Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Built Environment in the Context of the New Urban Agenda: An Overview -- The Built Environment as a Value Chain Process.-The Biophysical Environment: Key Ingredient in Shaping the Built Environment -- Geoinformatics and Land Surveying Steering the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- Spatial Planning Steering the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- Construction and Civil Engineering Steering the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- The Role of architecture in implementing the New Urban Agenda -- Sustainable Urban Mobility and the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- Quantity Surveying Steering the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- A review of the contribution of the real estate sector towards the attainment of the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe -- Institutions, Laws and Governance Structures for Developing and Managing the Built Environment: Elephant in the Room for Advancing the New Urban Agenda -- Climate Resilience and the New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe: The Role of the Built Environment Disciplines and Practice -- The New Urban Agenda in Zimbabwe: Policy and the Future .

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Chapter 1: Tools for Building Spatial Dependence Structure of Extreme Wave Heights at Regionally Neighboring Ports -- Chapter 2: Study on the Waves in Coastal zone at China-Maldives Friendship Bridge and the Protection Pan for Approach Bridge in Hulhumale -- Chapter 3: Research on multifractal scale characteristics of significant wave height time series -- Chapter 4: Wave condition measured at an offshore tower and wave prediction by using XGBboost -- Chapter 5: A Study on the Characteristics of Wave Variation in Ports under the Condition of Breakwater Expansion -- Chapter 6: Detection of Groundwater Flow Velocity Field in the Swash zone of the Coral Gravel Beach using Particle Tracking Velocimetry -- Chapter 7: Characteristics of wave-induced groundwater dynamics using harmonic analysis -- Chapter 8: Quantification of Wave-induced Liquefaction in Small-scale Surf Zone Sandbar -- Chapter 9: Analytical modeling of hydraulic jumps induced by river plume’slateral-boundary constriction.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Analysis of Expenditure Benefits with Multi-Party Market Participants in the Carbon-Electricity Synergy -- Management and practice on classified hazardous waste in laboratories of universities in China -- Life cycle cost-based operation revenue evaluation of energy storage system in renewable energy aggregation stations -- Research on compressive performance of prefabricated foundation for transmission lines -- Planning and Design of Ecological Tourism Restoration of Abandoned Energy Mining Areas -- Minimizing CO and CO2 emissions by modelling the distribution of energy consumed in industrial enterprises -- Solving Combined Economic Emission Dispatch Problems using Multi-objective Hybrid Evolutionary-Barnacles Mating Optimization -- Preventing environmental impacts in national IED plants: a self-monitoring model -- A Comparative Study on the Efficiency and Economic Performance of Distributed Photovoltaics in Buildings Using Low Voltage AC and Low Voltage DC Power Distribution Systems -- Electricity-Gas Dispatch via ADMM and Nash Bargaining.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Quantifying species responses to the effects of changing environmental conditions is critical for a better understanding of how climate change affects invasion, expansion, and contraction of marine coastal species. Climate change is leading to modifications in the marine coastal environment, to conditions not experienced before; climate change results in that marine organisms experience simultaneous changes in several environmental variables (=drivers: e.g. temperature, salinity, food). How simultaneous changes in multiple drivers are experienced depend on species-specific traits (e.g. physiological tolerance, developmental time); for instance, co-occurring native and non-native species may experience and respond to climate change in different ways. In addition, within species, responses to multiple drivers may vary across populations and environmental gradients. The general objective of this thesis was to quantify the effects of environmental drivers (temperature, salinity and food limitation) on performance of native and non-native species with focus on larval stages and using crabs as model systems. There were two main objectives, first to compare native and non-native species in the responses to multiple environmental drivers and to quantify larval responses to temperature across their distribution range. I focused on larvae because they play a critical role in population dynamics: larvae are important for the dispersion and connectivity of populations, and are more sensitive to changes in environmental conditions than adults. I used three ecologically relevant species of coastal areas of the North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean as models: Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Carcinus maenas and Hemigrapsus takanoi. C. maenas is native to Europe; Hemigrapsus spp. are both non-native species in the European coast, where they coexist