrated Landslides Monitoring System of Gimigliano Municipality, Southern Italy -- Part V: Technical Notes and Case sturdies -- Assessing landslide distribution for landform hazard zoning purposes: A case study on the western flank of Iztaccíhuatl volcano, Puebla, México -- Identification of potential natural slope failure zones by geomorphological analyses using raster slope shading of LiDAR; case study from Kegalle, Sri Lanka -- Assessing the potential rapidand long travelling landslides in Sri Lanka – A case study of Athwelthota landslide -- Experimental Study on Residual Shear Strength of Soil Using Undrained Ring Shear Apparatus -- Part VI: World Landslide Reports -- Physical mechanism and numerical simulation of landslide dam formation -- An integration of the Fractal method and the Statistical Index method for mapping landslide susceptibility.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1 Climate and weather at 3 degrees more -- Chapter 2 Biodiversity at the tipping point -- Chapter 3 Agriculture in a hot world -- Chapter 4 Escape from heat, drought and extreme weather -- Chapter 5 Economic impacts -- Chapter 6 Stop rainforest deforestation -- Chapter 7 Reforestation in the tropics and subtropics -- Chapter 8 Bauhaus Earth -- Chapter 9 Peatland must be wet -- Chapter 10 Humus enrichment of soils -- Chapter 11 Strengthen terrestrial water cycles -- Chapter 12 Germany under climate stress -- Chapter 13 People must know what they are in for!.