with C. maenas as juveniles and adults in the benthos. I used factorial experiments rearing larvae from hatching to megalopae at different combinations of temperature and other environmental drivers (salinity, food limitation). Larval performance was quantified as survival, duration of development, and growth. The first series of result show that both non-native (Hemigrapsus spp) species had higher performance (high survival, shorter duration of development and high growth rates) than the native C. maenas at higher temperatures and at moderately low salinities (18 – 24 °C, 20 – 25 ‰). These results are comparable to another non-native species in Europe, the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. In H. sanguineus, larvae show moderate level of tolerance to limited access to food at high temperature, which contrasted to the low tolerance shown in native C. maenas. Experiments and modelling show that the nature of the multiple driver response depends strongly on the metric used to measure time, where my emphasis is on biological time (time to metamorphosis). The results from the populations comparisons showed species and gradient-specific responses. For H. takanoi, distributed over a salinity gradient (North Sea -Baltic Sea), larvae from the North Sea populations always showed higher survival and faster development compared with those from the Baltic Sea. The population near the limit of the distribution showed very low survival, suggesting that subsidies or complex ontogenetic migration patterns are needed for population persistence. Results did not show genetic differentiation among the studied populations in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit one gene (COI) suggesting that there is high connectivity among populations. For C. maenas distributed across a latitudinal gradient (South: Vigo, Spain; North: Bergen and Trondheim, Norway) and reared under different temperatures (range 6 to 27 °C in steps of 3 °C), there was little variation in survival and growth among populations. However, larvae from the Norwegian populations had a slightly shorter duration of development at low temperatures than those from Vigo, this response has an adaptive value in that it could sustain survival in scenarios of reduced temperature, by shortening the larval phase, when mortality rates are high. Besides, results from this experiment (as well as for the mentioned above) showed high intrapopulation variability in larval performance which has a potential to affect range expansion of the above-mentioned species. Variation in the responses of larval stages to the effects of different environmental drivers highlights the importance of using physiological descriptors to quantify the performance of marine invertebrates to changing environments. Larval responses vary in rates of survival but also in the duration of time to achieve metamorphosis, as well as the rate at which the organisms grow, with concomitant effects on post-metamorphic success, which in seasonal habitats may strongly depend on temperature. The results from the thesis highlight the importance of quantifying the responses of marine invertebrates to changing environmental conditions, considering different species and species distributed across different gradients as well as variations among and within species.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The biological carbon uptake, called biological compensation, have been shown to have a huge potential to affect the capacity of the ocean to absorb (anthropogenic) carbon dioxide, and so equilibrate the global carbon budget and hence climate. Since the pelagic calcite flux is made of two fundamentally different components, coccolithophore algae and planktonic foraminifera, understanding of the process of biological compensation requires knowledge of variability of their relative contribution to the total pelagic calcite flux. The aspects of the pelagic carbonate production that have changed through time and the mechanisms explaining the observed carbonate flux variability remain, despite their importance, largely unconstrained. In order to evaluate the orbital and long geological time scale variability of the pelagic carbonate production, I generated new high-resolution records of carbonate accumulation rate, using marine sediments deposited in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean (Ceará Rise) at ODP Site 927, across four warm climates intervals ranging from the Neogene to the Quaternary. I find that the relative contribution of the two groups to the total pelagic carbonate production remains relatively constant on long geological time scales, shows a high orbital time scale variability (factor of two), and is not driving the changes in total pelagic carbonate production. I conclude that at the studied location, the main driver of the pelagic carbonate changes, for both the planktonic foraminifera and the coccoliths were changes in population growth, with a shift in the composition of the communities. The observed dominant periodicities in carbonate accumulation rate indicate that the two groups responded to local changes in factors affecting their productivity, rather than to global climate modulations. On both time scales, the observed changes were large enough to affect the marine inorganic carbon cycle and thus the ocean’s capacity to absorb inorganic carbon.